鼻咽癌与土壤环境中化学元素的相关性研究

利用土壤元素数据２０６９４４８个，鼻咽癌死亡调查资料２２５６０例，研究了鼻咽癌死亡率与土壤环境中６１个元素质量分数的相关性。结果表明，汞、铅、硒、针、锡、钛、钽、溴、碘元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈非常显著的正相关；铪元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈显著的正相关；铟、镱、镥、铀、锆、铋、碲元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈较显著的正相关。锰、钠、镁、钙、锶元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈非常显著的负相关；钾、钡元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率呈较显著的负相关。钒、铷、铯、银、铝、镓、铊、钪、钇、镧、铈、钕、钆、镝、钬、铒、铥、钼、钨、铁、砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、氟、镍、锌、锂、铍、硼、镨、钐、铕、铽、锗、锑元素质量分数与鼻咽癌死亡率无明显的相关性。     

我国城市土壤重金属的污染格局分析

收集了国内43个大中城市的3688个城区土壤重金属数据,通过描述性分析、评价分析、聚类分析等,初步确定了我国城市土壤重金属的污染格局.结果表明,我国城市土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均赋存量分别为13.39、0.68、63.04、38.17、0.31、26.18、47.34、137.72 mg·kg-1.Nemerrow指数、地质累积指数和潜在生态危害指数评价表明,污染最严重的城市是太原、南京、开封,主要污染重金属是Hg、Cd、Pb.43个城市中,上海、武汉、淄博、昆明、抚顺、昌吉、郑州、贵阳、成都、攀枝花、天津、珠海、大庆、北京、南宁、广州、香港、长春、太原等19个城市属于Cd强度污染;徐州、长沙、开封、重庆、乌鲁木齐、沈阳、西安、杭州、南京、兰州、洛阳等11个城市属于Hg-Cd强度污染、Pb中度污染;其余13个城市属一般轻度污染.长江以南城市土壤重金属污染比长江以北城市严重,中小城市土壤重金属污染低于特大城市.     

经济合作与发展组织的化学品管理工作介绍

一、OECD及其环境管理机构 (一)OECD 经济合作与发展组织(OECD)是根据1960年的一项国际协议建立的一个政府级组织,其成员为来自北美、西欧、亚洲和大洋洲的24个工业国(澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时、加拿大、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、卢森堡、新西兰、荷兰、挪威、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、英国、美国;南斯拉夫占据一个特别席位;欧洲共同体委员会作为无选举权成员参与OECD的工作)。     

上海市郊春节期间大气颗粒物及其组分的粒径分布

利用电称低压冲击仪(ELPI)在线监测上海市嘉定区2009年春节前后不同粒径(50%切割粒径分别为:0.03、0.06、0.11、0.17、0.26、0.40、0.65、1.00、1.60、2.50、4.40、6.80μm)大气颗粒物的粒子数浓度变化.对比春节与非节日期间该地区大气颗粒物(<0.49、0.49—0.95、0.95—1.50、1.50—3.00、3.00—7.20、>7.20μm)中Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Pb 17种元素,F-、Cl-、NO 2-、SO24-、NO 3-、Na+、NH 4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+10种离子与有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)质量浓度的粒径分布.结果表明,春节对于大气颗粒物粒子数浓度的影响主要集中在0.11—1.60μm.如果以3.00μm为界将大气颗粒物划分成细(≤3.00μm)和粗(>3.00μm)颗粒物时,春节影响体现在细颗粒的元素为:Na、As、Pb,且主要集中于<0.49μm颗粒中;春节影响集中于大颗粒(>7.20μm)的元素为:Ni、Co;没有受到显著影响的为:Ca、V、Mn、Fe、Z...     

中国科学院环境化学研究所举行建所十周年庆祝活动

三月十九日,中国科学院环境化学研究所举行了建所十周年庆祝活动。中国科学院党组书记、副院长严东生、副院长周光召、原副秘书长李苏、国家环保局副局长孙嘉绵以及科学院化学部、生物学部、中国化学会、科学院化学所、感光所、大气所、地理所、发育所、科大研究生院、清华大学、北京大学、北京师范大学、北京工业大学、环科     

绿化树种对大气SO2、铅复合污染的反应

依据植物对大气污染的反应方式来选择城市绿化树种是减轻大气污染物的重要途径和手段。通过观察污染地区绿化树种叶片的受害症状来判断植物对SO2、铅复合污染物的抗性程度，根据植物对SO2、铅复合污染物的反应特性划分植物对大气污染物的抗性等级，从而筛选出对SO2、铅复合污染物的抗性植物种类和敏感监测植物种类。研究结果表明：抗性树种有：花曲柳、桑树、皂角、山桃、黄檗、臭椿、紫丁香、忍冬、柽柳、桧柏、枸杞、水蜡、刺槐、色赤杨、加拿大杨、黄刺枚、玫瑰、白榆、茶条槭；敏感监测树种有：连翘、榆叶梅、锦带花、风箱果、云杉、油松、樟子松、山槐。     

国际土地持续利用系统讨论会在印度召开

由印度农业研究会(ICAR)、美国农业部(USDA)和美国Rodale研究中心(RIC)共同组织的国际土地持续利用系统讨论会(InternationalWorkshop on Sustainable Land Use Syste-ms),于1990年2月12日至16日在印度首都新德里召开。来自美国、印度、比利时、智利、哥斯达黎加、巴西、约旦、尼泊尔、中国、日本、肯尼亚、威内瑞拉、意大利、塞内加尔、澳大利亚、津巴布韦、菲律     

南京城市土壤重金属含量及空间分布特征

研究了南京城市土壤重金属含量、来源及空间分布特征。结果表明,南京城市土壤中V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr污染不明显,但受到了不同程度的Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb、Hg、Cd污染,其中Hg污染比较严重。V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr含量之间均呈极显著正相父;Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb、Hg、Cd含量之间也均呈极显著正相关。南京城市土壤V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr主要继承了原土物质;Hg、Cd、Pb主要来源于城市燃煤、机动车尾气及工厂排放粉尘;Sb主要来源于机动车尾气和工厂排放粉尘。南京城市土壤Hg、Cd、Pb、Sb含量空间分布规律非常相似,均表现为外围向市中心有逐渐增加的趋势,并且在新街口—鼓楼、梅山硫铁矿形成异常高值的岛状、环状区域。     

润肤霜类化妆品中金属元素的测定及砷形态初探

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定化妆品中的金属元素铝、铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉、锡、锑、钡、镧、铈、镨、钕、钐、汞、铅的总量,并结合液相色谱(HPLC)-ICPMS联用技术考察了化妆品中的砷形态.研究表明,金属指标不合格的化妆品多为汞含量超标;此外,化妆品中的砷多以无机砷形式存在.     

人工柳杉林碳蓄积量及土壤性质的动态变化

采用材积源生物量法和土壤剖面分析方法,研究了四川彭州栽植5、10、17、22、26a的人工柳杉林碳蓄积量及土壤性质的动态变化.结果表明,柳杉林分的碳蓄积量与林下土壤有机碳积累量随柳杉林龄的增长而增加,5、10、17、22、26a生人工柳杉林碳蓄积量分别是19.8、67.5、85.8、162、275t(C)hm-2,土壤有机碳含量在5、10、17、22、26年分别为14.7、18.4、25.3、37.1、41.4gkg-1,比农地分别增加了18.5%、48.4%、104%、199%、234%,土壤全N含量分别为1.22、1.31、1.64、2.03、2.12gkg-1,比农地分别增加了7.02%、14.91%、43.86%、78.07%、85.96%,土壤容重分别为1.48、1.42、1.36、1.31、1.28gcm-3,比农地分别降低了3.90%、7.79%、11.7%、14.9%、16.9%,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度也都显著增高,说明栽植柳杉后随着土壤有机质的增加,土壤肥力逐步提高,土壤孔隙状况也逐渐好转,从而增加了土壤保水抗旱能力.5、10、17、22、26a生的柳杉林地土壤蓄水量分别为341、391、412、462、493thm-2,比农地分别增加了14.8%、31.6%、38.7%、55.6%、66.0%.这些结果显示,人工柳杉林具有庞大的碳库,可缓解大气CO2上升,而且可促进土壤肥力,改善生态环境.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques