再生水回灌地下水环境安全风险评价技术方法研究

再生水回灌是水资源管理的一条有效途径,也是污水再生利用的重要发展方向。然而,当再生水以农灌、土壤含水层处理（SAT）、河湖入渗和井灌等方式进行地下水回灌时,不可避免的会在回补地下水的过程中造成对地下水环境的污染风险。针对不同回灌方式建立适用于我国的再生水回灌地下水环境安全风险评价技术体系至关重要。借鉴国内外地下水污染风险评价方法,综合分析再生水回灌对地下水产生风险的关键环节,采用层析分析法,从回灌水特征污染物特性、回灌区地下水固有脆弱性以及回灌工程布设方式3个方面,针对地表灌溉、河湖入渗和井灌3种回灌方式,建立了包含污染物浓度水平、分配系数、溶解度、半衰期、半致死剂量、地下水埋深、降雨入渗补给量、地形坡度、土壤介质、包气带介质、含水层介质、含水层厚度、回灌强度、回灌周期、回灌水停留时间以及取水点与回灌点水平距离16个指标在内的风险评价指标体系。在此基础上,结合地下水使用功能,以20个典型再生水回灌场地调研结果和160种再生水回灌地下水污染风险因子物化特性为数据基础,对各指标进行了风险水平的划分,基于聚类分析法,采用各指标风险指数相乘的风险表征方法计算总风险指数,构建了再生水回灌地下水环境安全风险评价技术方法。该方法有效的避免了指标权重计算的主观性,并且能够直观的找出导致风险的主要因素。结果表明：利用建立的风险评价技术方法可将我国再生水回灌地下水环境安全风险划分为3级,风险值〈5为一级,风险值在5-15之间为二级,风险值〉15为三级。在某再生水回灌场地的应用表明,该回灌区地下水环境安全风险为二级,同时得出回灌水特征污染物特性指标是造成该回灌区地下水环境风险的主要因素。     

平原河网地区地下水脆弱性评价体系构建及应用

地下水污染形势严峻,脆弱性评价是区域地下水资源保护和污染防治的重要前提。平原河网地区地表水系复杂,城市化程度高,常规DRASTIC模型难以准确评价其地下水脆弱性。文章根据平原河网地区特点,建立了一套包括地下水埋深、净补给量、含水层介质、土壤带介质等7个本质脆弱性指标和地表水系、地下工程2个特殊脆弱性指标在内的方法体系,并以上海市金山区为例进行了地下水脆弱性评价。结果表明,地下水埋深、地下水净补给量和含水层厚度是影响评价区域本质脆弱性的主要指标,3者评价得分均在3~9之间,其中地下水埋深和净补给量得分为6的区域面积最大,分别为219.35 km~2和187.74 km~2,含水层厚度以得分为8的区域面积最大,达到286.01 km~2。金山区地表水系分布广泛,加上水质较差,其河流水质、河网密度、河流等级的脆弱性评价得分大多为6~10,相比地下工程,这3个指标对该区域的特殊脆弱性影响更大。金山区地下水综合脆弱性评价中,三级和四级面积较大,分别为274.49 km~2和157.82 km~2,两者面积之和占整个评价区的67.93%;三级区域广泛分布于整个评价区范围之内,五级脆弱性零星分布于南部和中部区域。评价结果与实际调研情况相符,能够真实地反映评价区浅层地下水脆弱性程度。该方法体系可为区域地下水环境管理及污染防治工作提供技术支撑和科学依据。     

太原市某垃圾填埋场渗滤液及周边环境重金属污染及健康风险评估

探讨垃圾渗滤液、填埋场周围土壤和地下水中的重金属污染特征及其对生态环境和人体健康的影响.采集山西省太原市某垃圾填埋场和中转站冬夏季渗滤液、填埋场周边土壤和地下水样本,测定其中重金属含量;分析渗滤液中金属污染的季节性变化;利用健康风险评估模型,估计不同暴露途径下填埋场附近重金属污染对成人和儿童的健康风险.结果表明:(1)夏季填埋场渗滤液(陈年渗滤液)中重金属检出的种类较冬季多.夏季中转站渗滤液(新鲜渗滤液)中检出重金属种类比填埋场中的少,但其金属浓度(除Cr外)较高.(2)土壤重金属平均浓度的顺序为Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb>Ni>As>Hg,地下水中重金属平均含量顺序为Zn>Ni>Cu>Cr>Pb.(3)重金属污染对成人的非致癌总风险在安全阈值内,但对儿童的非致癌总风险接近安全阈值.重金属污染非致癌风险的主要暴露途径为经饮水摄入.有潜在健康风险的重金属主要是As、Pb和Cr.(4)重金属污染对人群的致癌总风险在安全阈值内,主要暴露途径为土壤口食摄入和呼吸吸入.垃圾填埋场和中转站渗滤液中重金属的种类和浓度不同;填埋场附近土壤和地下水中重金属的种类和浓度也有差异.填埋场附近环境的重金属污染对成人和儿童没有健康风险,但有潜在安全隐患.     

废弃日用品塑料中多溴联苯醚浸出特征及地下水健康风险

选择典型废弃日用品塑料,对特征处置场景下其PBDEs的浸出特征及健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,日用品塑料在硫酸/硝酸、醋酸和腐殖酸溶液中达到溶出平衡时,∑21PBDEs释放量分别为20.00、63.65、125.60μg·kg-1,均以BDE209为主.进入生活垃圾填埋场的释放量高于堆存和简易填埋过程,在最不利条件下距填埋场下游500 m处地下水中PBDEs最大浓度为39.67μg·L-1,居民饮用地下水产生的非致癌风险指数为2.11×10-1,其中十溴代物(BDE209)的非致癌风险指数为1.85×10-1,均小于美国标准中非致癌的可接受风险水平(1.0),表明废旧日用品塑料可进入生活垃圾填埋场处置.     

芜湖市龙窝湖湿地土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

分析了不同人类活动方式下芜湖市龙窝湖湿地土壤镍（Ni）、铬（Cr）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）和锌（Zn）含量差异,采用污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和沉积物质量基准（SQG）比较法对湿地土壤重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明：6个样地土壤重金属含量只有Cd含量（0．76—3．67mg／kg）显著超过土壤环境质量二级标准（GB15618—1995）;6个样地土壤Cd和Cu含量与塘式水产养殖湿地、网式水产养殖湿地、垃圾倾倒地下游湿地和垃圾倾倒地土壤Pb和Zn含量超过土壤背景值,而6个样地土壤Ni和Cr含量与湖泊底泥和耕地土壤Ph和Zn含量未超标;土壤6种重金属综合污染指数为垃圾倾倒地下游湿地（25．4）〉网式水产养殖湿地（25．3）〉塘式水产养殖湿地（23．1）〉垃圾倾倒地（19．2）〉耕地（8．2）=湖泊底泥（8．2）;土壤6种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数为网式水产养殖湿地（603．6）〉垃圾倾倒地下游湿地（595．5）〉塘式水产养殖湿地（538．4）〉垃圾倾倒地（439．9）〉耕地（145．6）〉湖泊底泥（136．6）。土壤cd含量高是导致湿地土壤重金属较高污染（Cd单项污染指数占综合污染指数：49％～76％）和存在严重潜在生态风险（Cd单项潜在生态风险指数占综合潜在生态风险指数：88％～96％）的关键元素。基于沉积物质量基准比较法的潜在风险评价结果表明湿地土壤存在M、Cd和Cu污染的中等潜在生态风险。     

某生活垃圾填埋场周边地下水饮水途径健康风险评价

地下水受到污染会对人体健康产生危害,而垃圾填埋场产生的渗漏液对地下水具有污染风险,研究垃圾填埋场周边地下水的污染情况具有实际意义。以阜新市生活垃圾填埋场周边地下水为研究对象,在该区域设置6个采样点,于2018-2019年按不同季节对地下水样品进行了采集,分析地下水中Fe、Mn、Cu、As、Cr、NH_3-N、F、NO_2-N和NO_3-N的含量,应用US EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型和RBCA健康风险评价模型对地下水中各因子进行了评价。结果表明,除枯水期存在个别采样点完全达标外,其他季节各采样点均存在检测因子超标的情况(以Ⅲ类水质标准为依据),在枯水期,2和5号采样点达到Ⅳ类水质标准,1号采样点为Ⅴ类水质标准,在平水期和丰水期时所有采样点均达到了Ⅳ或Ⅴ类水质,研究区域水质较差。两种评价模型下,该区域地下水中总致癌风险(Cr、As)在不同时期、不同采样点均超过了最大可接受的风险水平10~(-6),最大值分别为4.96×10~(-4)和5.77×10~(-4),可能会对当地居民构成致癌风险。地下水中总非致癌危害商(Fe、Mn、Cu、NH_3-N、F、NO_2-N、NO_3-N)同样超过了最大可接受的程度,最大值分别为7.13和6.37,可能造成非致癌风险。US EPA和RBCA两种模型的评价结果变化趋势相同,总致癌风险在枯水期时达到最大,总非致癌危害在丰水期时有最大值。     

基于主成分分析的中国南方干旱脆弱性评价

干旱脆弱性是干旱灾害形成的根本原因。遵循全面性、系统性和可操作性原则,选取水资源脆弱性、经济脆弱性、社会脆弱性、农业脆弱性和防旱抗旱能力脆弱性5个准则层,共32个指标,建立了中国南方农业干旱脆弱性评价指标体系,运用主成分分析的理论方法确定评价指标权重,建立中国南方地区的干旱脆弱性评价模型,得到不同省市的干旱脆弱性指数、分级阈值和区划,以期为南方地区防旱减灾工作提供基础数据和理论支持。得出以下结论,（1）通过主成分分析法得到四个主成分,第一主成分方差贡献率为54.90%,主要反映农业脆弱性和社会脆弱性;第二主成分方差贡献率为23.64%,主要反映水资源脆弱性和经济脆弱性;第三主成分和第四主成分所占比重较小,主要反映防旱抗旱能力脆弱性。（2）以4个主成分的方差贡献率为系数建立南方干旱脆弱性评价模型,得到中国南方干旱脆弱性综合评价得分及其排名,其中水资源脆弱性由高到低依次为云南、广西、贵州、四川、重庆和广东;经济脆弱性由高到低依次为广西、云南、贵州、四川、重庆和广东;社会脆弱性由高到低依次为贵州、云南、广西、重庆、四川和广东;农业脆弱性从高到低依次为贵州、云南、广西、重庆、四川和广东;防旱抗旱能力脆弱性由高到低分别为云南、贵州、四川、广西、重庆和广东;干旱脆弱性综合评价由高到低依次为云南、贵州、广西、四川、重庆和广东。（3）对干旱脆弱性指数进行正态分布性检验,发现该指数基本服从正态分布。根据正态分布原理,得到干旱脆弱性分级阈值,将干旱脆弱性指数小于0.3842定义为低风险,大于1.0758定义为高风险,介于两者之间的定义为中等风险,获得干旱脆弱性分级区划图。广东省位于干旱的低脆弱区,四川和?     

垃圾渗滤液污染地下水中硫酸盐还原菌种群结构多样性分析

实验样本取自上海老港垃圾填埋场两处受垃圾渗滤液和海水双重污染的地下水监测井.通过PCR扩增异化型亚硫酸盐还原酶(Dissimilatory sulfite reductase,DSR)基因,建立dsrAB基因克隆文库,用系统发育分析的方法研究了两口污染程度不同的地下水监测井水样中硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)的种群结构.结果表明,Desulfobacter-aceae在两口地下水监测井G和I井中均占主导地位(分别为40.5%和49.0%),在海水混入比例更高、污染程度更重的I井文库中有40.6%类Desulfobacteraceae克隆子具有嗜盐或适盐性,相比较,G井中有31.0%克隆子具有嗜盐或适盐性.实验还发现,I井中次优势菌群是Syntrophobacteraceae(30.9%),而G井中次优势菌群是Desulfobulbaceae(29.8%).表明海水混入比例和污染程度的不同会导致地下水系统中SRB的种群结构差别.研究结果也体现了老港地下水系统特殊的物理化学环境导致了其与国内外其它垃圾填埋场地下水中主要SRB种群的差别.图2表2参18     

广州市某生活垃圾填埋场空气及地下水污染状况分析

本文以广州市某生活垃圾填埋场为实例,通过监测场区、周边敏感点的空气和地下水的相关指标,依据现行生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准,以及环境空气和地下水质量标准,分析了空气和地下水的污染状况.监测结果表明,风向是影响周边空气污染状况的主要因素,下风向监测点硫化氢和臭气指标超标状况比上风向监测点严重,温度高、湿度大、风速小的季节空气污染较严重;渗滤液及地下水流向是周边地下水污染状况的最主要影响因素,地下水上游位置的监测井地下水相关指标未超标,布置于地下水下游的4个监测井的总大肠杆菌、氨氮、锰、亚硝酸盐、耗氧量均超出《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类限值,已达到重度污染的程度,且各污染监测井之间高度相关,相关系数均达0.99以上,而与背景井相关性很小,说明监测井的污染由渗滤液造成.主成分分析表明,污染因子主要来自3种不同的污染源,铅和锰、亚硝酸盐和大肠杆菌、氨氮和耗氧量分别来自不同的污染源,地下水污染因子超标特点可能与填埋垃圾成分有关.     

固体废弃物渗滤液组分动态变化预测

渗滤液(Leachate)是城市固体废物填埋场(MSWLF)污染环境的主要来源之一，因此掌握其水质变化规律是研究填埋场对环境污染的首要问题。渗滤液的主要来源是大气降水，使用垃圾淋滤的方法模拟大气降水，利用实验结果建立模拟模型，揭示了渗滤液组分随降水的变化规律。可以预测垃圾填埋后渗滤液污染组分的浓度变化。为研究填埋场渗滤液组分变化及确定其处理对策提供了理论依据。     

Prediction of particulate air pollution from a landfill site using CFD and LIDAR techniques

Landfill sites have been the most common way of eliminating solid urban waste, as well as that of public and mining wastes. Landfill sites are a constant source of environmental pollution and wind is the most important contributing factor to air pollution, due to the erosion which it produces over the landfill site surfaces, transporting dust away from the source point. This causes serious risks for human health and general dirt in the surrounding areas of the landfill site. The result of dust air pollution produced in a landfill site is analysed through CFD3D (Computational Fluid Dynamics) by joining the LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technique and Ansys CFX 10.0 software. The CFD simulations determine the wind velocity distribution on the landfill site surface and the different particle threshold friction velocities which determine the dust emission in multiphase simulations (air-particles). These simulations are validated from field data obtained in three measurement programmes for each type of landfill site surface treatment which has been studied. It was determined that the superficial landfill site treatment with the lowest air pollution is tall grass and bushes. The methodology used can be applied to the dust emission calculation in the design or evaluation of other landfill sites.     

Identification and assessment of water pollution as a consequence of a leachate plume migration from a municipal landfill site (Tucumán,Argentina)

Landfills constitute potential sources of different pollutants that could generate human health and environmental problems. While some landfills currently work under the protection of a bottom liner with leachate collection, it was demonstrated that migration could take place even yet with these cautions. The purpose of this paper is to assess the pollution caused by a leachate plume from a municipal landfill that is affecting both groundwater and surface waters. The research was carried out at Pacará Pintado landfill in northwestern Argentina. Analysis of water samples indicates that leachate is affecting groundwater under the landfill area and an abandoned river channel hydraulically connected. In the center of the landfill area, the plume is anoxic and sulfate, nitrate, iron and manganese reduction zones were identified. Leachate plume presented high concentration of organic matter, Fe, Mn, NH₄ ⁺, Cl^? and Cr reaching an extension of 900 m. The presence of a leachate plume in a landfill site with a single liner system implies that the use of this groundwater pollution control method alone is not enough especially if permeable sediments are present below.     

新乡市郊区大棚菜地土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr和Hg污染评价

科学评估菜地土壤重金属污染对保障食品安全和公众身体健康具有重要的现实意义。采用原子吸收光谱法和冷原子吸收光谱法,研究了新乡市郊区菜地土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cr和Hg的质量分数,并参照HJ 333-2006《温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准》,对土壤重金属污染进行评价。结果表明：菜地土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg的平均质量分数分别为25.64、156.18、992.38、0.316 mg·kg-1。东黑堆、前河头、后河头和东水东菜地土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cr均全部超标,其中以Cd污染最为严重,后河头土壤重金属Cd的质量分数达到33.78 mg·kg-1,超过土壤环境质量评价指标限值的111.6倍,东水东采样点次之,也超标66倍。除了前辛庄Hg污染超标127%以外,其他采样点重金属Hg均不超标。表层（0~10 cm）土壤重金属Hg质量分数高于耕层（10~20 cm）,其他重金属没有表现出明显的规律性。在不同季节,Cr质量分数随着季节变化逐渐递增,Hg质量分数则呈递减的趋势;Cd和Pb质量分数没有明显规律性。不同采样点综合污染指数以后河头的为最高,达到了82.49,其他依次为前河头、前辛庄、东黑堆、东水东。总体上讲,新乡市近郊菜地土壤重金属综合污染指数远远超过Ⅴ级的限值3.0,前河头、后河头和前辛庄菜地土壤都处于极高风险的重金属污染状态;东黑堆和东水东菜地土壤也处于高风险状态。     

An emerging market for groundwater remediation in China: Policies,statistics, and future outlook

There is a rapidly emerging and potentially huge market for the remediation of contaminated groundwater in China. The Chinese government published a Water Action Plan in April 2015, a Soil Action Plan in May 2016, and a draft Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Law in June 2017. All of these new policies and regulations put pressures on local governments and contaminated site owners, obliging them to conduct site investigation and to cleanup contaminated groundwater. The Chinese population in northern regions heavily depend on groundwater, with nearly 70% of water supply coming from aquifer sources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. However, poor groundwater quality due to natural geochemical background and anthropogeic pollution is a serious concern, with poor or very poor quality water observed in nearly 80% of groundwater monitoring wells in 17 northern provinces. Shallow groundwater in many areas has been contaminated by toxic pollutants such as heavy metals and chlorinated organic compounds. There is an urgent need to better understand the situation and to conduct groundwater remediation at contaminated sites. The Chinese government is investing heavily in the research and development for groundwater remediation, which is expected to greatly add to the quality and quantity of groundwater remediation projects in the near future.     

Distribution,enrichment mechanism and risk assessment for fluoride in groundwater: a case study of Mihe-Weihe River Basin,China

● High fluorine is mainly HCO₃·Cl-Na and HCO₃-Na type. ● F⁻ decreases with the increase of depth to water table. ● High fluoride is mainly affected by fluorine-containing minerals and weak alkaline. ● Fluorine pollution is mainly in the north near Laizhou Bay (wet season > dry season). ● Groundwater samples have a high F⁻ health risk (children > adults). Due to the unclear distribution characteristics and causes of fluoride in groundwater of Mihe-Weihe River Basin (China), there is a higher risk for the future development and utilization of groundwater. Therefore, based on the systematic sampling and analysis, the distribution features and enrichment mechanism for fluoride in groundwater were studied by the graphic method, hydrogeochemical modeling, the proportionality factor between conventional ions and factor analysis. The results show that the fluorine content in groundwater is generally on the high side, with a large area of medium-fluorine water (0.5–1.0 mg/L), and high-fluorine water is chiefly in the interfluvial lowlands and alluvial-marine plain, which mainly contains HCO₃·Cl-Na- and HCO₃-Na-type water. The vertical zonation characteristics of the fluorine content decrease with increasing depth to the water table. The high flouride groundwater during the wet season is chiefly controlled by the weathering and dissolution of fluorine-containing minerals, as well as the influence of rock weathering, evaporation and concentration. The weak alkaline environment that is rich in sodium and poor in calcium during the dry season is the main reason for the enrichment of fluorine. Finally, an integrated assessment model is established using rough set theory and an improved matter element extension model, and the level of groundwater pollution caused by fluoride in the Mihe-Weihe River Basin during the wet and dry seasons in the Shandong Peninsula is defined to show the necessity for local management measures to reduce the potential risks caused by groundwater quality.     

Assessing nitrate contamination and its potential health risk to Kinmen residents

Kinmen is located in the southwest of Mainland China. Groundwater supplies 50% of the domestic water use on the island. Residents of Kinmen drink groundwater over the long term because surface water resources are limited. Nitrate–N pollution is found and distributed primarily in the western part of groundwater aquifer whereas saline groundwater is distributed to the northeastern Kinmen. This work applied the DRASTIC model to construct the vulnerability map of Kinmen groundwater. MT3D was then used to evaluate the contamination potential of nitrate–N. The health risk associated with the ingestion of nitrate–N contaminated groundwater is also assessed. The results from DRASTIC model showed that the upland crop and grass land have high contamination potential, whereas the forest, reservoir and housing land have low contamination potential. The calibrated MT3D model inversely determined the high strength sources (0.09–2.74 kg/m²/year) of nitrate contaminant located in the west to the north west area and required 2–5 years travel time to reach the monitoring wells. Simulated results of MT3D also showed that both the continuous and instantaneous contaminant sources of nitrate–N release may cause serious to moderate nitrate contamination in the western Kinmen and jeopardize the domestic use of groundwater. The chronic health hazard quotient (HQ) associated with the potential non-carcinogenic risk of drinking nitrate–N contaminated groundwater showed that the assessed 95th percentile of HQ is 2.74, indicating that exposure to waterborne nitrate poses a potential non-cancer risk to the residents of the island. Corrective measures, including protecting groundwater recharge zones and reducing the number of agricultural and non-agricultural nitrogen sources that enters the aquifer, should be implemented especially in the western part of Kinmen to assure a sustainable use of groundwater resources.     

甘肃某冶炼厂区土壤重金属铅、镉污染特征及其对微生物群落结构的影响

长期受到重金属铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)污染的土壤生态危害指数较高,土壤微生物群落结构容易受到重金属的影响,重金属对土壤微生物的毒性与重金属的生物利用度直接相关。以白银市重金属污染土壤为样本,分析了土壤的理化性质、重金属Pb和Cd的污染状况及土壤微生物群落结构,探究它们之间的关联性。样本采自距离污染中心由近及远的4个位置(分别命名为S1、S2、S3和S4)。采用Hakanson指数法来评估该地重金属生态风险;选用改进的BCR顺序提取法分析Pb与Cd的组分分布情况;利用SPSS和Canoco 4.5对土壤性质、重金属和细菌群落进行相关性分析和冗余分析,探究微生物群落结构与土壤性质和重金属污染之间的相关性。结果表明:白银市该处重金属污染场地3 km以内的土壤均受到严重的Pb、Cd污染。Pb主要以弱酸可提取态和可还原态的形式存在于土壤中,Cd则以弱酸可提取态为主;土壤重金属的危害生态指数均已经达到极高污染风险程度,且危害程度S1>S3>S2>S4;微生物丰度和多样性可能受到土壤性质及重金属的共同影响,与Pb、Cd的污染程度大致呈负相关(S2相似文献   

Health risk assessment maps for arsenic groundwater content: application of national geochemical databases

This investigation assesses the feasibility of calculating and visualizing health risk estimates from exposure to groundwater contaminated with arsenic (As) using data from national geochemical databases. The potential health risk associated with As-contaminated groundwater was assessed based on an elaboration of existing geochemical data in accordance with accepted methodological procedures established for human health risk assessment (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency methodology). A screening analysis approach was used for estimating the contribution of As to the total chronic health risk from exposure to groundwater contaminated with potentially toxic elements, including As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Se and Zn, and the results indicate that As contributes significantly (>50%) to this total health chronic risk in about 10% of Slovak territory. Based on the calculation of the potential risk level by exposure modelling, increased chronic as well as carcinogenic risk levels (medium to high) were documented in approximately 0.2 and 11% of the total Slovak area, respectively. The areas characterized by high health risk levels are mainly those geogenically contaminated. High and very high carcinogenic risk was determined in 34 of 79 districts and in 528 of 2924 municipalities.     

中国冶炼行业场地土壤污染特征及分布情况

通过收集大量国内各个地区冶炼场地的最新污染数据,试图从全国尺度范围进行分析,反映中国冶炼行业场地的土壤污染状况。运用污染指数评价法、潜在生态危害指数法和生物毒性评价法,以《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600—2018)的第一类用地标准值为参比,对土壤中重金属和有机物的污染特征及生态风险进行了分析。单因子指数结果表明:As、Pb、Cd和Ni的浓度均超过了土壤污染风险管制值,其中As的单因子指数为3.80;有机物的评价结果均为清洁。内梅罗指数结果表明:As、Pb、Cd和Ni的土壤污染风险管制值的评价结果为重度污染,且指数均大于35;二苯并(a,h)蒽的评价结果为警戒限,其余有机物的评价结果均为清洁。潜在生态风险评价表明:As具有很强的潜在生态风险,Cd有较强的潜在生态风险,多种元素的综合生态风险评价指数RI为409,具有较强的潜在生态环境风险。空间分布结果表明:南方地区的重金属潜在生态风险远高于西北地区和北方地区,其中潜在生态风险等级为很强的点位主要分布在贵州、湖南和江西等地区,且As和Cd的生态风险因子占据较高的比重。生物毒性评价表明:2-甲基萘、苊烯和二苯并(a,h)蒽将频繁地发生负面生态效应。贵州等南方部分地区的冶炼行业周边土壤已受到As和Cd等重金属的严重污染,应采取有效措施减少排放。该研究可为中国冶炼行业的污染防治提供科学依据和数据支撑。