AzaC预处理增加TCDD对特殊细胞P450基因的诱导

利用RT-PCR检测不同物质诱导细胞的CYP基因 mRNA的表达水平.在HepG2细胞,TCDD能诱导CYP1A1、CYP1B1及CYP1A2基因表达,CYP1A1、CYP1B1基因比CYP1A2基因更容易被诱导,用AzaC处理后CYP1B1基因表达无改变;在A549细胞和SPC-A1细胞,Azac预处理后增加了TCDD对CYP1家族的诱导.也就是AzaC增加了CYP1A1、CYP1A2和CYP1B1基因表达水平.图1表1参10     

浙江省市级饮用水源地氨基甲酸酯农药的分析、污染特征及健康风险

超高效液相色谱/串联质谱方法分析水体中痕量氨基甲酸酯农药,在5min之内完成15种氨基甲酸酯农药的分析,回收率为80.4%-120.7%,相对标准偏差为0.7%-12.0%,检测限为0.005ng·1-1 -0.2 ng·1-1.在此基础上,全面分析了浙江省市级饮用水源地水体中氨基甲酸酯农药污染现状及健康风险,结果表明,涕灭威、灭多威、克百威检出率较高,浓度分别为O.86ng·1-1-29.0ng·1-1、＜0.1ng·1-1 -170ng·1-1、＜0.01ng·1-1-14.0ng·1-1.河流型水源地水体中氨基甲酸酯农药污染比水库型水源地严重.饮用水源地氨基甲酸酯农药污染最大个人平均年风险为1.4×10-11a-1,涕灭威贡献率最高.     

基于BaPS技术的高山草甸土硝化和反硝化季节变化

应用气压分离(BaPS)技术测定了川西北高山草甸土硝化和反硝化季节动态变化.结果表明:植物生长季节内,土壤总硝化、反硝化和N2O释放率的变化趋势一致,即从6月份(硝化率:N 8.40 mg kg-1 d-1;反硝化率:N 0.48 mg kg-1 d-1;N2O释放率:N 84.48 靏 kg-1 d-1)开始增加,7月份(N 19.36 mg kg-1 d-1;N 0.60 mg kg-1 d-1;N 100.13 靏 kg-1 d-1)达到最大值,然后开始下降,到9月份(N 1.81 mg kg-1 d-1;N 0.24 mg kg-1 d-1;N 40.09 靏 kg-1 d-1)降为最小值.氮素物质基础(NO3--N和NH4 -N)不是影响该高山草甸土硝化和反硝化的主要因素,土壤温度和湿度是该高山草甸土硝化、反硝化作用的主要影响因子.     

异源表达胡杨PeBAK1;1基因增强烟草对Pst DC3000的抗性

BAK1(BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1)是一个富亮氨酸重复序列(LRR)的膜受体蛋白激酶,除参与植物油菜素内酯信号的转导外,还可以结合其他的LRR-RLKs蛋白来启动植物的先天免疫反应.为明确胡杨Pe BAK1;1基因在烟草中抗Pst DC3000(丁香假单胞杆菌种番茄致病变种)的功能及其在植物抗病中的调控方式,克隆胡杨Pe BAK1;1基因c DNA序列构建Pe BAK1;1基因的过量表达载体p BI121-35S::Pe BAK1;1,并利用农杆菌介导法将其转化野生型烟草,筛选获得Pe BAK1;1基因过表达的转基因烟草植株.生物信息学分析结果表明胡杨Pe BAK1;1蛋白具有植物SERK家族的全部结构特征,系统进化树分析表明胡杨Pe BAK1;1与毛果杨Pt BAK1的序列同源性最高;组织表达分析表明Pe BAK1;1基因主要在根和叶中表达;Pst DC3000侵染试验结果显示,野生型烟草植株接种Pst DC3000后表现出明显的感病症状,而Pe BAK1;1基因过表达的转基因烟草植株表现出明显的抗病症状;Real-time PCR及quantitative real-time-PCR分析结果表明,与野生型相比,转基因烟草中抗病防御相关基因PR1、PR3、PR4和PR5的表达量显著升高,且参与植物生长发育与先天防卫反应的基因BIR1和BON1的表达量也明显升高.上述结果表明,异源表达胡杨Pe BAK1;1基因在烟草抗Pst DC3000过程中起正调控作用,能够增强植物的抗病能力.     

天津污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的提取、净化和测定

研究了天津污灌区严重污染土壤中 1 6种多环芳烃的提取和测定方法 .考察了加速溶剂提取的提取条件、样品净化方法和GC MS测定条件 .结果表明 ,在 1 4 0℃用1∶1二氯甲烷和丙酮提取 5min ,硅胶柱净化后用GC MS测定可以得到很好的效果 .方法回收率在 5 7%— 1 4 0 %之间 ,检测限为 3 5× 1 0 - 4— 1 1× 1 0 - 3 mg·l- 1,且重现性较好 .天津代表性污灌水稻土中 1 6种PAHs的实测浓度为 0 0 7— 1 2 7mg·kg- 1.     

DEHP对小鼠精原细胞Bax和Bcl-2表达水平的影响

邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)因在环境中的广泛分布而受到普遍关注。为探究DEHP对雄性生殖细胞的毒作用机制,将小鼠精原细胞(GC-1spd)分别暴露于终浓度为0(对照)、10、100、1 000 mg·L~(-1)DEHP的培养基中培养24 h,采用噻唑兰(MTT)法检测细胞相对活力,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况,实时荧光定量PCR法检测Bax和Bcl-2m RNA的表达情况及Western blot技术检测Bax和Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平。结果显示:在检测细胞相对活力时,1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组明显低于其他各剂量组,100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组低于对照组和10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组(P<0.05);在检测细胞凋亡时,1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组早期凋亡率高于对照组(P<0.05);晚期凋亡率1 000 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组均明显高于对照组,1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组高于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组(P<0.05);总凋亡率呈现明显上升趋势,其中1 000 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组明显高于对照组,1 000mg·L~(-1)剂量组还明显高于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组(P<0.05)。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示:Bax m RNA表达水平1 000 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组明显高于对照组,1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组与10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);Bcl-2 m RNA表达水平1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组低于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组和对照组(P<0.05)。此外,Bax和Bcl-2 m RNA比值1 000 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组均明显高于对照组,1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组高于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组(P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示,Bax蛋白表达水平1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组高于对照组(P<0.05);Bcl-2蛋白表达水平各剂量组与对照组相比差异均具有统计学意义,且1 000mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组明显低于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组和对照组(P<0.05);此外,Bax/Bcl-2两蛋白比值1 000 mg·L~(-1)和100 mg·L~(-1)剂量组明显高于对照组,而1 000 mg·L~(-1)剂量组高于10 mg·L~(-1)剂量组(P<0.05)。结果表明:DEHP可诱导小鼠精原细胞相对活力下降,通过抑制Bcl-2 m RNA和Bcl-2蛋白表达及促进Bax m RNA和Bax蛋白表达实现诱导精原细胞凋亡。     

鱼类镰刀菌的研究Ⅲ：几种药物对鱼类镰刀菌的抑制作用

研究发现制霉素（14．4～16．0mg·L－1）、K制剂（4．0mp·L－1）和孔雀绿（3,0～40mp·L-1）对镰刀菌Fu2和尖F1抑制效果好,而对Fu1-2抑制效果差;优氯净（2．0mg·L－1）能抑制Fu1-2,而不抑制Fu2和尖F1;龙胆紫（1．0mg·L-1）可抑制尖F1,而不抑制Fu2和Fu1-2制霉素对鱼毒性最小,而孔雀绿毒性最大．     

苯并(a)芘对罗非鱼肝脏CYP1A1和GST活性的影响

以罗非鱼为试验动物,研究不同浓度(0.1、1、10和50μg·L-1)苯并(a)芘(BaP)暴露下,罗非鱼肝脏细胞色素P450亚酶1A1(CYP1A1)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性的变化。结果表明,0.1、1和10μg·L-13个浓度组罗非鱼肝脏CYP1A1活性与空白和丙酮溶剂对照组相比没有显著差异(P0.05),50μg·L-1浓度组CYP1A1活性在6和168 h时受到显著诱导(P0.05);0.1和1μg·L-1浓度组肝脏GST活性与空白和丙酮溶剂对照组相比无显著差异(P0.05),10和50μg·L-1浓度组GST活性在336 h时与空白和丙酮溶剂对照组相比差异显著(P0.05)。研究CYP1A1活性与GST活性之间的关系发现,两者的变化趋势相近,尤其是1和50μg·L-12个浓度组,表明这两者之间可能存在一定的对应关系。     

抗除草剂转基因油菜与野芥菜的杂交1代与5种常规栽培油菜回交后代的适合度

抗除草剂转基因油菜(Brassica napus)的抗性基因具有向野芥菜(Wild B.juncea)漂移的可能性,为了解野芥菜接受抗性油菜的花粉形成携带抗性基因的F1后,再接受常规栽培油菜的花粉可能产生的影响,以2种F1(野芥菜为母本、抗草甘膦和抗草丁膦转基因油菜分别为父本获得)为母本,5种常规栽培油菜(B.napus)为父本进行回交,统计了回交后每角果的饱满种子粒数和角果长,测定了回交1代(BC1)、回交1代子1代(BC1F1)的萌发率以及抗性基因在后代中的传递频率,并在温室条件下测定了携带抗性基因的BC1以及BC1F1的适合度.结果显示,2种F1和5种常规栽培油菜回交后每角饱满粒数都很少,平均都不超过1粒;BC1以及BC1F1代间出苗率没有显著差异,但都显著低于亲本野芥菜.两种抗性基因在BC1以及BC1F1中都能以49%-62%和52%-64%的频率传递下去.温室条件下各BC1的总适合度没有显著差异,但都显著低于野芥菜,主要原因是各BC1的有效角果数少和每角饱满粒数显著少于野芥菜.从BC1F1的总适合度来看,携带不同抗性基因的F1和同种常规油菜的BC1F1的总适合度没有明显差异,各BC1F1的总适合度和野芥菜也没有显著差异,但繁殖能力还是显著低于亲本野芥菜.相比BC1,其自交产生的BC1F1的繁殖能力有所提高,主要表现在有效角果数和每角饱满种子粒数有较为明显的增加.研究表明转基因油菜的抗性基因通过花粉漂移到野芥菜产生F1后,携带了抗性基因的F1在有大量常规栽培油菜的环境下,存在和常规油菜通过回交产生携带抗性基因的种子的可能性,尽管BC1以及BC1F1的繁殖能力弱,但都能产生后代;常规栽培油菜的基因型对携带抗性基因的F1接受常规栽培油菜的花粉后可能产生的生态风险有一定影响.总之,野芥菜接受转基因油菜的花粉产生F1后又接受常规油菜的花粉而造成的抗性基因逃逸风险较小,但值得关注.     

瞬态吸收光谱技术研究水体中亚硝酸-萘体系的微观反应机理

采用 35 5nm紫外光照射HNO2 萘 H2 O体系 .研究表明 ,光照后体系中间产物和最终产物的光反应过程是通过HNO2 激光光解产生OH自由基 ,OH自由基再与萘反应生成　 OH ,反应速率常数为 ( 1 1± 0 1 )× 1 0 1 0 M- 1 ·s- 1 .     

植物--实时富集大气持久性有机污染物的被动采样平台

对植物富集大气持久性有机污染物(POPs)的机理及其在大气POPs污染监测中的应用,主要是地衣、苔藓、树叶、树皮作为大气POPs的被动采样器在大气POPs监测中的应用做了介绍,指出树木“时间隧道”作为实时记录大气历史污染状况的又一“新标本”将在大气污染“历史监测”中发挥重要作用．     

树皮在大气有机氯农药监测中应用的研究进展

有机氯农药（Organochlorine pesticides, OCPs）曾在全世界被大量使用,即使禁用多年,仍能在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人体健康存在着潜在的威胁。因此OCPs的环境迁移和归趋一直是该领域的研究热点。树皮是一种天然的被动采样器,能够很好的反映出大气有机物长期的污染程度。本文简要论述了树皮作为被动采样器在大气污染物监测研究中应用的优势,并对OCPs在树皮中的残留浓度、特征及影响其富集的因素进行了探讨,最后特别针对具有手性的OCPs在树皮中的对映体选择性特征进行了评述。     

树皮在大气有机氯农药监测中应用的研究进展

有机氯农药(Organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)曾在全世界被大量使用,即使禁用多年,仍能在各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态环境和人体健康存在着潜在的威胁。因此OCPs的环境迁移和归趋一直是该领域的研究热点。树皮是一种天然的被动采样器,能够很好的反映出大气有机物长期的污染程度。本文简要论述了树皮作为被动采样器在大气污染物监测研究中应用的优势,并对OCPs在树皮中的残留浓度、特征及影响其富集的因素进行了探讨,最后特别针对具有手性的OCPs在树皮中的对映体选择性特征进行了评述。     

Heavy Metals in Moss and Bark From Urban Area of Florence: A New Cleaness Procedure for Removing Superficial Particulate Matter

Hypnum cupressiforme epiphytic moss and tree bark (elm and holm oak) samples have been collected in three sites of the city of Florence in the period 1995-1998. Lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) in about 200 samples collected at different heights above ground. A new clean-up procedure by nitrogen jet has been followed and its efficiency has been also verified by electron microscopy (SEM and ESEM techniques). Lead median contents in moss and bark samples fall within the ranges of 0.052-0.86 and 0.20-1.30 μmoles g^-1 (dry weight), resulting values for moss and bark are proportional to the vehicular traffic density. the increasing use of lead-free gasoline has not been followed by a decrease of lead moss concentration.     

Heavy Metals in Moss and Bark From Urban Area of Florence: A New Cleaness Procedure for Removing Superficial Particulate Matter

Abstract

Hypnum cupressiforme epiphytic moss and tree bark (elm and holm oak) samples have been collected in three sites of the city of Florence in the period 1995–1998. Lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) in about 200 samples collected at different heights above ground. A new clean-up procedure by nitrogen jet has been followed and its efficiency has been also verified by electron microscopy (SEM and ESEM techniques). Lead median contents in moss and bark samples fall within the ranges of 0.052–0.86 and 0.20–1.30 μmoles g^?1 (dry weight), resulting values for moss and bark are proportional to the vehicular traffic density. the increasing use of lead-free gasoline has not been followed by a decrease of lead moss concentration.     

城市绿化树种的选择与配置——以兰州市西固工业区为例

本文以地处中国西北干旱区的兰州市西固工业区为例，考察了该区绿化历史和现状，在此基础上，指出城市绿化树种的选择必须符合当地自然地理特征、城市发展状况、环境污染特征的原则，树种的配置应充分考虑绿化效益的发挥，同时兼顾经济可行性，并对兰州市西固工业区绿化提出了针对性的建议。     

Long-term monitoring of environmental change in German towns through the use of lichens as biological indicators: comparison between the surveys of 1970, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2010 in Wetzlar and Giessen

Background

In the years 1970, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2010, lichen mapping in the towns of Wetzlar and Giessen in Hesse was performed. The aim was to show the effects of immission load. Despite the application of modified test methods during the study period, the results can still be compared directly because they could be adapted to the requirements of the guidelines of the Association of German Engineers. Even the earlier study results could be interpreted partly within the scope of the guidelines. Parallel to the lichen mapping, comparative examinations of pH on tree bark were carried out.

Results

In both towns, the pH of the tree bark has been increasing continuously, presently almost reaching pre-industrial values. The increase was stronger in Wetzlar than in Giessen. In 1970, the lichen vegetation showed a complete depletion. Since then the number of species has risen significantly. This development happened faster and more intensely in Wetzlar. The comparison of the lichen vegetation between 1970 and 2010 also shows an increased existence of species that are favored by hypertrophic air contaminants. In the 2010 survey, some species considered as being promoted by global warming were found for the first time.

Conclusions

The increase of the bark pH can be explained by the decreasing acid pollution, primarily SO₂. This is also assumed to be the main cause for the increasing number of lichen species. An explanation for Wetzlar's advantage is that the acid pollutants had been neutralized by a local industrial emittent of lime dust. With the reduction of dust emissions in Wetzlar due to the installation of filters, the bark pH in both towns steadily converged in the reference period. An examination of pre-industrial lichen studies shows that in both towns the original state of lichen vegetation has not been restored yet.     

Monoterpene chemodiversity of ponderosa pine in relation to herbivory and bark beetle colonization

Summary. Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws. (Pinaceae), forests in Arizona have suffered from a nine-year period of drought and bark beetle, Ips lecontei Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), outbreaks. Abiotic and biotic stress in ponderosa pine results in the induced synthesis of certain monoterpenes that may in turn affect bark beetle behavior and survival. In this study, we investigate whether induced monoterpene production could result in a different monoterpene composition that remains stored in the needles or the trunk resin of the tree. Needle and resin samples in addition to trunk cores were collected from ponderosa pines at three locations in Arizona. Ungulate browsing induced a significant increase in limonene (P=0.010) and in chemodiversity (P=0.009), a measure of the evenness of distribution among the monoterpenes present in needles. We compared the level of ‘stress’ of the trees by measuring the thickness of annual rings in living trees and those that were killed by bark beetles. Where drought occurred, the spacing of annual rings from the last 10 years of trees killed by bark beetles was significantly smaller (P=0.020) compared to living trees. There was no difference in the monoterpene composition between the core sections of closest spacing of annual rings (stressed years) compared to the sections of widest spacing, which indicates that monoterpenes are distributed evenly throughout the extended resin system. In the area where the degree of drought was less overall, none of the individual monoterpenes present in the resin was related to bark beetle killed trees. However, about half the living pines had resin in which one of the major monoterpenes (α-pinene, Δ³-carene, and limonene) was absent, and these trees had a lower monoterpene chemodiversity compared to trees killed by bark beetles. Trees with these three major monoterpenes, corresponding to the average relative proportion in living pines at that location, may sustain higher selection and colonization by bark beetles.     

燃煤工业锅炉大气二氧化硫污染及应用工业固硫型煤控制

本文研究我国燃煤工业锅炉大气ＳＯ２的污染状况及发展趋势，以及应用工业固硫型煤控制燃煤工业锅炉大气ＳＯ２的污染。燃煤工业锅炉燃烧工业固硫型煤时，可明显地降低ＳＯ２和烟尘的排放量，并节约煤炭。推广和发展工业固硫型煤，是防治燃煤工业锅炉大气ＳＯ２污染的一条投资少、见效快、简便易行的实用措施，其经济效益及环境效益相当可观。     

不同大气污染区林木根区土壤重金属和酶活性研究

黄埔区是广州市污染较严重的地区,其中林木也受到了大气等污染物的危害。林木根区的土壤重金属和酶活性是探讨污染对林木影响机制和反映污染程度的重要指标。作者分别在该区的石化厂、硫酸厂附近林地和非污染的华南农业大学校园(对照)共3个区选择了台湾相思、马尾松、尾叶桉和荔枝4个树种、11个采样点,共采集了33个供试土壤样品,分析了林木根区土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)全量、有效量和土壤酶(脲酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和蛋白酶)活性。结果表明,(1)石化厂重金属含量总体上与对照区差异不大,而硫酸厂区重金属含量则显著地高于对照区,污染严重。(2)不同调查区根区土壤酶活性存在显著差异,各调查区平均土壤酶活性大小顺序基本上表现为:对照区>石化厂区>硫酸厂区,尤其是硫酸厂区显著地低于对照区;而同一调查区不同树种之间的酶活性也存在差异,台湾相思根区土壤脲酶的活性均比其它树种高;从酶活性看,在硫酸厂严重污染胁迫下,台湾相思比尾叶桉更耐污染。(3)对土壤重金属含量和酶活性进行典型相关分析得出:根区土壤有效Zn含量对过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性有明显的刺激作用,但抑制了蛋白酶活性;有效Cd则抑制了过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,但刺激了蛋白酶活性。