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聚硅氯化铝(PASC)的形态分布及转化规律Ⅲ.Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法与27Al-NMR法的比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文对Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和27Al-NMR法对PASC和PAC 中铝的形态分布的测定结果进行了对比分析和讨论.结果表明,在PAC中,Al13和Al b之间具有良好的对应关系,Al13/Alb比值为1.0左右.但对PASC而言,情况有所不同,在低碱化度(B)和低Al/Si摩尔比情况下,Al13和Alb之间不存在对应关系,Al13和Alb比值远远小于1.0,随着B值和Al/Si摩尔比的升高,Al13 /Alb比值逐渐趋近于1.0.这意味着在低B值和低Al/Si摩尔比情况下,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物间的相互作用,形成了铝硅复合新产物,该新产物对PASC中铝的形态分布产生了影响. 相似文献
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聚硅氯化铝(PASC)的形态分布及转化规律Ⅱ.27Al-NMR法研究PASC溶液中铝的形态分布 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
采用27Al-NMR法比较研究了PASC与PAC中铝的形态分布.实验结果表明,在PASC中,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物间的相互作用,使得铝的水解聚合形态分布及转化情况发生了变化.在相同B值条件下,PASC中Al单和Al13的含量低于 PAC中相应Al单和Al13的含量,而PASC中Al其它的含量却大于PAC中Al其它的含量,其差值随着碱化度(B)和Al/Si摩尔比的减小而增大.共聚法制备的PASC(共 )与复合法制备的PASC(复)相比较,PASC(复)具有较高的Al单和Al13含量,较低的A l其它含量.这说明制备工艺对PASC中铝的形态分布具有一定的影响. 相似文献
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本文对Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法和~(27)AI-NMR法对PASC和PAC中铝的形态分布的测定结果进行了对比分析和讨论.结果表明,在PAC中,Al_(13)和AI_b之间具有良好的对应关系,Al_(13)/Al_b比值为1.0左右 但对PASC而言,情况有所不同,在低碱化度(B)和低Al/Si摩尔比情况下,Al_(13)和Al_b之间不存在对应关系,Al_(13)和Al_b比值远远小于1.0,随着B值和Al/Si摩尔比的升高,Al_(13)/Al_b比值逐渐趋近于1.0.这意味着在低B值和低Al/Si摩尔比情况下,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物间的相互作用,形成了铝硅复合新产物,该新产物对PASC中铝的形态分布产生了影响. 相似文献
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聚硅氯化铝(PASC)的形态分布及转化规律Ⅰ.Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究PASC溶液中铝的形态分布及转化规律 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法比较研究了PASC与PAC中铝的形态分布及转化规律.实际结果表明,在PASC中,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物间的相互作用,使得铝的水解聚合形态分布及转化情况发生了变化.在相同B值条件下,PASC中Ala和Al b的含量低于PAC中相应Als和Alb的含量,而PASC中Alc的含量却大于PAC中Alc的含量.共聚法制备的PASC(共)与复合法制备的PASC(复)相比较,PASC(复)具有较高的Ala和 Alb含量,较低的Alc含量.这说明制备工艺对PASC中铝的形态分布具有一定的影响. 相似文献
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Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究PACS中铝的水解聚合形态 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
制备了碱化度(B)及不同Al~(3+)/SO_4~(2-)摩尔比的系列PACS,用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法研究了铝的形态分布,考察了碱化度(B)、Al~(3+)/SO_4~(2-)摩尔比、稀释作用及pH值对铝的形态分布的影响.实验结果表明,Al~(3+)/SO_4~(2-)摩尔比及溶液的pH值对铝的形态分布有较大的影响,稀释作用对铝的形态分布影响较小.Al~(3+)/SO_4~(2-)摩尔比愈小,pH值愈高,铝的水解聚合大分子及胶体粒子所占的比例就愈大. 相似文献
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K.H. Roucoux I.T. Lawson T.R. Baker D. Del Castillo Torres F.C. Draper O. Lähteenoja M.P. Gilmore E.N. Honorio Coronado T.J. Kelly E.T.A. Mitchard C.F. Vriesendorp 《Conservation biology》2017,31(6):1283-1292
Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development. 相似文献
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Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras 相似文献
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The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae
which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing
this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe
ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death.
A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation
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The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities
as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison. 相似文献
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International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats). 相似文献
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KIRSTIN K. HOLSMAN MARK D. SCHEUERELL ERIC BUHLE ROBERT EMMETT 《Conservation biology》2012,26(5):912-922
Abstract: Captive rearing and translocation are often used concurrently for species conservation, yet the effects of these practices can interact and lead to unintended outcomes that may undermine species’ recovery efforts. Controls in translocation or artificial‐propagation programs are uncommon; thus, there have been few studies on the interacting effects of these actions and environmental conditions on survival. The Columbia River basin, which drains 668,000 km2 of the western United States and Canada, has an extensive network of hydroelectric and other dams, which impede and slow migration of anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and can increase mortality rates. To mitigate for hydrosystem‐induced mortality during juvenile downriver migration, tens of millions of hatchery fish are released each year and a subset of wild‐ and hatchery‐origin juveniles are translocated downstream beyond the hydropower system. We considered how the results of these practices interact with marine environmental conditions to affect the marine survival of Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). We analyzed data from more than 1 million individually tagged fish from 1998 through 2006 to evaluate the probability of an individual fish returning as an adult relative to its rearing (hatchery vs. wild) and translocation histories (translocated vs. in‐river migrating fish that traveled downriver through the hydropower system) and a suite of environmental variables. Except during select periods of very low river flow, marine survival of wild translocated fish was approximately two‐thirds less than survival of wild in‐river migrating fish. For hatchery fish, however, survival was roughly two times higher for translocated fish than for in‐river migrants. Competition and predator aggregation negatively affected marine survival, and the magnitude of survival depended on rearing and translocation histories and biological and physical conditions encountered during their first few weeks of residence in the ocean. Our results highlight the importance of considering the interacting effects of translocation, artificial propagation, and environmental variables on the long‐term viability of species. 相似文献
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Thomas Eisner Jeffrey Conner James E. Carrel John P. McCormick Amy J. Slagle Carl Gans James C. O'Reilly 《Chemoecology》1990,1(2):57-62
Summary Frogs(Rana pipiens) fed on blister beetles (Meloidae) or cantharidin, retain cantharidin systemically. After cessation of feeding, they void the compound relatively quickly. Systemic cantharidin does not protect frogs against ectoparasitic feeding by leeches(Hirudo medicinalis) or predation by snakes(Nerodia sipedon). As suggested by our data, and from reports in the early literature, ingestion of cantharidin-containing frogs can pose a health threat to humans.Paper no. 95 of the seriesDefense Mechanisms of Arthropods; no. 94 is LaMunyon & Eisner, Psyche (in press) 相似文献
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Summary We tested the role of a grasshopper defensive secretion in deterring lizard predation. Adults, but not young larvae, of the chemically defended lubber grasshopperRomalea guttata (=microptera) froth a volatile secretion when attacked by predators. The lizardAnolis carolinensis failed to strike juvenile lubbers (which lack secretion) in laboratory trials. Survivorship of palatable crickets loaded with secretion offered toA. carolinensis was not significantly different from survivorship of control crickets. In experiments designed to investigate if lizards learn an aversion to the secretion, striking times forSceloporus undulatus fed wax worms coated with secretion were not significantly different over three days of trials. Three primary conclusions are drawn from these data. First, the secretion may not be necessary for lubber protection from lizards. Second, lubber secretion does not appear to deter lizards from attacking or eating prey items. Third, lizards do not appear to develop an aversion to the secretion. 相似文献
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Bayesian network analyses can be used to interactively change the strength of effect of variables in a model to explore complex relationships in new ways. In doing so, they allow one to identify influential nodes that are not well studied empirically so that future research can be prioritized. We identified relationships in host and pathogen biology to examine disease‐driven declines of amphibians associated with amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). We constructed a Bayesian network consisting of behavioral, genetic, physiological, and environmental variables that influence disease and used them to predict host population trends. We varied the impacts of specific variables in the model to reveal factors with the most influence on host population trend. The behavior of the nodes (the way in which the variables probabilistically responded to changes in states of the parents, which are the nodes or variables that directly influenced them in the graphical model) was consistent with published results. The frog population had a 49% probability of decline when all states were set at their original values, and this probability increased when body temperatures were cold, the immune system was not suppressing infection, and the ambient environment was conducive to growth of B. dendrobatidis. These findings suggest the construction of our model reflected the complex relationships characteristic of host–pathogen interactions. Changes to climatic variables alone did not strongly influence the probability of population decline, which suggests that climate interacts with other factors such as the capacity of the frog immune system to suppress disease. Changes to the adaptive immune system and disease reservoirs had a large effect on the population trend, but there was little empirical information available for model construction. Our model inputs can be used as a base to examine other systems, and our results show that such analyses are useful tools for reviewing existing literature, identifying links poorly supported by evidence, and understanding complexities in emerging infectious‐disease systems. 相似文献
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The phenomenon of Batesian mimicry, where a palatable animal gains protection against predation by resembling an unpalatable model, has been a core interest of evolutionary biologists for 150 years. An extensive range of studies has focused on revealing mechanistic aspects of mimicry (shared education and generalization of predators) and the evolutionary dynamics of mimicry systems (co‐operation vs. conflict) and revealed that protective mimicry is widespread and is important for individual fitness. However, according to our knowledge, there are no case studies where mimicry theories have been applied to conservation of mimetic species. Theoretically, mimicry affects, for example, frequency dependency of predator avoidance learning and human induced mortality. We examined the case of the protected, endangered, nonvenomous smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) that mimics the nonprotected venomous adder (Vipera berus), both of which occur in the Åland archipelago, Finland. To quantify the added predation risk on smooth snakes caused by the rarity of vipers, we calculated risk estimates from experimental data. Resemblance of vipers enhances survival of smooth snakes against bird predation because many predators avoid touching venomous vipers. Mimetic resemblance is however disadvantageous against human predators, who kill venomous vipers and accidentally kill endangered, protected smooth snakes. We found that the effective population size of the adders in Åland is very low relative to its smooth snake mimic (28.93 and 41.35, respectively).Because Batesian mimicry is advantageous for the mimic only if model species exist in sufficiently high numbers, it is likely that the conservation program for smooth snakes will fail if adders continue to be destroyed. Understanding the population consequences of mimetic species may be crucial to the success of endangered species conservation. We suggest that when a Batesian mimic requires protection, conservation planners should not ignore the model species (or co‐mimic in Mullerian mimicry rings) even if it is not itself endangered. Implications of mimicry for Conservation of the endangered smooth snake 相似文献