鄱阳湖流域浮萍种质资源分布及其对水环境因子的响应

为全面了解鄱阳湖流域浮萍种属资源分布及其生长水环境,对流域内浮萍资源开展调查并测定生长水体的水质.结果显示,鄱阳湖流域采集到的浮萍共4属5种,分别为青萍(Lemna minor)、稀脉浮萍(Lemna perpusilla)、紫背浮萍(Spirodela polyrrhiza)、少根紫萍(Landoltia punctata)、芜萍(Wolffia arrhiza)、青萍和紫背浮萍为该地区的优势种.青萍生长水体的p H范围最广(5.5-9.43),其他浮萍生长水体呈弱酸性.青萍生长水体中的氨氮(NH_3-N)、硝态氮(NO_3-N)、总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(COD)浓度范围较其他4种浮萍更为广泛,分别为0.18-4.25 mg/L、0.027-3.27mg/L、0.38-13.28 mg/L、16.16-614.72 mg/L,少根紫萍生长水体的总磷(TP)浓度范围最广,为0.06-2.68 mg/L.从重金属含量来看,青萍生长水体Cu、Pb、Zn、Co含量范围最广,少根紫萍对Cd、紫背浮萍对Mn的适应能力表现出优势.从自然状态下富集效果来看,青萍对Zn、紫背浮萍对Cr、少根紫萍对Mn的富集能力强.青萍和紫背浮萍对Pb富集效果好于少根紫萍.RDA分析表明,少根紫萍的分布主要受TN、TP、NH_3-N的影响,紫背浮萍主要受Mn的影响,青萍主要受NO_3-N的影响.稀脉浮萍和芜萍分别受Cd、Cr的影响.不同浮萍种属的水环境差异较大,在修复富营养化水体时,可利用当地优势品种组合以达到最佳的去除效果.根据浮萍对重金属耐受能力、富集效果的不同可筛选出对特定重金属耐性好且富集能力强的品种.本研究对利用浮萍品种修复不同污染的水体具有一定的指导意义.(图4表5参40)     

三苯基锡对青萍生长及酶活性的影响

以青萍(Lemna mino)为实验生物,通过研究不同浓度(0、0.04、0.08、0.12、0.16、0.20mg·L-1)的三苯基锡(TPT)对青萍生长发育及过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响,初步探讨了TPT对水生浮萍植物的毒性作用,以期为及时发现并排除TPT污染提供理论和直观依据.实验结果表明:培养4d后,TPT对青萍叶片生长量的半数抑制浓度(IC50)为0.10mg·L-1;CAT、POD活性随TPT处理浓度的升高显著升高(各暴露组与对照组均差异显著,p<0.05).结果显示,TPT对青萍具有明显的毒性作用,CAT和POD活性的变化可作为反映TPT污染胁迫的敏感指标.     

不同品种浮萍磷素吸收动力学特征

以长江三角洲地区常见的3种浮萍——稀脉浮萍(Lemna aequinoctialis)、少根紫萍(Spirodela oligorrhiza)和紫萍(Spriodela polyrrhiza)为对象,研究不同品种浮萍对HPO42-的吸收动力学影响。结果表明,3种浮萍对无机磷的吸收动力学特征基本可采用Michaelis-Menten方程描述3,种浮萍无机磷吸收速率V对磷浓度S双倒数曲线的拟合关系均在α=0.01水平上显著。稀脉浮萍对无机磷的亲和力较强,适宜应用于对低磷浓度污水的净化;紫萍对无机磷的最大吸收速率Vmax较高,适宜应用于对高磷浓度污水的净化。     

4,4'-二氨基二苯基甲烷对浮萍(Lemna minor L.)毒性作用

以浮萍(Lemna minor L.)为受试生物,通过研究不同浓度(0、0.6、1.8、5.4、16.2和48.6 mg·L-1)的4,4'-二氨基二苯基甲烷(4,4'-methylenedianiline,MDA)对浮萍生长、叶绿素含量、PSⅡ最大光化学效应(Fv/Fm)、质膜透性及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,初步探讨MDA对水生植物浮萍的毒性作用.实验结果表明,在7d暴露时间下,MDA对浮萍叶片数、叶片数生长率、叶片干质量和叶面积都有显著的抑制作用,且抑制程度与MDA的浓度呈正相关.其对浮萍叶片数生长抑制的7d半数效应浓度(7 d-ECs0)为26.7 mg·L-1,95％置信限为22.3 ～ 32.1 mg·L-1;对浮萍叶片数产量抑制的7 d-EC50为0.62 mg-L-1,95％置信限为0.53～0.74 mg-L-1;对浮萍总叶面积及干质量产量抑制的7 d-EC50＜0.6 mg·L-1.MDA处理导致浮萍总叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm下降,而浮萍质膜透性显著增加.低浓度MDA对浮萍SOD、POD和CAT酶活性无显著影响,但随着MDA浓度的升高SOD、POD和CAT酶活性显著升高,当MDA浓度达到48.6 mg· L-1时,抑制POD和CAT酶活性.以上结果表明,MDA能够直接损伤质膜,干扰叶绿体功能并抑制光合活性,而氧化损伤是质膜损伤引起的继发性应激,继而引起膜脂质过氧化,加剧质膜损伤,从而进一步抑制浮萍的生长.     

马拉硫磷及其水解产物对圆瘤浮萍的生长抑制及氧化损伤作用

为了探讨马拉硫磷和主要水解产物对圆瘤浮萍的生长抑制作用及可能的氧化损伤机制,采用静态培养法,研究不同浓度的马拉硫磷及其水解产物二甲基二硫代磷酸酯(DMDTP)、二甲基硫代磷酸酯(DMTP)、二甲基磷酸酯(DMP)对圆瘤浮萍生长、叶绿素含量、叶绿体活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,暴露7 d后,浓度为100 mg a.i.·L-1处理下的浮萍叶状体生长量与空白对照组无显著性差异;DMDTP、DMTP和DMP对圆瘤浮萍叶状体生长量的半数抑制浓度(7 d-IC50)分别为52.9、45.5和98.0 mg a.i.·L-1。随着试验液中DMDTP、DMTP和DMP浓度的升高,圆瘤浮萍叶绿素含量均明显降低,叶绿体活性则分别表现为诱导-抑制、抑制和抑制效应。在DMDTP、DMTP和DMP胁迫下,脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加;圆瘤浮萍体内的抗氧化酶系统均受到影响。总体表现为随着DMDTP浓度的增加,SOD活性先降低后升高;DMTP和DMP胁迫下,SOD活性呈现先降后升再降的趋势;POD和CAT活性则随3种水解产物浓度的增加呈现先升后降趋势;这表明抗氧化酶系统对外部胁迫的应答很复杂。马拉硫磷对圆瘤浮萍的毒性较小,其水解产物DMDTP、DMTP和DMP均对圆瘤浮萍的生长产生一定的毒性作用。在实际生产中,应多加关注马拉硫磷水解产物对环境生物的风险评估。     

非离子型表面活性剂AE对稀脉浮萍的损伤作用

以过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）相对活性、植物生长量和培养液pH值变化作为观测指标，研究了非离子型表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AE）对稀脉浮萍（Lemna paucicostata L.）的损伤作用，结果显示：稀脉浮萍的损伤程序与AE浓度直接相关，浓度小于1.0mg/L时，AE对稀脉浮萍的损伤较轻，λ（CAT）、λ（POD）的增加，能清除膜上的过氧化物，在10.0mg/L时，稀脉浮萍的生理功能受到中等程序的伤。CAT、POD相对活性升高，生长率下降，光合作用受到一定程度的抑制，培养液pH值下降0.2左右；AE为100.0mg/L时，植物受伤严重，CAT、POD相对活性下降，培养液pH值降低幅度为0.6左右，植物大部分死亡。     

我国地表水中磷酸三苯酯的多层次生态风险评估

磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate,TPP)在电缆材料、塑料制品中被大量使用,是地表水中检出频率最高的有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂之一,近年来受到广泛关注。本文通过文献检索TPP的地表水环境暴露浓度以及对水生生物的毒性效应浓度,利用风险商(hazard quotient,HQ)和概率生态风险评价法(probabilistic ecological risk assessments,PERA)对我国主要地表水中的TPP进行多层次生态风险评价。结果显示,TPP在我国地表水中的浓度为0.2～96.3 ng·L~(-1),以生存为测试终点的急性毒性数据推导出的预测无效应浓度(predicted no effect concentration,PNEC)为36.49μg·L~(-1),而以繁殖、发育和生长等为测试终点的慢性毒性数据推导出的PNEC值为1.30μg·L~(-1)。基于急、慢性毒性数据计算的风险商均小于0.1。我国地表水中TPP对0.1%到1%的水生生物造成繁殖、发育和生长等慢性毒性影响的概率分别为1.40%和0.04%,存在较低的潜在生态风险。     

江苏省夏季浮萍种类及其生长水环境调查

对江苏省多个县（市）分布有浮萍的工业区、生活区、农田水体进行调查与采样,观测各地浮萍种类及其生长水体的富营养化状况,探讨水体pH值,铵态氮、硝态氮、总氮、总磷含量与浮萍分布的关系。调查结果表明,浮萍适宜生长在静止的水体中,流动的河流中较为少见;此外,浮萍适宜生长在农田和生活区水体中,工业区附近样本数较少。江苏省夏季浮萍的主要品种为紫萍（Spirodelapolyrrhiza）、青萍（Lemmaminor）、芜萍（Wolffiaarrhiza）和少根紫萍（Spirodelaoligorrhiza）,调查期间未发现稀脉浮萍（Lemmaperpusilla）与品藻（Lemmatrisulca）。紫萍和青萍在所调查的每个采样点均有分布,其生长水体的pH值变化范围（4．5～7．5）较大。浮萍生长水环境的氮、磷养分浓度范围很广,铵态氮、硝态氮、总氮、总磷质量浓度范围分别为0～42、0．2—2．0、0．2～45和0．02～13mg·L-1,尚未发现浮萍分布与水体氮、磷含量之间的必然联系。工业区附近水体中常见紫萍与青萍以共生形式存在,偶尔还伴有芜萍。在利用浮萍去除水中氮、磷营养物质时,应优先考虑利用各地当季优势浮萍品种及不同品种浮萍的共生复合系统,保障浮萍的最大生长量以及对水体氮、磷的最大去除率。     

双酚A对紫背浮萍生长和光合色素及抗氧化系统影响

以紫背浮萍为实验对象,探究双酚A(bsiphenol A, BPA)对其生长、光合色素含量、抗氧化系统和渗透压调节物质的影响。结果表明,不同浓度(0、1、5、20和50 mg·L~(-1))BPA连续暴露7 d后,与对照组相比,随暴露浓度升高,紫背浮萍湿重和叶绿素含量呈现先显著增加后降低的趋势;暴露组过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量和抗超氧阴离子自由基活性显著降低;丙二醛(MDA)含量在20和50 mg·L~(-1)组显著升高;暴露组抗氧化酶活性包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均低于对照组;谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量在高浓度组显著升高,20 mg·L~(-1)组可溶性糖含量显著升高,可溶性蛋白含量在中高浓度组显著增加。研究表明,中低浓度BPA会提高紫背浮萍光合色素含量,有机物积累增多,促进其生长;但随BPA浓度不断升高,紫背浮萍体内产生氧化损伤,抗氧化酶活性及叶绿素含量降低,生长受到抑制。本研究结果将为BPA污染控制及对水生植物生态毒性效应评价提供理论基础。     

微板吸光法测定9种农药对斜生栅藻的抑制毒性

以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为指示生物,96微孔板为暴露反应载体,SpectraMax M5酶标仪为吸光度测试设备,建立了测定毒物对藻生长抑制毒性的微板吸光法.论文系统研究了微板吸光法中斜生栅藻的可见吸收光谱和生长曲线以及pH和暴露时间对藻生长的影响,同时应用该方法成功测定了环嗪酮、阿特拉津、西草净、扑灭通、苯嗪草酮、敌草快、草甘膦7种除草剂和磷胺、甲胺磷2种杀虫剂对斜生栅藻的剂量-效应曲线(DRC).通过对剂量-效应数据进行非线性最小二乘模拟,获得了这些农药的半数效应浓度EC50及置信区间.对比标准锥形瓶栅藻毒性试验,微板吸光法具有测试简便快速,所需样品体积少,便于多次平行毒性测试等优点.     

Effect of selenium on the growth of Lemna minor

The effect of selenium on the vegetative reproduction of cultured Lemna minor was investigated. Cultures were grown for 28 days at a temperature of 23 ± 3°C and under a constant (24 h) light cycle. Growth was monitored every seven days. The growth of L. minor was inhibited at high concentrations (>5mg/L [Se]), but stimulated at low concentrations (0.2—2mg/L [Se]). This stimulation of growth at low selenium concentrations has significant implications for the use of selenium enriched superphosphate fertilisers on selenium deficient pastures.     

稀脉萍（Lemna paucicostata）对水质的综合评价和指示作用

为探讨利用我国本土植物进行水质综合评价和指示的可行性,试验研究了我国特有的浮萍属植物——稀脉萍(Lemna paucicostata)对不同来源水(自来水、雨水为唯一来源的池塘水、接纳多种排放废水的湖水及垃圾填埋场渗滤液)水质的综合评价和指示效果.结果表明,1)就不同来源水而言,随着水质的下降(自来水、池塘水、湖水、渗滤液),稀脉萍叶状体和群体7d相对增殖率(相对于对照)均逐渐降低;2)就某一污水而言,随着水质的下降(渗滤液稀释4096～128倍),稀脉萍叶状体7d相对增殖率逐渐降低,而群体相对增殖率没有明显变化规律.以上结果提示,稀脉萍对水质具有一定的评价和指示作用,其叶状体相对增殖率可应用于水质的生物学监测和综合评价.     

硝酸铊对浮萍(Lemna gibba L.)的生长抑制及其氧自由基损伤作用

为了探讨硝酸铊(Tl(I)-nitrate)对浮萍(Lemna gibba L.)的生长抑制作用及其可能的氧化损伤机制,设置了Tl(I)-nitrate的8个处理组(0.005、0.01、0.02、0.04、0.08、0.1、0.5和1.0 mg·L-1)和对照组(0.0 mg·L-1),进行96 h急性毒性实验,测定96 h内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛含量。结果表明:96 h暴露时间下,浮萍生长受抑制程度与Tl(I)浓度之间呈正相关,Tl(I)-nitrate对浮萍的96 h EC50为0.076 mg·L-1,NOEC为0.01 mg·L-1。CAT活性随着Tl(I)-nitrate浓度升高逐渐降低,在0.5和1 mg·L-1时,有极显著差异(p0.01)产生,SOD活性在0.1 mg·L-1时显著升高(46%),POD活性和MDA含量在Tl(I)浓度0.5 mg·L-1时明显上升。当Tl(I)-nitrate胁迫超出浮萍抗氧化酶系统清除活性氧的能力时,活性氧积累导致浮萍受到不可逆转的氧化损伤。Tl(I)-nitrate对浮萍生长产生明显的抑制作用     

The effects of alginate microspheres on phytoremediation and growth of Lemna minor in the presence of Cd

Today, the removal of increased amount of contaminant concentrations in nature such as metals, nanoparticles, has become an essential issue to struggle with. In this paper, both the toxic effects of non-essential Cd on Lemna minor in presence of alginate microspheres and metal removal capacity of Cd-exposed L. minor and microspheres were investigated. Three test groups were constructed: group (L) containing Lemna, group (M) containing alginate microsphere and group (L?+?M) containing alginate microsphere and Lemna. Five different levels of Cd concentrations were added into these groups. Estimation models were constructed to estimate Cd removal capacities of L. minor and microspheres, and time-concentration-dependent growth (GRC) rates of both microsphere-containing and non-containing groups were modelled by regression analysis. It was seen that microspheres alone only had no positive or negative effects on Lemna growth. It was observed that, for all test groups the time-dependent growth rate has both increase–decrease trends in general. The toxicity effect of Cd on Lemna growth was reduced by adding microspheres into medium. Furthermore, the results stated that test groups containing only microspheres (M, 0–97.56%) and consortium groups (M?+?L, 0–98.26%) were slightly more successful in Cd removal process compared to Lemna (L) groups (L, 0–97.32%).     

Bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated medium using Lemna minor,Daphnia magna and their consortium

Single, dual and triple mixtures of totally seven different mixture combinations of the metals Al, Ba and Fe were examined in Lemna minor (L) culture, Daphnia magna (D) culture and in a consortium culture consisting of L. minor and D. magna. In this study: (a) differences in removed metal proportions at the end of 24 and 48?h, (b) differences in removed metal amounts due to cultures, (c) differences in the removed proportions of a metal in distinct mediums and (d) removal correlation of the metals due to cultures were investigated. The study results showed that among the metals Al, Ba and Fe, Al has the most toxic effect on organisms involved in this study. Although similar toxicity results of Al and Fe on test groups were observed, Ba gave different toxicity results on test groups. An overview of the bioremediation results indicates that L. minor removes the metals Al and Fe more successfully than Ba. Different mixture combinations of metals performed dissimilar removal results in the same cultures. According to the correlations analysis for the metals Ba and Fe, a high correlation was recorded between the consortium group and test groups containing only D. magna, r?=?0.88, r?=?0.91, respectively.     

2种烷基多环芳烃对仿刺参CYP450和p53基因表达的影响研究

海洋环境中多环芳烃类(PAHs)主要来源于海洋溢油事故以及沿海石油化工企业的废水排放,国内外大量研究发现海洋中的多环芳烃对海洋生物造成了潜在的生态风险。为了揭示不同浓度多环芳烃类污染物对海参的生态毒理效应,将仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)分别暴露于不同浓度的2种烷基多环芳烃3-甲基菲(5、10、100μg·L~(-1))和2-甲基蒽(5、10、50μg·L~(-1))中,检测暴露3 d、7 d和14 d后,3-甲基菲和2-甲基蒽胁迫下仿刺参CYP450和p53基因的相对表达量。结果表明,3-甲基菲和2-甲基蒽胁迫下,仿刺参CYP450和p53基因的表达均对毒物产生了不同程度的响应。与对照组相比,3-甲基菲各处理组对仿刺参CYP450和p53基因的表达均产生显著的抑制作用(P0.05); 2-甲基蒽各处理组对仿刺参CYP450和p53基因的表达影响作用不同,暴露7 d后,2-甲基蒽各处理组对仿刺参CYP450基因的表达表现出抑制作用,对p53基因的表达表现出诱导作用。相同浓度与时间胁迫下,2-甲基蒽对仿刺参CYP450和p53基因表达的影响比3-甲基菲的影响大。上述研究结果表明,3-甲基菲和2-甲基蒽均可不同程度影响仿刺参CYP450和p53基因的表达,且与3-甲基菲相比,2-甲基蒽对仿刺参CYP450和p53基因表达的影响较明显。上述结果为多环芳烃类污染物对仿刺参的生物毒性评价提供了基础数据。     

加拿大一枝黄花和小飞蓬叶浸提液对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感效应

加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)和小飞蓬(Conyza canadensis)常共同入侵至同一农田生态系统。探究了两者对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感作用。加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液显著抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量。而小飞蓬叶浸提液也明显抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗地上生物量。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗地上生物量显著大于加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液单一处理,同时也大于小飞蓬叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。两者叶浸提液单一处理均明显降低大豆幼苗株高(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗株高。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗株高明显大于两者叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。因此,两者叶浸提液对大豆幼苗的生长均具有一定程度的抑制效应,且加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液对大豆幼苗产生的化感作用(尤其是地上生物量)明显大于小飞蓬。两者复合化感作用明显低于两者单一化感作用,尤其是两者对大豆幼苗地上生物量的复合化感作用显著低于加拿大一枝黄花的单一化感作用。所以,化感效应可能在两者共同入侵(即两者复合作用)进程中所起的贡献低于在两者单一入侵进程中所起的作用。     

Antennal responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to volatiles collected from beetles,and their host and nonhost conifers

Summary. Host selection in tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is mediated by a complex of semiochemical cues. Using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses, we conducted a comparative study of the electrophysiological responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles, the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis Kirby, and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to volatiles captured by aeration of 1) bole and foliage of four sympatric species of conifers, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm., interior spruce, Picea engelmannii x glauca, and interior fir, Abies lasiocarpa x bifolia, and 2) con- and heterospecific beetles at three stages of attack. We identified 13 monoterpenes in the conifers and nine compounds in the volatiles of beetles that elicited antennal responses. There was no qualitative difference in the terpene constitution of the four species of conifers and very little difference across beetle species in their antennal response to compounds from conifers or beetles. The lack of species-specific major or minor components in conifers suggests that beetles would need to detect differences in the ratios of different compounds in conifers to discriminate among them. Attraction to hosts and avoidance of nonhost conifers may be accentuated by perception of compounds emitted by con- and heterospecific beetles, respectively. The 22 compounds identified are candidate semiochemicals with potential behavioural roles in host location and discrimination.     

Testing a new model of aphid abundance with sedentary and non-sedentary predators

Aphid population dynamics has been thoroughly investigated, especially in tree-dwelling aphids. Among the controls of the aphid rate of increase are the negative effects of antagonists, the positive effects of mutualists, the density-dependence of the aphid dynamics, and the non-stationary quality of plant tissues. Here we present a mechanistic model of aphid growth that considers most of these governing factors using a simple formulation. What is new in this model is that it considers two kinds of antagonists. The first kind is a guild of aphid predator specialists that includes ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), but also species of some families of Hemiptera, Diptera, and Neuroptera. The second kind of antagonists consists of omnivores or generalist predators and in this particular setting is exemplified by the European earwig Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). The model developed here compared the effects of these two different kinds of aphid predators, the second one always at the site (sedentary predators) and the first one that arrives in important numbers only once the aphid population has already developed to some degree (non-sedentary predators). Multiple model parameter sets, representing different hypotheses about controls on aphid populations, were evaluated within the Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology. The model correctly reproduced the experimental data obtained in an organic citrus grove showing the important effect that sedentary predators as earwigs can have on the aphid populations. Low densities of sedentary predators or even low predation rates can have a disproportionate effect on the final aphid density, as they prey on small populations, when the per capita effect on the aphid population is higher. During the main spring peak of aphids the role of non-sedentary predators is secondary, as they track the aphid density rather than control it. However, these non-sedentary predators are important within the proposed model to keep the second autumn peak of aphids at low values.