柳叶忍冬的化学成分研究

从柳叶忍冬95%乙醇提取物中首次分离并鉴定了20个化合物: ( )-cycloolivil (1)、( )-fraxiresinol (2)、prinsepiol(3)、软脂酸(4)、对甲基苯酚(5)、2,4-二羟基-3,6-二甲基苯甲酸甲酯(6)、洋芹素(7)、木犀草素(8)、5,7,4′-三羟基黄酮醇7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、槲皮素(10)、染料木素(11)、5,4′-二羟基-7-甲氧基异黄酮(12)、染料木素5-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(13)、5,4′-二羟基-7-甲氧基异黄酮5-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(14)、5,7,4′-三羟基双氢黄酮7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(15)、丁二酸(16)、( )-儿茶素(17)、( -)-表儿茶素(18)、谷甾醇(19)和胡萝卜苷(20).应用波谱方法及与已知品对照进行结构鉴定.其中,化合物10、17和18是抑制血管紧张素转化酶的活性成分.表4参63     

短序醉鱼草的化学成分研究

为研究短序醉鱼草中具有血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制活性的成分,从该植物地上部分95%乙醇提取物中首次分离并鉴定了11个化合物,分别是洋芹素(1)、芦丁(2)、槲皮素(3)、E-对-羟基肉桂酸(4)、β-谷甾醇(5)、β-胡萝卜甙(6)、豆甾醇(7)、3,4-二甲氧基肉桂酸(8)、木樨草素(9)、丁香醛(10)和华良姜素(11).化合物1、3和9显示一定的ACE抑制活性.图1表1参15     

Assessment of physico-chemical properties and metal contents of water and sediments of Bodo Creek,Niger Delta,Nigeria

Some physico-chemical properties and the concentrations of the metals Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn in water and sediments were examined from September 2011 to January 2012 in Bodo Creek, where oil spills have been recurrent. Temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate were determined in surface water. Particle size, total organic matter (TOM), and pH were also determined in the sediments. The parameters were within permissible limits except the mean values of BOD, COD, total hardness, and sulfate that exceeded levels permissible for domestic use. The sediments consisted mainly of sand, with TOM ranging from 0.2% to 5.5%. With the exception of cadmium that was below detection limit, metal levels (mg kg^?1) in the sediments were 12 (Mn), 1070 (Fe), 10 (Cu), 10 (Zn), 5.3 (Cr), 1.1 (Pb), 1.0 (Ni), and 0.5 (Co) while in water they were 24, 98, 21, 6.9, 4.0, 0.6, 0.18, and 0.16, respectively. The latter were higher than World Health Organization recommended permissible levels for both surface and drinking water.     

Studies on antimicrobial activities of solvent extracts of different spices

The antimicrobial activities of the ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extract of 12 plant species were studied. The extract of Capsicum annuum (red pepper) (fruit) Zingiber officinale (ginger) (root), Cuminum cyminum (cumin), Alpinia ficinarum (galingale), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Cinnamomun zeylanicum Nees (cinnamomun), Origanum onites L. (thyme), Folium sennae (senna), Eugenia caryophyllata (cloves), Flos tiliae (lime), Folium menthae crispae (peppermint) and Piper nigrum (blackpepper) were tested in vitro against 2 fungi and 8 bacterial species by the disc diffusion method. Klebsiella pneumonia 13883, Bacillus megaterium NRS, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 27859, Staphylococcus aureus 6538 P, Escherichia coil ATCC 8739, Enterobacter cloaca ATCC 13047, Corynebacterium xerosis UC 9165, Streptococcus faecalis DC 74, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Rhodotorula rubra were used in this investigation. The results indicated that extracts of different spices has shown antibacterial activity in the range of 7-24 mm 30 microl(-1) inhibition zone Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), 7-20 mm 30microl(-1) inhibition zone Capsicum annum (red pepper) and Cinnamomun zeylanicum (cinnamon) bark, 7-18 mm 30microl(-1) inhibition zone Folium sennae (senna) leaves, 7-16 mm 30 microl(-1) inhibition zone Zingiber officinale (ginger) root, 7-15 mm 30microl(-1) inhibition zone Cuminum cyminum (cumin) seed, 7-14 mm 30 microl(-1) inhibition zone Folium menthae crispae (peppermint), Origanum onites (thyme) leaves and Alpinia ficinarum (galingale) root, 7-12 mm 30 microl(-1) inhibiton zone Piper nigrum (blackpepper), 7-11 mm 30microl(-1) inhibition zone Flos tiliae (lime) leaves, 7-8 mm 30microl(-1) inhibition zone Coriandrum sativum (coriander) to the microorganisms tested.     

养殖场废水中磺胺类和四环素抗生素及其抗性基因的定量检测

抗生素滥用及其诱导产生的抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）污染已经引起人们的广泛关注。选取上海市某地养殖场作为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法和实时荧光定量PCR法,对养殖场污水及附近农田灌溉渠河水中5种四环素及磺胺类抗生素,8种对应的ARGs的含量、特征及相关性进行了研究。研究结果显示,在采集的水样中均含有待检测的5种抗生素,养殖污水中抗生素含量高于农田灌溉河水,各样本中四环素类抗生素含量均略高于磺胺类抗生素,2种四环素抗生素总量为294.0~376.1μg﹒L-1,3种磺胺类抗生素总量为197.7~323.0μg﹒L-1。养殖场污水样本中8种ARGs均有检出,磺胺类抗性基因中sul（A）含量最高,绝对拷贝数为108.4108~1010.3728;四环素类抗性基因中tet（W）含量最高,绝对拷贝数为106.18805~107.8874。农田灌溉渠河水中除tet B（P）外,其它7种ARGs均有检出。样本中ARGs相对表达量总体呈现磺胺类ARGs高于四环素类ARGs的特点。抗生素浓度与ARGs相对表达量的Pearson相关性分析显示,样本中sul（Ⅲ）与磺胺类抗生素浓度存在较明显的正相关性,但其它几种ARGs与抗生素则未见或存在一定负相关性。表明除抗生素外,ARGs在水环境中的丰度可能与ARGs种类及其它环境因子有关。该研究将有助于认识上海地区养殖场废水中抗生素和ARGs污染状况,为进一步开展黄浦江水域抗生素尤其是ARGs的污染研究提供数据基础。     

The effects of walnut and pine leaves on bread wheat growth and frequence of common weed species in the East-Mediterranean region

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of walnut (Juglans regia L.) and pine (Pinus sp.) leaves on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and weed control, during 2001-02 and 2002-03 growing seasons in East Mediterranean region of Turkey. In this research, the treatments were: applications of ground walnut leaves (GWL) and ground pine leaves (GPL) at 19 g/m2 dose at Zadoks-11, applications of 200, 400 and 800 cc/m2 of walnut leaves extract (WLE2, WLE4 and WLE8 respectively), pine leaves extract (PLE2, PLE4 and PLE8 respectively), mixture extract of 200 cc walnut and 200 cc pine (ME), herbicide application (HA) at 8 g/m2 dose at Zadoks-21, and control (C) without any treatment. The results have indicated that the effects of treatments were significant for grain yield (GY), plant height (PH), flag leaf length (FLL), weed number per square meter (WN), but non significant for grain number per head (GN), grain weight per head (GW), 1000 grain weight (1000 GW), flag leaf width (FLW), head number per square meter (HN), vegetative period (VP), grain filling period (GFP) and days to maturity (DM).     

Effect of deforestation on fertility attributes of Mollisols in the NW of Iran

The impacts of deforestation on soil fertility indices – are still not well understood in the forest lands of Iran characterised by Mediterranean type climate. Consistent with this, 8 soil pedons and 32 soil cores were described and sampled from four different soil types of forest and adjacent cultivated soil along a Mollisols transect. The results revealed a considerable depletion in the values of soil organic carbon (by 60–88%), total N (by 67–88%), available K (by 20–45%), cation exchange capacity (by 9–21%), and the diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) fraction of Fe (by 40–72%), Mn (by 10–60%), and Zn (by 49–80%) after deforestation. In contrast, soil pH (by 0.36–0.9 units), C:N ratio (by 3–84%), available P (22–139%), and DTPA Cu (by 4–55%) tended to increase due to deforestation. Cultivated soils showed a drop of 70–82% in the values of the soil productivity index than to those of the forest soil, indicating a degrading and declining effect of deforestation on soil productivity capacity. It was found that the majority of soil fertility indices were affected negatively by deforestation and more than half of the organic matter was lost to deforestation, which, in turn, could lead to deterioration in soil quality or land productivity capacity.     

Oxidisability of environmental sulphur under different catalytic conditions

The oxidation of elemental sulphur in the catalytic presence of selected metal ions [Cr(III), Ce(III), Cu(II), Hg(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mo(VI), Cd(II), Zn(II), Ti(IV), and V(V)], and hydrocarbons (benzene, gasoline, and kerosene) was studied in an alkaline medium buffered by marble powder. The catalytic efficiencies of metal ions were: Cr(III) > Ce(III) > Cu(II) > Hg(II) > Ni(II). The oxidation process was inhibited in the presence of other ions, and the inhibitive effect was in the following order: Co(II) < Mo(VI) < Cd(II) < Zn(II) < Ti(IV) < V(V). In the case of hydrocarbons, the efficiencies were as follows: gasoline > benzene > kerosene. The oxidation of sulphur in sulphur-loaded soils obtained from near a textile mill and a distillery were also carried out in the c both cases was significantly enhanced.To whom all correspondence should be addressed.     

Soil pollution by trace metals derived from animal feed and manure in the Bursa region of Turkey

The Bursa region of Turkey has important agricultural production areas. Animal producers use agricultural fields in this region for disposal of manure. Therefore, in this study the concentrations of the seven trace metals Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd in 324 animal feed and manure samples from three dairy cattle, three laying hens farms, and three broiler farms have been determined. The average concentrations in dairy cattle manure were 130 (Zn), 150 (Mn), 4.2 (Cu), 6.8 (Ni), 44 (Cr), 0.8 (Pb), and 0.09 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; for laying hens manure 240 (Zn), 190 (Mn), 0.63 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 30 (Cr), 0.55 (Pb), and 0.12 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; and for broiler manure 240 (Zn), 280 (Mn), 1.4 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 35 (Cr), 3.4 (Pb), and 0.16 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight. The calculated trace metal loading rate indicated that manure application might pose a potential risk to agricultural fields according to the current soil protection regulations of Turkey.     

Water quality index and suitability assessment of urban ground water of Hisar and Panipat in Haryana

Ground water quality in two well-developed cities of Haryana, viz. Hisar and Panipat was assessed for drinking purpose based on water quality parameters like pH, EC, turbidity, TDS, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4), sulphate (SO4) and fluoride (F) with respect to different land-use areas viz. residential, industrial, commercial and agricultural. Water quality index based on 9 parameters showed that at Panipat, underground water in all the land-use zones was fit for consumption (WQI < 50), whereas at Hisar, water in agricultural areas was good in quality, but that in other areas varied in magnitude of pollution (WQI > 50 to 100).     

Concentrations and modes of occurrence of trace elements in the Late Permian coals from the Puan Coalfield, southwestern Guizhou, China

The concentration, mode of occurrence, and origin of trace elements in the Late Permian coals from the Puan Coalfield, southwestern Guizhou, China, were examined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS), ion-selective electrode method (ISE), sequential chemical extraction procedure (SCEP), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and optical microscope. Results show that minerals in the No. 2 Coal from the Puan Coalfield were mainly made up of epigenetic pyrite of low-temperature hydrothermal fluid origin and kaolinite of detrital terrigenous origin. Elements including As (36.9 μg/g), Cd (10.2 μg/g), Cr (167.3 μg/g), Cu (365.4 μg/g), Hg (2.82 μg/g), Mo (92.6 μg/g), Ni (82.6 μg/g), Pb (184.6 μg/g), Se (6.23 μg/g), Zn (242.3 μg/g), and U (132.7 μg/g) are significantly enriched in the No. 2 Coal from the Puan Coalfield. However, concentrations of trace elements in the other four coals, the No. 1, No. 8, No. 11, and No. 18 Coals, were close to the usual ranges found for Guizhou of China, China, and USA. Results of SEM-EDX and SCEP showed that As, Cd, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn occur mainly in veined pyrite, while Cr, Cu, and U distribute mainly in kaolinite, indicating that the low-temperature hydrothermal fluid and detrital materials of terrigenous origin are the main contributors to the enrichment of these trace elements in the No. 2 Coal.     

空心菜浮床栽培对集约化养殖鱼塘水质的影响

以叶绿素a(Chla)、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn等为主要水质指标研究浮床栽培空心菜对集约化养殖鱼塘的净化作用。结果表明,通过4次收获,空心菜产量可达69618.0～73161.6kg.hm-2;空心菜覆盖率为10%和20%处理组通过收获空心菜直接从1hm2养殖池塘中移出的TN分别为27.51、52.35kg,TP分别为2.83、5.39kg。在相同监测时间下,Chla、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn等各项水质指标按对照组、10%处理组、20%处理组的顺序均呈逐渐降低趋势;其中20%处理组对Chla、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn的去除率分别为15.16%～49.02%、9.04%～36.56%、19.23%～46.34%、22.76%～47.74%、13.33%～56.52%、33.33%～45.10%、27.27%～48.15%、3.13%～19.05%。与对照塘相比,处理塘鱼类成活率明显提高,说明在主养鱼为鲫鱼的苗种养殖池塘中采用浮床栽培空心菜能够促进水体物质循环,加强...     

Daily intake of selenium and concentrations in blood of residents of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

Concentrations of selenium (Se) in food from local markets of Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) were measured and daily intake calculated based on information from a questionnaire of foods eaten by healthy Saudis. The daily intake of Se was then compared to concentrations of Se in blood serum. Primary sources of Se in the diet of Saudis were as follows: meat and meat products (31%), egg (20.4%), cereals and cereal products (16%), legumes (8.7%), fruits (6.8%), milk and dairy products (2.0%), beverages (2%), sweets (1.8%), pickles (0.2%), and oil (0.02%). Daily intake of Se, estimated to be 93 μg Se/person/day, was slightly greater than that calculated from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) food balance sheet for KSA, which was approximately 90 μg Se/person/day. The daily intake of Se by Saudis in Riyadh was greater than that of Australians or Dutch but less that of Canadians and Americans. There was a statistically significant correlation (R = +0.38, P < 0.05) between daily intake of Se and concentrations of Se in blood serum of Saudis in Riyadh. The mean concentration of Se in serum was 1.0 × 10(2) ± 30.5 μg Se/l. Taken together, the results suggest that the average Se intake and Se serum concentrations are within the known limits and recommendations, making it unlikely that Saudis are on average at risk of deficiency or toxicity.     

Vertical distribution of euthecosomatous pteropods in the upper 100m of the Hilutangan Channel,Cebu, The Philippines

The vertical distribution of euthecosomatous pteropods in the upper 100 m of the Hilutangan Channel, Cebu, The Philippines was studied, based on 126 samples, comprising 47, 282 individuals. Thirty-min horizontal plankton tows were performed at depths of 1, 20, 50, 70 and 100 m in January and February 1972. Thirteen species —including 3 subspecies — of juvenile and adult euthecosomes were identified. In decreasing order of abundance the species are: Creseis acicula (20.4%), Limacina trochiformis (19.9%), Creseis virgula constricta (14.6%), L. inflata (10.5%), Clio pyramidata (9.9%), Creseis virgula conica (8.9%), L. bulimoides (7.3%), Diacria quadridentata (5.3%), Cavolinia longirostris (1.9%), Creseis virgula virgula (1.0%), Hyalocylix striata (0.1%), Cuvierina columella (0.08%), Cavolinia uncinata (0.002%). In 3 species, a large percentage were juveniles; for 1 species, Clio pyramidata, only juveniles were caught. The Vertical species distribution was similar to the distribution of the respective species in Caribbean and Bermuda waters. Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen influence vertical distribution little, if at all.     

Seasonal Variations in the Metal Concentration of Taraxacum Officinale,Plantago Major and Plantago Lanceolata

The seasonal changes in the concentrations of aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the leaves of Taraxacum officianale, Plantago lanceolata and Plantago major are investigated. the most convenient periods for sampling are established when the elemental concentrations have minimal variation and are independent on the development of the plant itself. On this basis, the presumption is made that the most appropriate sampling period for herbaceous species for biomonitoring processes is the end of blossoming of the plant or immediately after that.     

Impact of hydraulic loading on removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from vertical-flow wetland

The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) removal on lab-simulated vertical wetland systems, each containing eight dominant species, under continuous- and intermittent-flow feeding modes, were determined. The main results were: (1) PAHs removal effect was greater in intermittent-flow system than in continuous-flow system, with the exception of the floating plant Hydrilla verticillata wetland. This may be due to pollutants remaining stable for longer duration under intermittent-flow mode, which is conducive to microbial, plant, and water absorption of PAHs, as well as to microbial decomposition and absorption by plant roots; (2) absorption and degradation rates of PAHs varied among wetland body plants in different periods with removal efficiencies of 30%–70% observed following the first and fifth cycles, and under high-performance degradation conditions; (3) mean removal rates of PAHs by hydrophytes under continuous-flow mode were as follows: H. verticillata (34.4%), Arundo donax (Gramineae) (33.2%), Phragmites australis (28.7%), Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (Convolvulaceae) (28.5%), Zizania aquatic (27.6%), Calla palustris (Araceae) (27.2%), Acorus calamus (26.8%), and Hardy canna (17.9%); (4) average rates of PAHs removal by hydrophyte under intermittent-flow mode were as follows: A. donax (40.5%), Z. aquatic (37.9%), A. calamus (37.0%), P. australis (36.9%), Hardy canna (34.6%), C. palustris (33.9%), I. aquatica (31.2%), and H. verticillata (29.3%).     

农田生态系统大气氮、硫湿沉降通量的观测研究

2007年10月至2008年9月,借助自动降雨收集器(APS-2A)及自动气象观测站(VSALA-M52),在中国科学院红壤生态实验站(江西鹰潭)农田区内定位采集雨水样本,探讨了大气氮、硫湿沉降特征,估算了大气氮、硫的湿沉降向农田生态系统的输入通量.结果表明,雨水中氮、硫素的月质量浓度变异较大,全氮(T-N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和硫(SO_4~(2-)-S)的月质量浓度,即ρ(T-N)、ρ(NH_4~+-N)、ρ(NO_3~-N)和ρ(SO_4~(2-)S)分别为1.09～7.84、0.64~6.25、0.34～1.83和0.95～7.64mg·L~(-1),均与降水呈负相关,其中ρ(T-N)、ρ(NH_4~+-N)、ρ(SO_4~(2-)-S)与降水的相关性达到比较显著水平(n=11,p<0.10).湿沉降月通量F(T-N)、F(NI_4~+N)、F(NO_3~--N)和F(SO_4~(2-)-S)分别为1.0～7.84、0.64～6.25、0.17～1.54和1.22～9.15 kg·hm~(-2),均与降水呈正相关,其中F(T-N)、F(NH_4~+-N)和F(SO_4~(2-)-S)与降水的相关性均达到显著水平(n=11,p<0.05).季节上,雨水氮、硫浓度及湿沉降氮、硫通量均呈冬春>夏秋的特性.湿沉降向农田生态系统输入N 35.94 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和S45.93 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),其中NH4~+-N的年沉降通量为22.92 kg·hm~(-2),占湿沉降氮总量的63.75%.     

Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+对蟾蜍蝌蚪的联合毒性

以蟾蜍蝌蚪为试验材料,采用联合指数相加法,研究了重金属铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镉(Cd)离子对蟾蜍蝌蚪的急性毒性和联合毒性效应.结果表明,Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 对蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性顺序为Cu2 >Cd2 >Zn2 ,48 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.514、9.224、33.56 mg L-1;96 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.288、8.142、30.76 mg L-1.联合毒性试验结果表明,Cu2 与Zn2 及Zn2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为拮抗作用;Cu2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为毒性剧增的协同作用;Cu2 、Zn2 与Cd2 三者联合时的毒性为协同作用.表6参18     

Bioefficacy of insecticides against Leucinodes orbonalis on brinjal

Studies on bioefficacy of insecticides against brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee on brinjal were carried out during 2007 and 2008. The results on bioefficacy of insecticides showed that in terms of shoot infestation, emamectin benzoate (0.002%), endosulfan (0.05%), novaluron (0.01%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.004%) were found superior. The total number of drooping shoots was minimum (4.17) in emamectin benzoate followed by endosulfan (6.83) and novaluron (7.00), as compared to spinosad (9.17), deltamethrin (11.67) and Bacillus thuringiensis (13.17). In terms of reduction in fruit infestation, emamectin benzoate (0.002%) was highly effective followed by endosulfan (0.05%), agrospray oil T (0.2%) and spinosad (0.0024%). However, cost benefit ratio was highest in agrospray oil T (0.2%) followed by lambda-cyhalothrin (0.004%), endosulfan (0.05%) and deltamethrin (0.0028%).     

Seasonal Variations in the Metal Concentration of Taraxacum Officinale, Plantago Major and Plantago Lanceolata

The seasonal changes in the concentrations of aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the leaves of Taraxacum officianale, Plantago lanceolata and Plantago major are investigated. the most convenient periods for sampling are established when the elemental concentrations have minimal variation and are independent on the development of the plant itself. On this basis, the presumption is made that the most appropriate sampling period for herbaceous species for biomonitoring processes is the end of blossoming of the plant or immediately after that.