应用物种敏感性分布评估多环芳烃对淡水生物的生态风险（Assessing Ecological Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons（PAHs）to Freshwater Organisms by Species Sensitivity Distributions）

阐述了利用物种敏感性分布进行生态风险评价的原理与方法,构建了淡水生物对8种常见多环芳烃(蒽、芘、苯并[a]芘、荧蒽、菲、芴、苊、萘)的物种敏感性分布;在此基础上,计算了这8种多环芳烃对不同类别生物的HC5(Hazardous Concentration for5%of the species)阈值,预测了不同浓度多环芳烃对生物的潜在影响比例PAF(Potentialaffected fraction),比较了不同类别生物对多环芳烃的敏感性,以及多环芳烃对淡水生物的生态风险,并对以红枫湖、黄河、白洋淀为代表的中国典型水体中的多环芳烃进行了联合生态风险评价.结果表明:1)当污染物浓度达到10μg·L-1时,半数多环芳烃的风险超过了5%的阈值;当浓度上升到100μg·L-1时,只有萘和苊没有显著生态风险.2)对于芴和荧蒽,无脊椎动物更为敏感;而对于萘,则脊椎动物更敏感.3)通过HC5值比较和SSD曲线图比较,可得出污染物对所有物种的生态风险大小依次为:蒽>芘>苯并[a]芘>荧蒽>菲>芴>苊>萘;对脊椎动物风险大小为:荧蒽>苊>萘;对无脊椎动物:蒽>芘>荧蒽>菲>芴>苊>萘.4)多环芳烃在红枫湖、黄河、小白洋淀的生态风险均较低,急性联合msPAF(multisubstance PAF)值小于1%.     

淮河流域安徽段水系沉积物中多环芳烃的污染性状研究

应用气相色谱质谱联用仪测定淮河流域安徽段水系沉积物样品中萘、二氢苊、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、、苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a,h]蒽等12种多环芳烃的质量分数,并在此基础上分析沉积物中多环芳烃的区域分布、污染特征和来源。结果表明：研究区水系沉积物中多环芳烃有一定程度的富集,但与国内其他河流相比,样品中多环芳烃的质量分数不高;淮河南北岸支流沉积物中多环芳烃的含量差异比较明显,尤其是东淝河,含量明显低于淮北平原上的其它河流;淮河主干道和北岸支流沉积物中4环以上的多环芳烃含量较高,而南岸支流的淠河和东淝河沉积物中2～3环的多环芳烃平均含量明显高于其他环数;通过污染来源分析,沉积物中多环芳烃除与天然成岩过程有关外,大都是由有机物质的燃烧与热解引起的。     

长春城郊蔬菜地土壤中多环芳烃的含量与分布特征

以长春城市郊区菜地土壤为研究对象,采用GC-FID法对该地区土壤中多环芳烃含量进行分析测定,长春城郊菜地土壤中平均含量苯并(a)芘蒽菲萘.该地区土壤中萘,蒽的含量处于尚清洁水平;部分区域土壤中苯并(a)芘和菲的含量处于轻度污染水平.     

北京地区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源分析

根据北京地区不同环境功能区62个样品的分析结果,讨论了研究区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源类型。结果表明：（1）研究区表层土壤中检测到的多环芳烃主要包括萘、苊、菲、惹烯、三芴、荧蒽、芘、、苯并蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘、苯并[a]芘、苝、二苯并[a,h]蒽、茚并[1,2,3–cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝及其同系物;（2）不同环境功能区表层土壤中多环芳烃的组成及质量分数均存在一定的差别,16种优先控制的多环芳烃质量分数为175.1~10 344 ng.g-1,其中城市中心区表层土壤中多环芳烃的质量分数最高,交通干线附近、工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较高,林地、果园和农田表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较低;（3）表层土壤中PAHs既有来源于石油源,也有来源于化石燃料燃烧产物的,但不同功能区二者贡献存在差别,其中农业用地（林地、果园、农田）中PAHs主要来源于石油源（或部分来源于土壤母岩中的有机质）,城区、交通干线附近及工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs污染源以化石燃料燃烧产物输入为主。     

呼和浩特市冬季PM_(10)中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析

2013年12月在呼和浩特市主城区9个环境空气监测点位同步采集PM_(10)样品,对PM_(10)浓度和16种多环芳烃的浓度、污染特征进行了分析,使用特征比值和主成分分析对多环芳烃来源进行了解析.9个监测点位的PM_(10)浓度介于23.5—322μg·m-3之间,16种多环芳烃总量介于5.34—850 ng·m-3之间.荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝和茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘等多环芳烃单体浓度较高,这8种多环芳烃占多环芳烃总浓度的80.4%.主成分分析所获得污染源结果和特征比值法定性判断出的污染源结果一致,燃烧源、机动车尾气源和石油源为主要污染源,分别贡献61.3%、16.0%和10.4%.     

徐州市区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

采用高效液相色谱技术（HPLC）对徐州市大气颗粒物中优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行定量研究。结果表明：萘、芴、苊等低分子量芳烃的含量相对较低;苯并（g,h,i）苝、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘、苯并（k）荧蒽、苯并（a）芘等高分子量芳烃的含量相对较高;含量最高的单体为荧蒽,占待检的16种PAHs的19%以上。不同环数多环芳烃含量大小顺序为：4环〉5环〉6环〉3环〉2环。可吸入颗粒物（PM10）中苯并（a）芘和∑PAHs在不同功能区的分布特征大体上一致,并呈现一定规律性：交通干线区〉工业区〉风景文化区〉居民区〉新城区。由此可以初步认为徐州市区PM10中的PAHs主要来源于燃煤和汽车尾气。     

中国主要地区表层土壤多环芳烃含量及来源解析

以表层土壤多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)为研究对象,查阅2000—2016年间发表的101篇中国主要地区表层土壤多环芳烃的文献,系统分析了中国主要地区表层土壤中PAHs的含量、组分、分布特征及主要来源,为中国土壤多环芳烃污染防治提供科学依据。结果表明:中国主要地区表层土壤中16种优控多环芳烃总量(中位值)(∑PAHs)为515.70 ng·g~(-1),和其他国家相比处于中等水平。16种多环芳烃(PAHs)在表层土中以菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)和萘(Nap)的含量(中位值)最高,苊烯(Acy)、苊(Ane)以及茚苯并(1,2,3,-cd)芘(Inp)含量(中位值)最低;∑PAHs含量(中位值)地域分布表现为西北地区华北地区东北地区华东地区华中地区华南地区西南地区。表层土壤PAHs组成以高环(4环及以上)为主,占60.06%,不同地区PAHs的组成不同;通过对16种检出PAHs进行聚类分析,得出中国主要地区PAHs主要有煤炭燃烧源、油类燃料燃烧源、焦油生产源、石油源和生物质燃烧源等5个来源。结合同分异构体比值法和污染物特征指数法,进一步对22个省区表层土壤PAHs进行聚类分析,得出新疆、天津、陕西表层土壤PAHs主要来源于液化石油燃料及原油的污染,燃料成分主要为汽油;福建、吉林、山西、贵州和江西表层土壤中PAHs主要来源于草、木材、煤炭及生物质燃烧;北京、湖北、黑龙江、安徽、西藏、江苏、广东、浙江、湖南、山东、宁夏、重庆及香港等表层土壤PAHs则主要来源于液体化石燃料、生物质及煤炭的燃烧,燃料成分为煤炭和汽油。     

青岛地区大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的GC/MS分析

本文采集了青岛5个区的大气气溶胶样品，参照美国EPA610方法，用GC/MS分析鉴定多环芳烃。结果表明，青岛市大气气溶胶中PAHs总量的总趋势是东部高于西部，中部高于南、北部。多环芳烃的环数分布表明，气溶胶中PAHs几乎全部由人类活动产生。16种优先控制多环芳烃化合物中的萘、苊、芴、荧蕙、茚并[1，2，3-cd]芘，苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽等有毒有害有机污染物普遍检出于市内五区。苯并[a]芘的大气含量甚微。     

上海市某工业区大气颗粒物(PM10)中多环芳烃的来源和分布特征

利用大气采样器采集上海市某工业区焦化厂,电厂和氯碱厂的大气颗粒物(PM10),结果显示,工业区中低环化合物占优势;焦化厂、电厂和氯碱厂含量最高的化合物分别是萘、苊和菲;煤炭燃烧是该工业区焦化厂和电厂多环芳烃的主要来源,氯碱厂多环芳烃可能主要是来自于其上风向的焦化厂,二者可能有弱的相关性;苯并(a)芘含量处于中等污染水平.     

墨水河表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征、来源解析及生态风险评价

本文运用GC-MS测定了墨水河表层沉积物中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度,采用多种数据分析技术解析了PAHs的来源.结果表明,苊烯、苊、蒽和苯并(a)蒽在部分样品中未检出,其余12种在所有样品中均有检出,16种PAHs总浓度为196.51—8549.33 ng·g~(-1),平均浓度为3320.03 ng·g~(-1).沉积物中PAHs的环数分布以高环为主,运用轻重比、分子比值和主成分分析-多元线性回归模型(PCA-MLR)等3种方法,共同确定PAHs的主要来源分别为混合源(煤炭、生物质和汽油燃烧源)、柴油燃烧源和石油源,这3种来源对总PAHs的贡献分别为59.8%、26.0%和14.2%.效应区间低/中值法(ERL/ERM)对PAHs生态风险分析表明,芴、菲、苯并(a)蒽、、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽和苯并(a)芘在墨水河中下游偶尔会产生负面生态风险,二苯并(a,h)蒽存在经常产生负面生态效应的可能;平均效应区间中值商法(M-ERM-Q)分析表明,墨水河上游和入海口处PAHs的综合生态风险较低,而中下游站位则具有中低风险.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.