三乙烯四胺(TETA)抑制磁黄铁矿氧化的机理研究

本文分别对三乙烯四胺（TETA）抑制磁黄铁矿在空气和Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 细菌作用下的氧化过程进行了研究．结果表明：TETA不但能有效防止磁黄铁矿在85—90％湿度空气中的氧化,还能显著阻止Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 对样品的生物氧化．与对照样品相比,在空气中氧化90d和被细菌氧化42d后,经TETA简单包膜处理样品的氧化程度分别降低了54．7％和82．07％．TETA通过在样品表面形成一层致密的膜来隔绝样品与氧气的接触,从而抑制了磁黄铁矿的空气氧化;碱性TETA还能通过提高反应体系的pH值、恶化嗜酸细菌Thiobacillus ferrooxidans的生存环境来阻止样品的生物氧化．     

磷酸铁膜对黄铁矿氧化抑制作用

本文用动力学、表面分析方法研究在黄铁矿表面磷酸铁膜形成的可能性以及磷酸铁膜抑制黄铁矿的氧化作用,黄铁矿经０．３ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１Ｈ２Ｏ２＋０．０１ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１ＮａＨ２ＰＯ４＋０．０５ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１ＮａＡｃ（ｐｈ５．０）淋洗后,在其表面可形成一层磷酸铁膜,该能显著抑制黄铁矿的进一步氧化,结果还表明,在Ｈ２Ｏ２作用下,黄铁矿氧化有自催化氧化的特征,其氧化产物Ｆｅ＾３＋能加快黄铁矿的氧化速率。     

磷酸铁膜对黄铁矿氧化动力学行为的影响

用动态法研究了不同温度ＰＨ值和Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度下,对照和经ＫＨ２ＰＯ４处理的黄铁矿氧化反应的动力学。结果表明,用０．１ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１Ｈ２Ｏ２＋０．０１ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１ＫＨ２ＰＯ４混合液淋洗黄铁矿后,黄铁矿表面可形成磷酸铁膜。     

巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷对黄铁矿包膜条件的优化

本文采用巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(PropS-SH)对黄铁矿进行钝化处理,重点探讨了PropS-SH钝化黄铁矿的最优包膜条件,并对最优包膜条件下钝化处理的黄铁矿进行了为期4个月的淋滤实验,同时采用傅利叶红外(FI-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及静态水接触角等测量手段对钝化前后黄铁矿表面的化学及形貌特征进行了表征.结果表明,PropS-SH钝化黄铁矿的最佳包膜条件为:硅烷浓度10%、溶液pH 4.0、硅烷水解时间4 h、硅烷水解温度40℃.在此最优包膜条件下,钝化处理的黄铁矿在为期4个月的淋滤实验中都呈现出良好的抗生物和化学氧化能力.钝化前后黄铁矿的表征结果说明,PropS-SH分子能通过化学吸附包膜于黄铁矿表面,从而使得矿物表面由亲水性变为疏水性.     

根修剪对冬小麦根系效率、水分利用及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了根修剪对冬小麦根系效率、水分利用及产量形成的影响.结果表明,在不同水分条件下,根修剪均减少了小麦的根量及根呼吸速率,但对根冠比没有显著影响.在湿润和中度干旱条件下,根修剪提高了小麦花期的光合速率和根系效率;在严重干旱胁迫条件下,根修剪小麦的光合速率显著下降,但根系效率与对照相比没有显著差异.在湿润条件下,小剪根处理对籽粒产量并没有显著的影响,而大剪根处理小麦的籽粒产量显著下降;在中度干旱胁迫条件下,小剪根处理小麦的产量(25.18 g pot-1)显著高于对照(22.31 g par-1),但大剪根处理小麦的产量(18.34 g pot-1)显著下降;在严重干旱条件下,两个剪根处理小麦的产量均显著下降.在湿润和中度干旱胁迫条件下,小剪根处理籽粒产量水平的水分利用效率(分别为1.57 g kg-1和1.85 g kg-1)显著大于相应的对照处理(分别为1.46 g kg-1和1.55 g kg-1),但大剪根处理水分利用效率和对照相比没有显著差异;在严重干旱条件下,各剪根处理的水分利用效率和对照相比没有显著差异.可见,在湿润和中度干旱条件下进行的适当根修剪根对作物生产是有利的.图1表3参15     

土壤氨氧化细菌对大气CO2浓度增高的响应

摘要：利用FACE(free．aircarbondioxideenrichment，开放式空气CO2浓度增高)试验平台，研究大气CO2浓度增高对土壤氨氧化细菌的数量、优势菌群及其硝化活性的影响。结果表明，大气CO2浓度增高时，土壤氨氧化细菌的数量在常氮水平上趋于而在高氮水平上与对照没有差异。大气CO2浓度增高对土壤氨氧化细菌的优势菌群也产生明显影响。CO2浓度增高条件下，亚硝化球菌(Nitrosococcus sp.)和亚硝化弧菌(Nitrosovibrio sp．)是优势菌属；而在对照条件下，亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas sp．)和亚硝化球菌(Nitrosococcus sp．)是优势菌属。另外，CO2浓度增高条件下优势菌株的硝化活性也有不同程度的减弱。     

包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、NOx、CO2影响的研究

为了研究包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、Nox和CO2的影响,采用水稻盆栽的方法,探讨了在水稻不同生育期内不同种类包膜尿素对水田土壤排放NH3、Nq和CO2的影响。结果表明,包膜尿素处理对水田土壤排放NH3、Nq和CO2均具有抑制作用,与普通尿素相比,包膜尿素LP40、LPSS、BB、SC60NH3的挥发总量降低了5．4％-19．3％,Nox的挥发总量降低了8．1％-23．4％,CO2的挥发总量降低了1．6％-13．O％;施用包膜尿素能够抑制水田土壤NH3、NOx和CO2的排放。     

近地层臭氧浓度升高对稻田土壤氨氧化与反硝化细菌活性的影响

利用中国唯一的稻麦轮作臭氧FACE（free-air O3 concentration enrichment,开放式空气臭氧浓度增高）试验平台,研究近地层臭氧浓度升高对稻田不同生育时期植株氮吸收量、土壤氮含量与脲酶活性、土壤氨氧化细菌与反硝化细菌数量以及成熟期土壤硝化与反硝化作用强度的影响。结果发现,臭氧浓度升高条件下,单株水稻（Oryza sativaL.）的氮吸收量趋于升高,土壤全氮含量趋于下降、脲酶活性趋于增强,在成熟期土壤全氮与对照相比平均下降9%,土壤脲酶活性与对照相比平均升高13%。在水稻整个生长季节,土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量均呈现出先增多后减少的趋势,且均在开花期达到峰值,但臭氧熏蒸土壤与对照相比趋于升高;在水稻成熟期,土壤中单个氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的活性均趋于下降,土壤硝化强度和反硝化强度与对照相比也平均下降17%和24%。结果表明,近地层臭氧浓度升高条件下,稻田土壤氮素转化因为水稻氮素吸收增强而加快,土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量均趋于增多,但它们的生理代谢活性均趋于下降。     

施肥与设施栽培措施对土壤微生物区系的影响

微生物肥料的施用能显著增加土壤中放线菌的数量，而降低细菌和霉菌的数量；施用有机肥对土壤微生物有较大的影响，其中，有机肥与无机肥，有机肥与生物肥配合施用的影响尤为明显，与对照相比，土壤中细菌数量分别增加109．8％和405．0％，放线菌数量分别增加320．3％和215．0％，而真菌数量分别降低44．0％和47．2％。大棚栽培条件下土壤微生物数量高于露地；在大棚中，种植年限长的土壤微生物数量低于种植年限短的。     

苯胺的超监界水氧化研究

苯胺的超临界水氧化表明，氧化剂H2O2、试验温度、压力和停留时间以及水样的起始TOC值对TOC的去除率有显著影响。在本试验中，选取了硫酸铜、硫酸铁、硫酸锰等金属盐进行苯胺的均相催化氧化试验研究，结果表明，这些金属盐对苯胺的氧化有不同的催化活性，筛选出硫酸锰和硫酸亚铁进行了进一步研究，以硫酸猛作催化剂为例，在450℃，28MPa，K＝1．1，pH＝4．0的条件下，当停留时间为46s时，TOC去除率达到100％。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.