广州市某生活垃圾填埋场空气及地下水污染状况分析

本文以广州市某生活垃圾填埋场为实例,通过监测场区、周边敏感点的空气和地下水的相关指标,依据现行生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准,以及环境空气和地下水质量标准,分析了空气和地下水的污染状况.监测结果表明,风向是影响周边空气污染状况的主要因素,下风向监测点硫化氢和臭气指标超标状况比上风向监测点严重,温度高、湿度大、风速小的季节空气污染较严重;渗滤液及地下水流向是周边地下水污染状况的最主要影响因素,地下水上游位置的监测井地下水相关指标未超标,布置于地下水下游的4个监测井的总大肠杆菌、氨氮、锰、亚硝酸盐、耗氧量均超出《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类限值,已达到重度污染的程度,且各污染监测井之间高度相关,相关系数均达0.99以上,而与背景井相关性很小,说明监测井的污染由渗滤液造成.主成分分析表明,污染因子主要来自3种不同的污染源,铅和锰、亚硝酸盐和大肠杆菌、氨氮和耗氧量分别来自不同的污染源,地下水污染因子超标特点可能与填埋垃圾成分有关.     

垃圾填埋场及周边水系中汞污染调查

对上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液、地下水和地表径流水监测分析表明：渗滤液中的汞主要为以颗粒态汞(S-Hg)形式存在，污水处理系统可以使颗粒态汞(S-Hg)随颗粒物沉积到底泥中，但是对可溶态汞(D-Hg)去除没有明显作用；芦苇湿地可以有效地吸附和吸收渗滤液中各种形态汞，使汞浓度降到一个较低的水平；对地下水和地表水的分析结果显示，地下水基本没有受到汞污染，而地表水受到一定程度的污染。     

太原市某垃圾填埋场渗滤液及周边环境重金属污染及健康风险评估

探讨垃圾渗滤液、填埋场周围土壤和地下水中的重金属污染特征及其对生态环境和人体健康的影响.采集山西省太原市某垃圾填埋场和中转站冬夏季渗滤液、填埋场周边土壤和地下水样本,测定其中重金属含量;分析渗滤液中金属污染的季节性变化;利用健康风险评估模型,估计不同暴露途径下填埋场附近重金属污染对成人和儿童的健康风险.结果表明:(1)夏季填埋场渗滤液(陈年渗滤液)中重金属检出的种类较冬季多.夏季中转站渗滤液(新鲜渗滤液)中检出重金属种类比填埋场中的少,但其金属浓度(除Cr外)较高.(2)土壤重金属平均浓度的顺序为Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb>Ni>As>Hg,地下水中重金属平均含量顺序为Zn>Ni>Cu>Cr>Pb.(3)重金属污染对成人的非致癌总风险在安全阈值内,但对儿童的非致癌总风险接近安全阈值.重金属污染非致癌风险的主要暴露途径为经饮水摄入.有潜在健康风险的重金属主要是As、Pb和Cr.(4)重金属污染对人群的致癌总风险在安全阈值内,主要暴露途径为土壤口食摄入和呼吸吸入.垃圾填埋场和中转站渗滤液中重金属的种类和浓度不同;填埋场附近土壤和地下水中重金属的种类和浓度也有差异.填埋场附近环境的重金属污染对成人和儿童没有健康风险,但有潜在安全隐患.     

城市垃圾填埋场抗生素抗性基因的污染特征

抗生素抗性基因是一种新型的环境污染物,为探究抗生素抗性基因在垃圾填埋场的污染特征,采集上海老港垃圾填埋场中固体垃圾和渗滤液样品,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测磺胺类抗生素抗性基因(sul1、sul2)、四环素类抗性基因(tetM、tetQ)、氨基糖苷类抗性基因(strB、aadA1)、大环内酯类抗生素抗性基因(ermB、mefA)、多重抗性基因(mexF)及I类整合子(intl1)等6类目标基因的丰度.结果显示,6类目标基因均在固体垃圾和渗滤液中检测到,丰度分别介于10~2-10~6、10~3-10~7/ng,且多重抗性基因、氨基糖苷类及磺胺类抗生素抗性基因检出丰度较高.在填埋场固体垃圾中,部分目标基因在1.5 m深处的丰度高于0.5 m深处;在渗滤液中,目标基因丰度和呈现老龄渗滤液大于新鲜渗滤液,部分目标基因在秋季的丰度大于春季.上述结果说明垃圾填埋场是抗生素抗性基因潜在的储存库,目标基因的丰度在垃圾填埋场中存在时空差异.(图8表2参41)     

太湖梅梁湾水域蓝藻水华前与水华末期细菌群落结构的变化

通过16S rRNA克隆文库研究了太湖梅梁湾2004年3月和9月表层水样中细菌组成的变化,发现在蓝藻水华前与水华末期的菌群结构存在差异,特别是最优势的细菌发生了很大变化.3月水样中的克隆子主要与Bacteroidetes(42.7%)、β-Proteobacteria(18.4%)、α-Proteobacteria(16.5%)和Actinobacteria(16.5%)相关,9月水样中的克隆子主要与Cyanobacteria(28.8%)、β-Proteobacteria(25.0%)、Actinobacteria(17.3%)和α-Proteobacteria(15.4%)相关.此外,在水华末期(9月)的细菌组成更为多样性,有11个类群;而未发生水华时(3月)的细菌组成只有7个类群.同相关研究比较发现,α、β-Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria均为太湖中的常见菌群,其分布较为广泛;而γ-Proteobacteria和Firmicutes多出现于太湖的沉积物中,在水体中较少出现;属于Bacteroidetes这一类群的浮游细菌在湖水中很丰富.所研究水域中发现的很多细菌的16SrRNA基因与出现在许多不同的淡水生境,包括国外贫营养湖、中营养湖和富营养湖中细菌的系统关系密切,还发现大量源于长江的克隆子,很少有与海洋中细菌相似的序列(除Bacteroidetes门的成员外).图2表3参21     

湘中某矿区地下水重金属污染特征及健康风险评估

以湘中某矿区地下水为研究对象,对矿区14口监测井15项重金属指标开展监测分析。结果表明,矿区地下水中As、Sb、Co、Fe和Mn 5项重金属指标超标,超标率分别为14. 3%、64. 3%、50. 0%、10. 7%和14. 3%;最大超标倍数分别为5. 4、30. 4、0. 9、34. 0和18. 3,地下水中Sb污染最严重。污染评价结果表明研究区地下水在平水期极重污染占比达到78. 5%,丰水期污染相对较轻,极重污染占比为50%。研究区地下水污染健康风险评估确定的主要健康风险指标为As、Sb、Co,主要污染途径为饮用水。由地下水健康风险评估模型得到研究区地下水As致癌风险最大,风险值为1. 08×10-3~2. 89×10-3,远超最大可接受致癌风险限值; As、Sb和Co的最大非致癌危害商分别为1. 48×102、89. 2和69. 0,均超过可接受水平,研究区地下水饮用水途径对当地敏感人群的健康构成危害。     

北京市典型垃圾填埋场渗滤液中PFASs污染水平研究

全氟及多氟类化合物(Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances)作为一类新型污染物近年来已开始受到人们的广泛关注.本研究应用高效液相色谱-质谱联用的方法对北京市4个典型垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液中全氟化合物(PFASs)的含量进行研究分析,并着重对六里屯垃圾填埋场产生的垃圾渗滤液及其周边河流、底泥以及土壤进行监测取样,分析PFASs污染程度.结果显示,北京市垃圾渗滤液的PFASs总浓度在407.10—2982.25 ng·L~(-1)之间,主要的污染物为PFPeA(Perfluoropentanoic acid,全氟戊酸)、PFOA(Perfluorooctanoic acid,全氟辛酸)和PFOS(Perfluorooctane sulphonate,全氟辛烷磺酸盐),另对六里屯垃圾填埋场渗滤液中PFASs进行为期两年的分析,PFASs检出率为100%,总浓度为407.10—4275.53 ng·L~(-1),主要的污染因子为PFOA,浓度范围在132.87—431.00 ng·L~(-1).六里屯垃圾填埋场周围环境介质均检出PFASs,受纳河流与土壤污染程度较高,河流PFASs总浓度在5.33—176.05 ng·L~(-1)之间,土壤PFASs总浓度在0.10—169.05 ng·g~(-1)之间,河水底泥污染程度较低,平均PFASs浓度为1.91 ng·g~(-1),表明经处理的垃圾填埋场渗滤液排放会对周围环境造成PFASs污染.     

Fenton氧化处理垃圾膜滤浓缩液

本文以混凝预处理后的上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液纳滤浓缩液为研究对象,采用混凝预处理、Fenton氧化法和生化法相结合的工艺对其进行处理,将其出水COD从2930 mg·L~(-1)降至100 mg·L~(-1)以下.采用响应曲面法研究了Fenton氧化法处理经过混凝预处理纳滤浓缩液过程中,各个影响因素之间的相互作用关系,并确定了最佳实验条件,即FeSO_4·7H_2O投加量为62.5 mmol·L~(-1)、H_2O_2投加量为121.8 mmol·L~(-1)、初始pH 3.0.在此条件下,Fenton氧化法可使混凝预处理出水的COD降低39.0%.进一步研究表明,Fenton氧化后纳滤浓缩液中芳香环类污染物减少、腐殖化程度降低.经过3 h的Fenton氧化法处理后,BOD5/COD从纳滤浓缩液原液的0.02上升到0.29.将垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液Fenton氧化法处理后出水与垃圾填埋场渗滤液的纳滤出水1∶1混合,进行序批式活性反应器(SBR)处理,在水力停留时间为2 d时,出水COD可降低至96.0 mg·L~(-1).     

稻—稻—油菜轮作土壤细菌群落的特征

为了解南方地区稻—稻—油菜轮作后土壤中细菌群落的变化特征,以长达30年的水稻—水稻—油菜轮作和水稻—水稻连作定点栽培试验土壤为研究对象,采用克隆文库和基因序列分析法,通过细菌16S r DNA基因通用引物对土壤提取DNA进行PCR扩增,然后将扩增片段构建克隆文库对克隆子进行测序分析.结果显示,2015年7月、10月和2016年4月3次取样中轮作土壤细菌的香农-维纳指数和辛普森指数均高于连作土壤,轮作土壤细菌多样性高于连作.克隆子序列OTU与Gen Bank比对结果显示,轮作土壤中常见的变形菌(Proteobacteria)占细菌种类的55%,连作土壤为45%;轮作土壤芽单胞菌(Gemmatimonadetes)占细菌种类的13%,连作土壤为10%;轮作土壤中的酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)、厚壁菌(Firmicutes)和浮霉菌(Planctomycetes)所占细菌比例数小于连作土壤;变形菌和芽单胞菌构成了轮作土壤中的优势菌群,土壤优势菌群的变化对细菌群落结构特征产生影响.测序结果显示稻—稻—油菜轮作土壤优势菌群中α-变形菌、β-变形菌和γ-变形菌高于稻—稻连作;稻—稻—油菜轮作中发现与绿弯菌(Chloroflexi)序列相似菌类,而稻—稻连作土壤中未发现.本研究表明微生物群落结构组成与土壤耕作方式相关,稻—稻—油菜轮作增加了细菌群落丰度.     

海马齿小热激蛋白SpHSP18.1基因的克隆及盐胁迫表达分析北大核心CSCD

为探究海马齿高盐环境耐受性的分子机制,根据海马齿c DNA文库序列设计引物,采用RACE(Rapid amplification of cDNA ends)技术克隆得到海马齿小分子热激蛋白Sp Hsp18.1基因序列.Blast分析表明,该c DNA序列(968 bp)含完整开放阅读框(ORF)全长为489 bp,编码162个氨基酸.等电点(p I)为6.19,分子量(Mr)大小为1860 5.90.Sp HSP18.1编码氨基酸序列具有分子伴侣蛋白特有的ACD保守区域(Alpha crystallin domain),与拟南芥、西瓜等植物的细胞质I型小热激蛋白具较高同源性(>75%).将Sp Hsp18.1基因克隆到PUCm-T原核表达载体上,得到重组菌株,通过过量表达探究其耐热胁迫能力.结果表明,在37℃下重组菌株与野生型菌株的生长曲线基本相似,但在高温(45℃)下,重组菌株较对照组菌株存活率有显著提高.荧光实时定量PCR分析表明,在不同浓度海水培养条件下,海马齿根部均表达Sp Hsp18.1基因,且随着海水浓度的增加,该基因的表达量呈现上升的趋势.说明Sp Hsp18.1基因在海马齿应答高盐胁迫过程中起到一定的作用.     

Indicating landfill stabilization state by using leachate property from Laogang Refuse Landfill

Variation and evolution process of leachate can be applied as a reference for landfill stabilization phase. In this work, leachates with different ages were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, and characterized with 14 key parameters. Simultaneously, principal component analysis （PCA） was applied to develop a synthetic parameter-F based on these 14 parameters, and a logarithm equation was simulated for the landfill stabilization process finally. It was predicted that leachates would meet Class I and Class II in standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste （GB 16889-1997） after 32 years and 22 years disposal under the natural attenuation in the humid and warm southern areas of China, respectively. The predication of landfill state would be more accurate and useful according to the synthetic parameter F of leachate from a working landfill.     

Microbiota associated with the migration and transformation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in groundwater

Pollution of groundwater with chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) is a serious environmental problem which is threatening human health. Microorganisms are the major participants in degrading these contaminants. Here, groundwater contaminated for a decade with CAHs was investigated. Numerical simulation and field measurements were used to track and forecast the migration and transformation of the pollutants. The diversity, abundance, and possible activity of groundwater microbial communities at CAH-polluted sites were characterized by molecular approaches. The number of microorganisms was between 5.65E+05 and 1.49E+08 16S rRNA gene clone numbers per liter according to quantitative real-time PCR analysis. In 16S rRNA gene clone libraries constructed from samples along the groundwater flow, eight phyla were detected, and Proteobacteria were dominant (72.8 %). The microbial communities varied with the composition and concentration of pollutants. Meanwhile, toluene monooxygenases and methane monooxygenases capable of degradation of PCE and TCE were detected, demonstrating the major mechanism for PCE and TCE degradation and possibility for in situ remediation by addition of oxygen in this study.     

Combined reticular blind drainage and vertical hierarchical drainage system for landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level

A novel water control technology that combines the features of a reticular blind drainage system and a vertical hierarchical drainage system is developed and applied in the Yanziyan Sanitary Landfill, which is located at an area (Loudi City, Hunan Province, China) with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The reticular blind drain system, which was installed on the bottom and side walls of the landfill site, can conveniently guide the flow of groundwater out of the site while preventing a disorganized flow of groundwater. The vertical hierarchical drainage system was installed to separate rainfall water and leachate in the landfill site, thus efficiently reducing the pressure of leachate treatment. The whole drainage system plays a key role in foundation stabilization by seepage control and separation and in the instant drainage of rainfall water. The leachate reduction efficiency of the drainage technology was calculated in terms of leachate production before (336519 m³) and after (29664 m³) technology application. Over 90% of leachate derived from rainfall water and groundwater inflow was avoided upon installation of the vertical hierarchical drainage and reticular blind drainage systems. The technology can thus be popularized and applied for water control in landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The proposed technology can be used to alleviate the pressure of leachate treatment and to reduce the risk of instability.     

基于高通量测序的工业园区地下水和土壤细菌群落结构比较研究

为探究工业园区地下水和土壤细菌群落结构、多样性变化特征,采用高通量测序技术对地下水和土壤细菌16S r RNA基因高变区域进行序列测定。通过对Alpha多样性、物种组成、丰度和群落结构的分析,比较地下水和土壤细菌群落结构的异同。Alpha多样性的比较结果表明,土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度明显高于地下水,地下水细菌群落多样性指数反映出地下水已受到周边污染源的影响。物种注释结果表明,地下水样品共检出48个细菌门,土壤样品共检出50个细菌门。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是地下水细菌群落的优势类群,共占93.54%,且该工业园区地下水细菌群落呈现出典型的淡水种群特征;土壤中优势细菌门为Proteobacteria、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、Firmicutes和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes),共占85.21%。由于地下水和土壤两者的生态系统和理化环境的差异,致使Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria)和Gemmatimonadetes占比在地下水和土壤细菌群落间差异显著,同时使地下水和土壤细菌群落各含有一些特有的优势细菌属(地下水2个,土壤4个)。基于高通量测序技术对工业园区样品的测序结果可以为地下水和土壤环境的生态评价提供方法依据。     

Optimum nitrogen use and reduced nitrogen loss for production of rice and wheat in the Yangtse Delta region

A long-term field and lysimeter experiment under different amount of fertilizer-N application was conducted to explore the optimal N application rates for a high productive rice-wheat system and less N leaching loss in the Yangtse Delta region. In this region excessive applications of N fertilizer for the rice-wheat production has resulted in reduced N recovery rates and environment pollution. Initial results of the field experiments showed that the optimal N application rate increased with the yield. On the two major paddy soils (Hydromorphic paddy soil and Gleyed paddy soil) of the region, the optimal N application rate was 225-270 kg N hm(-2) for rice and 180-225 kg N hm(-2) for wheat, separately. This has resulted in the highest number of effective ears and Spikelets per unit area, and hence high yield. Nitrogen leaching in the form of NO(3-)-N occurs mainly in the wheat-growing season and in the ponding and seedling periods of the paddy field. Its concentration in the leachate increased with the N application rate in the lysimeter experiment. When the application rate reached 225 kg N hm(-2), the concentration rose to 5.4-21.3 mgN l(-1) in the leachate during the wheat-growing season. About 60% of the leachate samples determined contained NO(3-)-N beyond the criterion (NO(3-)-N 10 mg l(-1)) for N pollution. In the field experiment, when the N application rate was in the range of 270-315 kg hm(-2), the NO(3-)-N concentration in the leachate during the wheat-growing season ranged from 1.9 to 11.0 mg l(-1). About 20% of the leachate samples reached close to, and 10% exceeded, the criterion for N pollution. Long-term accumulation of NO(3-)-N from leaching will no doubt constitute a potential risk of N contamination of the groundwater in the Yangtse Delta Region.     

硝化渗滤液回灌对填埋垃圾反硝化、产甲烷及稳定化的影响

垃圾填埋场是重要的甲烷释放源,其有效管理是减缓温室效应的重要环节.通过硝化渗滤液回灌模拟垃圾填埋柱,研究硝化渗滤液在新鲜垃圾和老龄垃圾填埋柱中的脱氮及对垃圾稳定化和产甲烷的影响.结果表明,回灌的硝化渗滤液在不同填埋龄垃圾柱中,均可实现总氧化态氮(Total oxidation nitroge,TON)完全还原.当回灌TON负荷分别达到14.19 g t-1(TS)d-1和10.45 g t-1(TS)d-1时,新、老垃圾柱中甲烷产生开始受到抑制.实验后期,回灌TON负荷增至38.78 g t-1(TS)d-1和30.62 g t-1(TS)d-1时,新、老垃圾填埋柱产甲烷相对抑制率分别达54.10%和95.77%.同时,回灌反硝化对新、老垃圾柱中垃圾降解贡献率(Rd)分别达85%和93%,能有效促进垃圾稳定.     

Phytoremediation of landfill leachate using Pennisetum clandestinum

Landfills are still the most widely used solid waste disposal method used across the world. Leachate generated from landfill areas exerts environmental risks mostly on surface and groundwater, with its high pollutant content, most notably metals, which cause an unbearable lower water quality. During dumping or after the capacity of the landfill has been reached, a decontamination and remediation program should be taken for the area. This study was conducted to assess the capacity and efficiency of Pennisetum clandestinum, a prostrate perennial plant, to accumulate chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb). Leachate, taken from the Sofulu Landfill Site, was given to Pennisetum clandestinum for 180 days, in 3 dilution sets as 1/1, 1/2 and 1/4, in batch configuration. An additional control set was also installed for comparison. Results showed that, even though the metal content of soil had risen, plants accumulated 2 to 8.5 times higher concentrations than the control set. It is important to see, the plant showed almost no stress symptoms even if the set was fed by pure leachate. Pennisetum clandestinum was observed to accumulate metals mostly in the upper bodies, excluding Fe and Cu. 76% of accumulated Cr, 85% of Ni, 66% of Zn and 100% of Pb was observed to accumulate in above-ground parts, where only 20% of Cu and 4% of Fe was accumulated. Due to the high pollution tolerance of Pennisetum clandestinum, makes this plant suitable for decontamination and remediation of landfill sites.     

垃圾渗滤液对土壤铁锰有效性及地下水质的影响

受垃圾渗滤液影响,垃圾场周边土壤有机物含量增加。试验结果显示,随着土壤有机物含量的增加,土壤中有效态铁锰含量增大。垃圾场周边土壤中渗滤液有机物和金属铁锰共存时,大量的有机物质能活化土壤中的铁锰,增加其有效性,增强其在土壤中的迁移能力。从而造成垃圾场地下水较严重的铁锰污染。     

An anatomy of a groundwater contamination episode

Using the contamination episode at Price Landfill, New Jersey, as a case study, major analytical and informational issues characterizing groundwater pollution, with special emphasis on uncertainty associated with the environmental medium, especially solute-transport processes, and the valuation of health risks, principally dose-response relationships, are addressed. Alternative approaches to modeling the physical-chemical processes are described and subsequently coupled with mortality risk predictions to derive estimates of expected pollution costs: reduced longevity (pollution damage costs) and cost of control and remedial measures (damage reduction costs).     

Identification and assessment of water pollution as a consequence of a leachate plume migration from a municipal landfill site (Tucumán,Argentina)

Landfills constitute potential sources of different pollutants that could generate human health and environmental problems. While some landfills currently work under the protection of a bottom liner with leachate collection, it was demonstrated that migration could take place even yet with these cautions. The purpose of this paper is to assess the pollution caused by a leachate plume from a municipal landfill that is affecting both groundwater and surface waters. The research was carried out at Pacará Pintado landfill in northwestern Argentina. Analysis of water samples indicates that leachate is affecting groundwater under the landfill area and an abandoned river channel hydraulically connected. In the center of the landfill area, the plume is anoxic and sulfate, nitrate, iron and manganese reduction zones were identified. Leachate plume presented high concentration of organic matter, Fe, Mn, NH₄ ⁺, Cl^? and Cr reaching an extension of 900 m. The presence of a leachate plume in a landfill site with a single liner system implies that the use of this groundwater pollution control method alone is not enough especially if permeable sediments are present below.