微生物降解蔬菜残留农药研究

从富集培养物中筛选到以甲胺磷为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＪ５和以乐果为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＬ３,经鉴定分别为芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｐ．）和假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．）．它们利用甲胺磷、乐果生长的最适条件及在无机盐培养基中农药最大耐受浓度分别为ｐＨ７．５,ｔ＝３５℃,ρ＝１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ和ｐＨ７．５,ｔ＝３０℃,ρ＝２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ．在无碳基础培养基内单菌株培养８ｄ,５２４ｍｇ／Ｌ的甲胺磷好气降解４２．５％,厌气降解３５．９％,２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的乐果好气降解５０．２％,厌气降解１６．４％．小区试验表明,ＮＭＪ５、ＮＭＬ３的菌液制剂对普通白菜的变种南农矮脚黄（Ｂｒａｓｉｃａｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓｓｐ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．ｖａｒ．ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓＴｓｅｎｅｔＬｅｅ）中残留的甲胺磷、乐果有明显的去除作用．     

微生物降解苯胺的特性及其降解代谢途径

从活性污泥中分离得到的一株细菌 Ａ Ｎ３ ,能以苯胺为唯一碳、氮源和能源生长,苯胺的最高降解浓度５０００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 以上,鉴定为食酸丛毛单胞菌（ Ｃｏｍａｍｏｎａｓ ａｃｉｄｏｖｏｒａｎｓ） ． Ａ Ｎ３ 还可降解乙酰苯胺,但不利用其他取代类苯胺,该菌株的生长细胞和完整细胞降解苯胺的最适ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ,最适温度３０ ℃,且完整细胞降解苯胺的活性比生长细胞高得多．９ 种金属离子对该菌株的生长细胞和完整细胞降解苯胺均有不同程度的抑制作用,尤以 Ａｇ ＋ 和 Ｈｇ２ ＋ 为明显． Ａ Ｎ３ 含有苯胺加双氧酶、邻苯二酚２ ,３加双氧酶等一系列与苯胺降解有关的酶类,它们均为诱导酶．对苯胺降解的关键酶进行了酶动力学特性的研究,根据这些结果提出了该菌株降解苯胺的代谢途径．     

农药降解酶的固定化及其降解特性

采用海藻酸钙凝胶将 Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ ｓｐ ． Ｙ Ｆ１１ 农药降解酶进行固定化,并测定了固定化酶对杀灭菊酯的降解特性． 农药降解酶的固定化条件为：海藻酸钠质量浓度,３０ ｇ／ Ｌ;蛋白质量浓度,０ ．２ ｇ／ Ｌ;固定化时间ｔ ＝ １６ｈ ;粒径４ ｍｍ ． 固定化酶降解杀灭菊酯的最适ｐ Ｈ 为８ ．０ 、最适温度为３５ ℃, Ｋｍ５５ ．０ μｍｏｌ／ Ｌ     

食酸丛毛单胞菌AN3菌株降解苯胺的研究

报道了各种环境因子对食酸丛毛单胞菌ＡＮ３菌株完整细胞降解苯胺的影响．在良好的通气条件下,该菌株完整细胞降解苯胺,最适湿细胞质量浓度ρＦＷ（ｃｅｌ）＝２０ｇ／Ｌ、最适ｐＨ和温度θ分别为７．０和３０℃,苯胺ρ＝１３００ｍｇ／Ｌ左右,经过６ｈ的作用即可被完全降解;各种有机物如葡萄糖和蛋白胨对苯胺的降解均有延缓的作用：除Ｈｇ２＋和Ａｇ＋外,其他重金属离子对苯胺降解抑制作用较小     

不同菌源的微生物对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯生物降解性的比较

从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出１ 株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１（ 荧光假单胞菌 Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ Ｆ Ｓ１） ,从处理焦化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出２ 株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ２（ 铜绿假单胞菌 Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓａｅｒｕｇｉｎａｓａ Ｆ Ｓ２） 和 Ｆ Ｓ３（ 短杆菌 Ｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｓｐ ． Ｆ Ｓ３） ． 研究了邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ , Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（ Ｄ Ｍ Ｐ） 的最适降解条件,比较了其降解特性． Ｆ Ｓ１ 、 Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 最适酸度分别为ｐ Ｈ６ ．５ ～８ ．０ 、ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ～８ ．０ 和ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ～８ ．０ ,温度为２０ ～３５ ℃、１５ ～３５ ℃和１５ ～３５ ℃．邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 、 Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的降解的半寿期： Ｆ Ｓ１ ＜ Ｆ Ｓ２ ＜ Ｆ Ｓ３ ,邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 是一株高效的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯降解菌     

利用动胶菌D2菌株处理含油废水的中间试验研究

利用自行分离筛选的动胶菌（ Ｚｏｏｇｌｏｅａ ｓｐ ．） Ｄ２ 菌株以生物接触氧化法对含机械润滑油的废水进行处理．在实验室条件下,控制入流流量ｑｖ ＝ ３３ Ｌ／ｈ ,ｔ Ｈ Ｒ＝ ６ ｈ ,除油效果十分显著：当废水的含油浓度为４２４ ～１ ４３２ｍｇ／ Ｌ时,经过试验运转,出流水中油浓度已降至０ ～２０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,除油率达９７ ％ 以上,水质达到国家二级以上的排放标准     

丁草胺高效降解细菌的分离

通过瓶培养法富集培养，从肥东县一块单晚稻田土中分离出一株丁草胺高效降解细菌ＷＹ３０６，经鉴定，该菌为节杆菌属菌Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｓｐ．ＷＹ３０６．Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｓｐ．ＷＹ３０６降解丁草胺的影响因素研究表明：丁草胺降解半衰期与初始菌量近似成反比；当丁草胺添加浓度为５、９ｍｇ／Ｌ时，其降解半衰期分别为０．９７ｈ和１．８６ｈ，随浓度的增大而增大，而当丁草胺添加浓度为０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ或其     

嗜热厌氧细菌Clostridium sp.EVA4菌株直接转化纤维素产乙醇的研究

用分离获得的嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌 Ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍ ｓｐ ． Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株进行了直接转化纤维素产生乙醇的动力学、发酵最适条件及其影响因子的研究．结果表明, Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株在ｐ Ｈ６ ．２ ～８ ．９ ,θ４５ ℃～６０ ℃的范围内能直接转化纤维素滤纸产生乙醇,最适ｐ Ｈ 为７ ．５ ～８ ．０ ,最适θ为５５ ～６０ ℃． Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株能利用纤维素滤纸,纤维素粉 Ｗｈａｔｍａｎ Ｃ Ｆ Ｉ Ｉ,微晶纤维素,纤维素粉 Ｍ Ｎ３００ 和未经处理的玉米秆芯,甘蔗渣,水稻秸秆产生乙醇．乙醇浓度 ,纤维素降解率和培养基还原糖浓度均随培养时间延长而增大．不同的纤维素材料、ｐ Ｈ、θ、底物浓度、酵母粉含量、振荡、培养气相、外加 Ｏ２ 和乙醇等条件均能影响 Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株转化纤维素为乙醇的能力．最适条件下 Ｅ Ｖ Ａ４ 菌株利用１ ％ 纤维素滤纸培养１２０ ｈ 产乙醇浓度为１ １２３ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,纤维素降解率为５９ ％     

青霉菌BS—1还原Cr^6＋的条件及影响因子

青霉菌ＢＳ－１生长时还原Ｃｒ＾６＋的条件下：最适碳源为蔗糖或糊精，最适氮源是硫酸铵，最适温度３０℃，最适ＰＨ７．０，加入一定浓度的酵母浸出物可促进该菌对Ｃｒ＾＋的还原。不同预培养条件对该菌还原Ｃｒ＾６＋无明显影响，由此认为该菌对Ｃｒ＾６＋的还原是非诱导性的Ｈｇ＾２＋，Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｃｏ＾２＋和Ｎｉ＾２＋对ＢＳ－１生长及Ｃｒ＾２｜还在有明显抑制作用，但在ρ（Ｎａ２ＳｅＯ４）＝１００ｍｇ／Ｌ时，则对该菌     

用假单胞菌(PSEUDOMONAS SP.)E4-106生物转化苯丙酮酸生产L-苯丙氨酸研究

用从土壤中筛选的假单胞菌（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．）Ｅ４１０６株细胞进行了转化苯丙酮酸生产Ｌ苯丙氨酸实验研究．结果表明,转氨反应最适温度３５～４０℃;该转氨酶可在ｐＨ７～１０范围内催化反应而活力变化不大;０．５％戊二醛处理细胞可降低其转氨酶活力;表面活性剂处理细胞或在反应液中加入Ｍｇ２＋能显著提高转氨反应速度;Ｌ天冬氨酸是转氨反应的最适氨基供体;底物转化率与底物浓度、氨基供体浓度有关．在此反应体系中,Ｅ４１０６菌株单位湿重细胞的转氨酶活力为１０３９Ｕ／ｇ;生成产物ＬＰｈｅ浓度为３２．２ｇ／Ｌ和５０．４ｇ／Ｌ时,苯丙酮酸摩尔转化率分别为９７．５％、８７．２％．生成产物用ＣＧＡ６８８大孔吸附树脂进行分离、纯化．目标产物经熔点、比旋光度、元素分析、红外光谱和纸层析分析,证实是ＬＰｈｅ．产物收率为８１．８％．     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.