海水水质基准的研究方法与我国海水水质基准的构建(Methods of Deriving Marine Water Quality Criterion and Proposal for Establishment of National Marine Water Quality Criterion in China)

海水水质基准是制定相关海水水质标准的科学依据.论文概要介绍了美国、欧盟和荷兰等发达国家的海水水质基准研究方法体系,给出了关键计算模式、数据要求和定值方法.结合当前我国在海水水质基准研究方面的现状,借鉴国外水质基准研究经验,对我国海水水质基准的研究方法提出了构想,以期为我国开展海水水质基准的研究提供新思路.     

我国海水水质基准的构建:以三丁基锡为例

我国近岸海域污染形势严峻、污染物种类繁多、生态健康风险复杂,现有的海水水质标准难以满足当前海洋环境污染评价、管理和监控的需求,亟需适宜我国海洋区系特征的海水水质基准作为水质标准修订与制定的理论依据.借鉴美国、欧盟和荷兰等国家水质基准的制定方法,提出了构建我国海水水质基准的思路,并给出了数值型双值基准的数据要求、定值方法和相应的计算模式等.以三丁基锡化合物(TBT)为例,按照论文建立的方法,计算了保护我国海洋水生生物的TBT基准.结果表明:我国TBT化合物海水水质基准高值(HSWC)和海水水质基准低值(LSWC)分别为0.43μg·L-1和0.002μg·L-1,与美国,加拿大和英国等国家的推荐基准值略有不同.研究结果将为我国海水水质基准的制定与研究提供帮助.     

我国海水水质基准的构建：以三丁基锡为例(Construction of Marine Water Quality Criterion in China: A Case Study of Tributyltin（TBT）)

我国近岸海域污染形势严峻、污染物种类繁多、生态健康风险复杂,现有的海水水质标准难以满足当前海洋环境污染评价、管理和监控的需求,亟需适宜我国海洋区系特征的海水水质基准作为水质标准修订与制定的理论依据. 借鉴美国、欧盟和荷兰等国家水质基准的制定方法,提出了构建我国海水水质基准的思路,并给出了数值型双值基准的数据要求、定值方法和相应的计算模式等. 以三丁基锡化合物（TBT）为例,按照论文建立的方法,计算了保护我国海洋水生生物的TBT基准. 结果表明：我国TBT化合物海水水质基准高值（HSWC）和海水水质基准低值（LSWC）分别为0.43μg·L-1和0.002μg·L-1,与美国,加拿大和英国等国家的推荐基准值略有不同. 研究结果将为我国海水水质基准的制定与研究提供帮助.     

我国硝基苯的海水水质基准及生态风险评估研究

以一种重要的化工原料硝基苯为研究对象,通过收集、筛选我国本土物种的硝基苯海水生物毒性数据,同时针对我国海区生物特点补充8种典型海洋受试生物的毒理学实验,应用物种敏感度分布(SSD)方法推导了用于保护水生生物的我国硝基苯海水水质基准值。在此基础上,尝试应用2种概率生态风险评估方法初步评估了硝基苯在我国东海椒江口水体中的生态风险。研究结果表明,用于保护我国海水生物的硝基苯水质基准高值为1.42 mg·L-1,低值为0.037 mg·L-1,与应用SSD方法推导的硝基苯淡水水质基准差异不大。商值概率分布法和联合概率曲线法的风险表征结果表明,硝基苯对椒江口中的水生生物存在潜在的生态风险,需要管理部门采取一定的风险管控措施。研究结果有望为我国水质基准、生态风险研究及硝基苯的海水水质标准制定提供参考。     

5种有机磷农药的淡水水生生物基准

采用毒性百分数排序法推导了马拉硫磷、乐果、甲基对硫磷、敌敌畏和对硫磷等5种有机磷农药的淡水水生生物基准,得出5种有机磷农药的基准最大浓度(CMC)分别为0.477、1.392、0.247、0.085、0.155μg·L-1;基准连续浓度(CCC)分别为0.030、0.688、0.092、0.056、0.030μg·L-1.将推导出的双值基准与我国地表水环境质量标准比较,结果表明,二者差别较大,我国目前这5种有机磷农药的水质标准可能在一定程度上存在着对水生生物"欠保护"的情况.5种有机磷农药的淡水水生生物基准可为我国淡水水生生物基准的制订提供一定的数据参考.     

水体硬度对铅水质基准值的影响及校正方法探究

水体硬度对铅的水生生物毒性具有显著影响,但我国当前关于铅水质基准的研究中还缺乏针对硬度影响的关注.本文选用"集合斜率"和"标准斜率"2种典型的硬度校正法对搜集筛选后的毒性数据做校正处理,通过物种敏感度分布法推导铅的淡水水质基准.结果表明,在水体硬度为100 mg·L-1(以CaCO3计)水平下,2种校正法所得铅的短期水质基准分别为90.7μg·L-1和89.8μg·L-1,长期基准分别为2.7μg·L-1和3.9μg·L-1;在急性毒性数据充足条件下,2种校正法所得基准值极为相近;而在慢性数据量较少情况下,2种方法所获得的长期基准值在较高硬度水平下表现出明显差异,对比之下,"标准斜率"法为更优选择;与未校正硬度的结果比较发现,水体硬度参数会对铅的水质基准值产生显著影响.该结论对我国其他同类水溶态金属(如镍、镉和铬(Ⅲ)等)的水质基准研究具有一定借鉴意义.     

重金属铅的土壤环境基准研究进展

环境基准是环境标准制修订的科学依据,同时也是进行环境质量评价、环境风险控制和应急事故管理以及建立整个环境管理体系的科学基础,是国家环境保护和环境管理的基石与根本。从保护人体健康、保护生态安全和保护农产品安全3个方面综合分析了国内外重金属铅土壤环境基准的研究现状和主要技术要点,进一步展望了我国重金属铅土壤环境基准未来发展过程中面临的关键问题,以期为我国重金属铅土壤环境基准研究提出建议。     

我国水生生物的二甲苯基准阈值探讨及其在风险评估中的初步应用

搜集筛选了二甲苯对我国淡水生物的急、慢性毒性数据。物种涵盖了昆虫类、甲壳动物类、鱼类、两栖动物类、环节动物类、软体动物类、轮虫类和浮游植物类。数据分析表明,甲壳类生物对二甲苯最为敏感。采用美国水生生物基准技术对二甲苯水质基准进行推算,得出保护我国淡水生物的二甲苯急性基准域值为1.41 mg·L-1,慢性基准为0.57 mg·L-1。基于获得的二甲苯基准值对我国部分流域二甲苯的暴露生态风险进行初步评估,结果表明二甲苯并未对这些水体中的水生生物造成潜在风险。本研究将为二甲苯水质标准的制修订和流域水环境管理提供技术支持。     

水生态基准方法学概述及建立我国水生态基准的探讨（Methodologies for Deriving Water Quality Criteria to Protect Aquatic Life（ALC）and Proposal for Development of ALC in China: A Review）

水生态基准的研究和制定对于控制进入水环境污染物的种类和数量,保护水体生物多样性及整个水生态系统的结构和功能具有重要意义.论文对不同国家和地区现有的主要水生态基准推导方法进行了概述,并从基准保护目标、数据的收集与评估、基准的计算方法等几个方面对各国水质基准推导方法进行了比较.参照国外水质基准的推导过程及我国水生态系统的特征,探讨了合理可行的水生态基准保护目标、计算方法及推导流程,并对我国水生态基准的推导中可能存在的问题进行了讨论.     

考虑物种权重校验保护太湖水生生物的铅基准

铅是一种有毒重金属元素,位列我国水中优先控制污染物"黑名单".我国水系众多,水生生物多样,研究保护区域水生生物的铅基准十分必要.太湖作为中国周边经济最发达、大中城市最密集且污染最严重的淡水湖泊之一,本研究选取8种太湖本土水生生物实验补充铅的急性毒性数据并两步外推得到慢性毒性数据.结合文献建立铅的本土毒性数据库,基于水体硬度对铅毒性的影响,建立硬度和毒性关系.考虑太湖生物区系和水质特征,采用物种权重敏感度分布方法,得到保护太湖水生生物铅的最大浓度基准值(CMC)和持续浓度基准值(CCC)值分别为50.04—58.87μg·L~(-1)和3.99—4.69μg·L~(-1);现行地表水铅的Ⅲ类标准限值(50μg·L~(-1))下受铅急性毒性和慢性毒性影响的生物比例分别为4.42%和23.00%.     

Trace metals in fish,sediment and water from the south west coast of the Arabian sea,Pakistan

Concentrations of ten metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg) in the edible muscle of Arius maculatus captured from eight different near‐shore and off‐shore sites off the south west coast of the Arabian Sea, Pakistan, were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Relevant water and sediment samples from the sites were also analysed for the metals. Zinc showed the highest metal concentration (6.763 μg/g, wet weight) in the muscle of the fish, while Mn and Hg showed lowest level (0.019 μg/g, wet weight). Of all the metals investigated, largest scatter (measured as σ) was observed for Zn (σ = 2.058 /μg/g) in fish muscle, for Fe and Mn in sediment (σ = 27481 and 44.50 μg/g) and for As in water (σ = 0.270 μg/L). The metal distribution data pertaining to water, fish and sediment were examined on the basis of simple metal correlations. The statistical study revealed that Ni, Cr, Pb and Cu had significant positive correlations (r > 0.830 at ρ = 0.01). The finding substantiated a trace metal concentration gradient in the area, thereby indicating that the local marine environment is contaminated by anthropogenic sources.     

Strategies for Successful Marine Conservation: Integrating Socioeconomic, Political, and Scientific Factors

Abstract:  As the process of marine-protected-area design and implementation evolves, the incorporation of new tools will advance our ability to create and maintain effective protected areas. We reviewed characteristics and approaches that contribute to successful global marine conservation efforts. One successful characteristic emphasized in most case studies is the importance of incorporating stakeholders at all phases of the process. Clearly defined goals and objectives at all stages of the design process are important for improved communication and standardized expectations of stakeholder groups. The inclusion of available science to guide the size and design of marine protected areas and to guide clear monitoring strategies that assess success at scientific, social, and economic levels is also an important tool in the process. Common shortcomings in marine conservation planning strategies include government instability and resultant limitations to monitoring and enforcement, particularly in developing nations. Transferring knowledge to local community members has also presented challenges in areas where in situ training, local capacity, and existing infrastructure are sparse. Inaccessible, unavailable, or outdated science is often a limitation to conservation projects in developed and developing nations. To develop and maintain successful marine protected areas, it is necessary to acknowledge that each case is unique, to apply tools and lessons learned from other marine protected areas, and to maintain flexibility to adjust to the individual circumstances of the case at hand.     

Forward

Abstract

Three collectives of substances - plastics, plant nutrients, biotoxins - are candidates for monitoring programmes that could keep track of the quality of ocean waters for vital life processes. All three are not subject to systematic surveillance at present. They are each characterized by long residence times in the marine environment, by increasing influx, and by growing evidence of their deleterious impacts on living systems.     

Water Quality and Pollution in the Hunchun Basin, China

Chemical properties and pollution of water resources were studied in the Hunchun basin, which is located in northeast China and borders directly North Korea and Russia along the Tumen river. Water quality was characterised according to its major constituents and geological features. Ground waters could generally be grouped into (Ca+Mg)-HCO₃ type and (Ca+Mg)-(SO₃+Cl) type in first and the second terrace areas, respectively. The mixing of these two types depends on the local conditions, such as pumping or permeability variations.Hunchun city is a pollution source for local water resources due to its uncontrolled sewage and urban discharge. In a previous study of the southwestern part of the Hunchun basin, groundwater contamination by Fe, Mn and NO₃-N was reported. In addition, this study identified Cd and F as prevailing contaminants in the water resources. Pollution of water resources by these contaminants appeared to be affected by the application of fertilisers, irrigation practice, variation of aquifer characteristics, solubility of mineral phases, and discharge of domestic sewage. Wide distribution and high levels of Cd and F in surface- and ground waters could pose significant problems if they are utilised as major water supply sources.     

内蒙古乌梁素海水质时空分布特征

将地质统计学理论与地理信息系统相结合对乌梁素海富营养化指标、有机污染指标和盐化污染指标进行了kriging空间插值,结果表明：从时间角度分析,冬季总氮浓度、总磷浓度、化学需氧量质量浓度明显高于其他季节;叶绿素a质量浓度浓度冬季最低;时空电导率平均值在4.0 ms.cm-1左右波动。从空间角度分析,总氮浓度、总磷浓度、叶绿素a质量浓度呈现出由北向南递减的趋势;夏秋季化学需氧量空间分布与春冬季节相反;冬季电导率空间分布与其他季节明显不同。从浓度大小分析,乌梁素海复合污染已十分严重。     

Assessment of the Water Quality of the River Arno in the Area of Florence,Italy

The quality of the waters collected from R. Arno was examined in the period September 1988 to December 1989. A first campaign in September/October 1988, during a period of low water, gives a general picture of pollution conditions along the river from the source to the mouth. the river appears to be heavily polluted immediately downstream of Florence and in the area of the textile industry.

In the second campaign, through the whole year 1989, particular attention has been given to the Florence area; the most significant results, compared with those from a previous investigation carried out in 1971, show only a small reduction of the pollution load, due to the shortage and inadequacy of wastewater depuration. Some considerations are reported on pollution drop with full spate.     

Assessment of the Water Quality of the River Arno in the Area of Florence, Italy

The quality of the waters collected from R. Arno was examined in the period September 1988 to December 1989. A first campaign in September/October 1988, during a period of low water, gives a general picture of pollution conditions along the river from the source to the mouth. the river appears to be heavily polluted immediately downstream of Florence and in the area of the textile industry.

In the second campaign, through the whole year 1989, particular attention has been given to the Florence area; the most significant results, compared with those from a previous investigation carried out in 1971, show only a small reduction of the pollution load, due to the shortage and inadequacy of wastewater depuration. Some considerations are reported on pollution drop with full spate.