不同林分密度对尾巨桉生物产量及生产力的影响研究

对湘南低山丘岗区密度为600、900和1200株·hm-2的6年生尾巨桉丰产示范林进行了生物量及生产力的测定分析.结果表明:单株生物量随密度的增加而明显减小,低密度林分是高密度林分的4.36倍;林分生物量随密度的增加而减小,低密度林分比高密度林分高出48.26t·hm-2.年均净生物量分别达到14.86,11.42,6.82t·hm-2·a-1.林分各组分的生物量随密度的增大而减小,并出现W干>W根>W枝的规律.林分结构以低密度林分合理,叶面积指数最高,干材生物量达60%以上.在湘南低山丘岗区发展潜力大,可作为短周期纸浆材林培育首选树种.     

农林复合经营研究──菠萝与桉树轮作对林木生长和土壤的影响

本文调查研究了雷州林业局唐家林场、龙门林场菠萝与桉材轮作对林木生长和土壤的影响．结果表明：菠萝与桉树轮作．有利于桉树生长，单位面积林本蓄积量和年生长量均比对照林分显著增加．经济效益显著；土壤养分和土壤结构状况也有改善．作为农林复合经营的有益尝试，值得在有条件的地区推广．     

飞播马尾松林生物产量及生产力研究

湘乡市16年生不同密度的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)飞播林林分单株生物量随密度的增加而明显减小,低密度林分是高密度林分的2 42倍,高出18.33kg;当林分密度一定后,林分生物量同样随密度的增加而减小,低密度林分比高密度林分高出21.81t/hm2。林分各组生物量随密度增大而减小,并出现W>W根>W枝>W皮>W叶的规律。年均净生长量低密度林分是高密度林分的1.40倍。     

不同密度侧柏人工林碳储量变化及其机理初探

以徐州侧柏Platycladus orientalis（Linn）Franco人工林为研究对象,运用生物量转化方程及土壤调查数据探讨了1 679、2 250和3 074株.hm-2的3种密度对生态系统碳储量的影响及其机理。结果表明,①乔木层、土壤层和生态系统的碳储量均随林分密度的增加而明显减少,灌草层碳储量在低林分密度最大,而枯落物层碳储量在中林分密度最大。低林分密度生态系统的碳储量是94.11 t.hm-2,分别是中密度和高密度生态系统的碳储量1.19倍和1.28倍,而这种差异主要是由乔木层和土壤层碳储量差异引起的。②林分密度对细根生物量的影响不显著（P〉0.05）,而细根形态随林分密度的增加表现为低级根中1、2级根直径变粗,根长先变长后变短,比根长变短（P〈0.05）;而高级根中的5级根直径显著变细,根长和比根长变长（P〉0.05）。③林分密度对细根生物量的影响与乔木层、土壤层和生态系统碳储量的变化规律具有较高的一致性,均为低密度下最大,高密度下最小。因此,细根生物量可能是导致系统碳储量变化的主要因素之一。     

国外松人工促进天然更新初步研究

国外松飞子成林能力较强，在人工促进措施下进行天然更新，幼树的地径和树高生长速度达到人工造林水平，而每亩可节约造林成本34．95元，经济效益显著。值得大力推广。     

雅安市谢家山两种密度柳杉人工林群落结构和物种多样性研究

林分密度是影响林分生长、群落结构及生物多样性的重要因素之一,对近自然森林的经营改造、森林生态系统稳定性的维持及林业可持续发展具有重要意义。为研究林分密度对群落结构和物种多样性的影响,并探索维持人工林生态系统的稳定性和促进近自然林业改造的合理林分密度,采用典型样地法,以物种丰富度指数D值、Shannon-wienner指数H值、Simpson优势度指数H′值和均匀度指数Jsw值作为综合衡量群落物种多样性的指标,对比研究了雅安市谢家山两种林分密度(高密度和低密度)对柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)人工林群落结构和物种多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)共记录到植物109种,隶属57科95属。高密度群落物种组成为乔木11种,灌木27种,草本41种;低密度群落物种组成为乔木17种,灌木35种,草本35种;(2)从群落结构上看,在高密度下,物种多分布在中径级(胸径11.0~23.0cm)和高高度级(高度15.0~24.0 m);在低密度下,物种多分布在小、中径级(胸径5.0~23.0 cm)和小、中高度级(高度9.0~21.0 m);(3)两种密度下群落的各指数均表现为:草本层灌木层乔木层。物种丰富度指数D值在乔木层和灌木层表现为低密度高密度,在草本层表现为低密度高密度。从Simpson指数H′值、Shannon-Wiener指数H值和均匀度指数值Jsw值分析来看,乔木层这些指数均表现为低密度高密度,而灌木和草本层则与之相反;研究认为低密度(1 250~1 375/(株·hm-2))更利于谢家山地区柳杉人工林多样性的维持及柳杉树种的自然更新。     

鄱阳湖沙化土地湿地松人工林碳蓄积量研究

2008─2010年在鄱阳湖建立了110 hm2鄱阳湖沙化土地生态恢复示范区,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,测定了多宝乡沙山生态恢复示范区内不同沙化程度(重度、中度、轻度)湿地松(Pinus elliottii)人工林碳含量和碳蓄积量,分析碳蓄积量的空间分布及原因。结果表明:随着沙化程度的加大,林分密度减小,碳蓄积量也减小,表现为轻度沙化区中度沙化区重度沙化区,其中,(1)乔木层重度、中度和轻度沙化区地上部分碳蓄积量分别为:1.88、3.45、19.22 t·hm-2,碳蓄积量在各器官中的分布呈树干树枝树叶;(2)土壤层重度、中度和轻度沙化区碳蓄积量分别为0.59、0.9、1.3 t·hm-2,碳蓄积量主要集中在表层0~10 cm土层中,随土层深度的加深,土壤碳含量和土壤碳密度呈不断递减趋势,但轻度沙化区,却呈现表层土壤深层土壤中层土壤的趋势;(3)凋落物层重度、中度和轻度沙化区碳蓄积量分别为0.12、0.59、1.22 t·hm-2;(4)林下植被层碳含量明显低于乔木层,范围在365.8~475.9 mg·g-1之间,不同沙化程度(以单叶蔓荆为例,重度、中度、轻度沙化区碳含量依次为446.3、441.1、469.8 mg·g-1)和不同物种之间差异不大(重度沙化区单叶蔓荆和狗牙根碳含量依次为446.3、416.5 mg·g-1)。可见生态条件较好的轻度沙化区植被更容易恢复成功,生态系统的固碳能力更强、效益更好。高密度的单一植物群落抑制林下植被的存活与扩展,因此沙化土地生态治理应该由易(轻度沙化区)到难(重度沙化区)依次进行,同时在先锋物种湿地松定居后要适时引入其他草本或阔叶植物物种,完善植物群落结构,增加沙化土地恢复区人工林的碳蓄积量。     

连续年龄序列尾巨桉人工林养分循环

为探究尾巨桉乔木层养分随林龄变化的趋势,对闽南山区连续年龄序列(2年、3年、4年、5年、6年)尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylly×E.grandis)人工林乔木层的养分积累、分配和循环特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)尾巨桉各组分中氮(N)的含量最高,其次是钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg),最低的为磷(P).(2)尾巨桉养分贮量随林龄增长而增加,各林龄5种养分元素的总贮量依次为753.26、882.07、1 010.22、1 087.51、1 704.79 kg hm-2,其中树干的养分贮量最大,枝的贮量最小.(3)各年龄段人工林对5种养分元素的年净积累量分别为383.37、392.25、424.21、400.89、505.36 kghm-2a-1.(4)各林分养分年吸收量随林龄增加而增加,而养分归还量则呈相反趋势.(5)林分对营养元素的利用系数分别为0.51、0.44、0.42、0.37、0.30,随林龄增加而逐渐减小;循环系数分别为0.18、0.19、0.24、0.24、0.16;周转时间分别为8.76、9.75、7.58、9.39、17.47年.因此,尾巨桉在生长初期对养分的利用效率较小,中期归还给林地的养分多,到了后期对养分利用增加的同时,归还速率也变小,容易引起林地养分的匮乏,在尾巨桉生长初期和后期中应通过施肥、增加林下植被种类和数量来维持林地地力.     

酸沉降和大气污染对华南典型森林生态系统生物量的影响

调查酸沉降和大气污染对华南典型森林生态系统植物生物量的影响。结果发现,环境污染对树木的生长以及森林生物量影响较大。采用树干解析方法研究发现,不管是尾叶桉还是马尾松其树高、胸径和材积连年生长量基本趋势是污染地区样地比清洁区样地低。尾叶桉和马尾松林分中的生物量也是污染区样地比清洁区样地低。污染区样地中尾叶桉和马尾松林分总生物量分别为66.89t·hm-2和77.56t·hm-2,仅分别为清洁区的78.89%和94.49%。环境污染均促进这两个树种根系的生长,而抑制其干材的生长。尾叶桉和马尾松根系生物量占林木层生物量比例:污染区样地分别为65.16%和15.08%;清洁区分别为40.50%和14.48%。此两个树种干材生物量占林木层生物量比例:污染区样地分别为19.87%和57.71%;清洁区分别为38.15%和70.33%。本研究结果将为华南地区森林生态系统的保护提供科学依据。     

干旱胁迫对巨桉幼树生长及光合特性的影响

采用盆栽和持续干旱的方法,研究了干旱胁迫(以2 d为1个处理期,随干旱处理时间延长分别记为D_2,D_4,D_6,D_8,D_(10),D_(12),D_(14),正常浇水记为D_0)对巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)幼树生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)在干旱胁迫6 d以内,尽管巨桉幼树地径和株高增量降低,但与D_0差异不明显;随着胁迫时间的增加(8~16 d),地径和株高增量显著降低(P0.05);(2)随着胁迫时间的增加,叶绿素a含量显著降低(P0.05),叶绿素a/b比值总体呈先升高后降低的趋势,叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量除D_2与D_0差异不显著外,其余各干旱处理均显著小于D0(P0.05);(3)随着胁迫时间的增加,巨桉幼树叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)均呈明显降低趋势,胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)呈先降低后升高的趋势;(4)随着胁迫时间的增加,表观量子效率(YAQ)、Ru BP羧化速率(EC)、光饱和点(Lsp)与CO_2饱和点(C_(sp))均呈下降趋势,光补偿点(L_(cp))、CO_2补偿点(C_(cp))呈上升趋势,最大净光合速率(P_(n,max))呈下降趋势。综上所述,随着干旱程度的加重,巨桉幼树叶片光合色素含量减少,气孔部分关闭,光合器官在一定程度上遭到破坏,对光与CO_2的利用能力降低,光合速率下降,最终使巨桉幼树的生长受到限制。     

A diameter increment model for Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands in Isparta region, Turkey

The purpose of this research was to test the precision of a diameter increment model for the estimation of future periodic diameter increment. Individual trees of Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) located in both natural and plantation stands were selected. For that reason, normal closed canopy, pure, even-aged and undisturbed stands were examined. In 2002, plots were sampled in three natural and three plantation stands in Isparta region of Turkey. The number of sampling points in sample plots ranged from 19 to 55. In each sampling point, a subject tree and six competitors were selected. In each sampling point, subject tree and competitor trees were stem mapped (x and y coordinate system), and diameter (dbh), total height, age, and 10-yrs radial increment recorded. The predictors of a distance dependent diameter increment model were chosen that included tree level (diameter (d), competition index (CI), and age (t)) and stand level (basal area (G), and site index (SI)) characteristics as well as their transformations. The best fit index of the regression model was pursued in trials with variable combinations. The models explained 65%, 60%, 68% and 50% of the variation in individual tree diameter increment of Crimean pine and Calabrian pine for both natural and plantations stands, respectively. These models can be estimated diameter increment of individual trees at highly significant level (p<0.001).     

北京建成区道路绿化空间结构和行道树健康状况

采用实地普查测量方法,定量研究了北京建成区188条道路行道树的树种结构、径级分布、立木层次和健康状况。结果表明,国槐（Sophora japonica）、毛白杨（Populus alba）、银杏（Ginkgo biloba）是建成区主要行道树种,使用量分别占研究区树木总株数的54．7％、13．7％和7．4％。建成区树木...     

几种不同更新的森林群落碳储量结构特征分析

森林更新是维持和扩大森林资源的主要途径,也是森林结构调整、森林可持续经营和构建多功能高效的森林生态系统的过程。在安徽南部的岭南林场,选择了马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb）人工林（MP）、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林（CF）、阔叶混交天然次生林（MB）和针阔混交人工次生林（MN）等4种具有典型代表性的森林群落类型,研究了不同更新方式形成的森林群落的碳储量结构特征。结果表明：（1）针阔混交次生林树干生物量密度最大,为（67.32±56.57）mg.hm-2,杉木人工林生物量密度最小,为（43.79±9.13）mg.hm-2,而马尾松树干生物量所占比例最大,为（64.04±1.49）%。阔叶混交次生林碳储量最高,为（126.47±90.75）mg.hm-2;（2）4种群落类型中,阔叶混交林与马尾松群落碳密度最大,分别为95.67和98.21mg.hm-2,杉木群落碳密度最小,为55.41 mg.hm-2。阔叶混交林中的灌木层生物量碳密度最大,为（17.438±24.627）mg hm-2,马尾松林的草本层和枯落层生物量碳密度最高,分别为（1.326±0.431）、（5.517±2.846）mg.hm-2;（3）阔叶混交林群落的地下碳储量最高,为（10.5±9.8）mg.hm-2,群落地下碳储量从大到小的顺序是阔叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉杉木林〉马尾松林。相应的群落地上碳储量从大到小的顺序是阔叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉马尾松林〉杉木林。杉木林根茎比（R/S）最大,为0.21±0.01,杉木林群落中的灌木层根茎比（R/S）最大,为1.61±0.11;（4）在阔叶混交林中,株数密度与乔木层、草本层的碳比例正相关。在杉木林群落中,平均胸径、株数密度与乔木层碳所占比例成负相关。除杉木林群落外,灌木层碳含量之比与胸径及密度等调查因子都呈负相关。     

Importance of conserving large and old trees to continuity of tree-related microhabitats

Protecting structural features, such as tree-related microhabitats (TreMs), is a cost-effective tool crucial for biodiversity conservation applicable to large forested landscapes. Although the development of TreMs is influenced by tree diameter, species, and vitality, the relationships between tree age and TreM profile remain poorly understood. Using a tree-ring-based approach and a large data set of 8038 trees, we modeled the effects of tree age, diameter, and site characteristics on TreM richness and occurrence across some of the most intact primary temperate forests in Europe, including mixed beech and spruce forests. We observed an overall increase in TreM richness on old and large trees in both forest types. The occurrence of specific TreM groups was variably related to tree age and diameter, but some TreM groups (e.g., epiphytes) had a stronger positive relationship with tree species and elevation. Although many TreM groups were positively associated with tree age and diameter, only two TreM groups in spruce stands reacted exclusively to tree age (insect galleries and exposed sapwood) without responding to diameter. Thus, the retention of trees for conservation purposes based on tree diameter appears to be a generally feasible approach with a rather low risk of underrepresentation of TreMs. Because greater tree age and diameter positively affected TreM development, placing a greater emphasis on conserving large trees and allowing them to reach older ages, for example, through the establishment of conservation reserves, would better maintain the continuity of TreM resource and associated biodiversity. However, this approach may be difficult due to the widespread intensification of forest management and global climate change.     

中亚热带杉木人工林冰雪灾害引发的林木损害及林地养分分布

对中亚热带被冰雪灾害破坏的杉木林地的杉木损害程度及其林地养分分布变化进行了调查,冻雨在杉木枝叶上形成冰柱,造成大量的林木折冠,林木折断的树干部位随胸径的增加而显著升高。树木残体的干质量达25987.6kg·hm-2,树干、枝、叶和皮分别占44%、27%、22%和7%。树木残体中叶、干、枝和皮的N、P和K储量分别占其N、P和K总储量的62%、18%、13%和7%。杉木林地的N、P、K3种养分的积累量为63294.5kg·hm-2,杉木残体的养分仅占杉木林地的0.23%,凋落物层的养分占0.09%,而土壤养分所占比例高达99.68%。3种养分数量在各组分中均为N〉K〉P。雨雪冰冻灾害造成的杉木折干增加了土壤肥力。林冠残体分解引起的养分含量下降,林冠破坏后几乎没有凋落物归还土壤,华南地区频降大雨造成的速效养分流失将使土壤变得贫瘠。     

Complementary Roles of Home Gardens and Exotic Tree Plantations as Alternative Habitats for Plants of the Ethiopian Montane Rainforest

Abstract:  Many tropical forests have been converted for agri- or silviculture or a combination of both (agroforestry). Conservation at a landscape scale requires an understanding of the distribution and abundance of native biodiversity in these converted natural ecosystems, of which the knowledge is especially poor for African agroecosystems. We compared species density and species composition of four plant groups (trees and shrubs, epiphytic vascular plants, mosses, and liverworts) among three arboreal land-use types in southwestern Ethiopia (montane rainforest fragments, shade-tree coffee home gardens, and exotic tree plantations). Species density was significantly higher in forests than in coffee home gardens for all plant groups and in exotic tree plantations for all groups except mosses. Home gardens had more vascular epiphytic species than plantations, whereas the reverse was true for mosses and liverworts. The species composition of the forest plots was sometimes more similar to home-garden plots than plantation plots and sometimes vice versa. Fifteen forest plots had, however, cumulatively more species than a random selection of 15 nonforest (coffee home garden and plantation) plots, even if the 2 plot types complemented each other in terms of habitats for forest plants. Tree plantations dominated by Eucalyptus had many small trees and shrubs in common with forests, whereas plantations with Cupressus were important substrates for forests mosses and liverworts. Our results illustrate the importance of undisturbed forests habitats for conservation of species at a landscape scale and that different human-made land-use types may complement each other in their capacity as additional habitats for forest species.     

岷江干旱河谷典型地段整地造林效果评估

长期以来通过整地造林去恢复重建植被已在横断山区干旱河谷广为采用,然而这样的实践是否能有效提高植被覆盖率并改善土壤水源涵养能力仍不清楚.选择岷江干旱河谷3个典型地段,调查了多年(7～16 a)后整地造林地上植被覆盖、土壤物理性质以及目的造林树种岷江柏(Cupressus chengiana S.Y. Hu)的保存、生长与结实状况,以评价干旱河谷乡土树种造林成效及造林后的生态效果.结果表明:(1)岷江柏在栽植多年后仍有大量死亡,保存率明显下降,造林16 a后仅为38%;(2)不同年代栽植的岷江柏在造林后2～6 a即开始旱现直径年生长量下降趋势;(3)造林带内乡土植被总盖度、灌木盖度、草本盖度、地衣苔藓盖度均低于保留带,因此等高线水平沟整地造林措施未能有效促进乡土植被发育;(4)造林带土壤水分物理性质也不如保留带,整地造林也没有有效改善土壤水源涵养能力.综合分析发现,整地造林多年后岷汀柏造林不仅没有达到岷江干旱河谷预期的生态恢复重建效果,甚至有加剧生态退化的趋势.因此认为:(1)规模化整地造林并不是有效的干旱河谷生态恢复和保护措施;(2)尽管岷江柏是乡土树种,但并不是干旱河谷植被恢复的适宜种.图3表3参29     

桉树人工林生态系统养分循环与平衡研究Ⅴ.桉树林间种山毛豆对土壤肥力与林木生长的作用

桉树人工林间种山毛豆对提高土壤肥力和促进林木生长有极其显著的作用。间种5年后，林地表层土壤有机质和全量养分N、P、K的质量分数，分别为18．21kg／hm^2、0．85kg/hm^2、0．43kg／hm^2、1．30kg/hm^2，而对照林地分别为13．70kg/hm^2、0.56kghm^2、0．34kg/hm^2、1．10kg/hm^2；林地土壤有效养分含量显著提高；土壤结构和土壤水分物理性质显著改善；桉树生长量显著增加，刚果W5桉平均株高增长16％，平均胸径增长22％，单位面积的木材蓄积量增加59％。     

Growth response of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani) plantations to thinning intensity in Western Turkey

This paper presents the growth response of 25 yr old Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) plantation to thinnings of different intensities in Isparta in western Turkey. The thinning intensity was measured by using the residual basal area (%) as parameter. In spring of 2005, three treatments were tested; light, moderate and heavy thinning with respectively 10, 25 and 35% of basal area removed. The statistical design of the experiment was a randomized incomplete block with two blocks and three treatments. Variables such as diameter at breast height (diameter) and height were measured. Growth rate ratios of diameter in moderately thinned and heavily thinned stands were 1.02 and 1.03, respectively. Basal area growth rates in moderately thinned and heavily thinned plots were 0.93 and 1.05, respectively. The largest values for the mean tree were observed with the heaviest thinning treatment. Absolute diameter increment was positively correlated with initial diameter in all plots. Relative diameter growth was negatively correlated with initial diameter. Growth rate interpretations were supported by analysis of variance using Duncan's test of range multiple. The results obtained show significant differences between treatments for tree height growth, for the two inventories carried out (2005, 2008). However diameter basal area and volume were no found between treatments for tree.