酚类化合物对不同组织细胞DNA损伤的研究

应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术 ,研究了酚类化合物对不同组织细胞DNA的损伤 .试验结果表明 ,酚类化合物均能引起不同组织细胞不同程度的DNA损伤 ,并呈现剂量效应关系 .其高剂量组与对照组相比 ,均有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1 ) .不同组织细胞对同一种药物呈现出不同的敏感性 .酚类化合物遗传毒性效应与其结构密切相关     

恩诺沙星对土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性的影响（Effects of Enrofloxacin on the Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities）

为了评价恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin)对土壤微生物群落的影响,借助BIOLOG检测法比较了不同浓度恩诺沙星影响下的土壤微生物的群落特征.结果表明,加药组土壤微生物的丰富度指数和多样性指数显著低于空白对照组,且药物浓度越高丰富度和多样性越小.用药后第3d、14d,恩诺沙星含量0.1～100μg·g-1使土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性显著降低(p<0.05);第35d,恩诺沙星含量10～100μg·g-1使土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性显著降低,随着药物作用的时间延长,药物含量0.01～1μg·g-1组土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性与空白对照组之间的差异变小.     

糖萜素对早期断奶仔猪生产性能的影响研究

本试验探讨饲料中添加糖萜素对早期断奶仔猪生产性能的影响.选用21日龄左右健康无病、初重基本一致的杜长大猪进行饲喂试验,随机分为五组,每组3个重复,每重复8头猪,自由采食和自由饮水.试验设计为:第Ⅰ组为对照组,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在每公斤基础日粮中分别加入250 mg、500 mg糖萜素,第Ⅳ、Ⅴ组在公斤基础日粮中分别加入250 mg糖萜素 4 mg黄霉素、4 mg黄霉素.结果表明:第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组的平均末重较对照组分别提高4.00%、12.30%、5.21%、2.64%,平均日增重第Ⅲ组与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05).与添加250 mg/kg糖萜素、黄霉素单独使用相比,糖萜素与黄霉素联合使用明显提高了饲料转化率,糖萜素与黄霉素表现一定的协同作用.     

低温下豆瓣菜(Nasturtium officinale R. Br.)浮床对池塘废水的净化效果

池塘常在冬季排水清塘,导致大量富营养化废水进入周围环境造成污染,因此研究低温下净化养殖废水对于保护环境、实现渔业可持续发展具有重要意义.采用室内模拟试验比较低温条件下(3.3-17.2℃)不同生物量的豆瓣菜浮床对池塘养殖废水中氮磷营养盐、高锰酸盐指数和叶绿素a的去除效果.试验共设置5个梯度水平,包括1个对照组(0 g/m~2)和4个处理组(100、200、300、400 g/m~2).结果显示豆瓣菜浮床能够降低水体p H值、溶解氧、电导率、氮磷营养盐浓度、高锰酸盐指数和叶绿素a浓度.试验第28和35天处理组4总氮去除率显著高于其他组(P0.05).NH4-N去除率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,各组NH4-N去除率间没有显著差异.第7和14天各处理组的NO2-N去除率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且随着生物量的增加去除速率逐渐升高.第7天处理组1-3的NO3-N去除率显著高于对照组(P0.05),但试验后期各组NO_3-N去除率间无显著差异.第7天处理组2和处理组4中总磷去除率显著高于对照组(P0.05),后期各组间无显著差异.第21天对照组高锰酸盐指数去除率显著高于处理组3和4(P0.05),但与处理组1和2没有显著差异.第21天处理组2的叶绿素a去除率显著高于其他各组(P0.05).综上认为豆瓣菜可作为低温条件下净化池塘养殖废水的浮床植物,综合考虑成本和净化效率其种植生物量为200 g/m~2较适宜.     

不同药物防疫程序对三黄鸡育雏效果的比较研究

采取3个不同药物防疫程序对2 100羽三黄鸡进行了为期8周的育雏试验,其成活率均在96%以上,其中试验2组效果最好,成活率达98.42%,此预防程序可在实际生产中应用。     

欧盟机构更新替代方法数据库

<正>2014年10月2日欧盟动物试验替代方法参考实验室(EURL ECVAM)更新了其替代方法数据库的数据检索系统DBALM2014。此外,已经发布了符合规制要求并且/或正在致癌性、眼刺激性和皮肤致敏性等领域进行验证的下列体外方法:1在6孔和96孔板中的bhas42细胞转化试验;2体外BALB/c 3T3细胞转化分析;3眼刺激分析系统;4人类细胞系活化试验。引自《化学品安全信息周报》2014年第41期总第305期(中国检验检疫科学研究院化学品安全研究所编译)http://www.chinachemicals.org.cn/reported_detail.aspx?contentid=317Class ID=230     

部分离子液体及其混合物对发光菌的毒性作用

离子液体(ILs)因其环境安全和良好的非挥发性而得以广泛应用,尽管其理化性质与工程数据一直在不断扩充,但其可用的毒性及生态毒性数据很少.以青海弧菌Q67为指示生物,应用微板发光毒性测试方法,测定了C6H11BF4N(2S1)、C8H15ClN2(S2)、C8H15BF4N2(S3)、C9H14BF4N(S4)、C9H17BF4N2(S5)、C9H17BrN2(S6)、C11H13BF4N2(S7)、C11H13ClN2(S8)、C12H23BrN2(S9)、C14H27BF4N(2S10)、C14H27ClN(2S11)和C16H31ClN(2S12)等12种ILs对发光菌的发光抑制毒性.结果表明,4种ILs(S9、S10、S11、S12)具有高抑制毒性(pEC50>4.5),而另外8种毒性相对较小(pEC50<3.5).为研究混合ILs的联合毒性,根据单个ILs的剂量-效应关系,构建了两组混合物,即由S9、S10、S11和S12构成的高毒性组(简称H组)以及由S2、S3、S4、S5、S6和S8构成的低毒性组(简称L组)混合物.应用非线性模拟技术与剂量加和(DA)及独立作用(IA)模型对混合物毒性数据进行拟合与预测分析,结果表明,以等效应浓度比法设计的混合物,无论是对于H组的4个混合物还是L组的4个混合物,其联合毒性大小均可用DA模型准确预测.对于均匀试验设计浓度比法设计的混合物,H组的6个混合物的毒性可用DA模型有效预测,而L组的6个混合物由于剂量-效应曲线在低浓度区翘起,其混合物毒性用DA或用IA模型预测均有一定误差.     

二氧化硫衍生物引起大鼠血管舒张的细胞信号转导途径

探讨二氧化硫(SO2)及其衍生物(Na2SO3/NaHSO3)引起大鼠血管舒张作用与细胞信号转导的关系.采用放射免疫分析技术测定不同浓度SO2衍生物染毒组和正常组大鼠胸主动脉血管环中环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)、环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)及前列环素(PGI2)和血栓素(TXA2)的代谢产物6酮前列腺素F1α(6KetoPGF1α)和血栓素B2(TXB2)的浓度,以及腺苷酸环化酶(AC)活性.结果表明:①在离体大鼠胸主动脉血管中,cAMP和6KetoPGF1α的含量随二氧化硫衍生物浓度的增高而显著升高,且呈一定的剂量效应关系;②AC活性也随SO2衍生物浓度的增高而增高;③而cGMP的含量在SO2衍生物各浓度组均略微降低,但只有4mmol/L组降低显著;cAMP/cGMP比值在各浓度组与正常对照组(CK)相比均有显著性升高;④TXB2的含量在各浓度组均无明显变化;但6Keto/TXB2比值显著升高.试验得出,SO2衍生物作用于血管组织产生PGI2,后者通过激活AC使胞内cAMP增高,即通过PGI2—AC—cAMP信号转导途径引起血管舒张,血压下降.表2参13     

冷应激对仔猪血浆相关细胞因子和IgG水平的影响

将18头45日龄'约克夏'仔猪随机分成常温对照组(Control,C)、冷暴露组(Cold stress,CS)和冷暴露并糖皮质激素受体阻断组(Cold stress+RU486,CSRU).C组和冷暴露两组分别在18～20℃和4～8℃环境下饲养.在试验第0h、1h、3h、6h、9h、12h时对3组猪前腔静脉采血并分离血浆,应用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测各血浆样品IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、IFN-γ和IgG的浓度.结果显示,冷暴露时间对血浆相关细胞因子和IgG浓度都有不同程度的影响,而CSRU组与CS组对上述指标的影响有明显差异.冷暴露两组血浆IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、IFN-γ都呈先升高然后逐渐波动性下降的趋势,但是CSRU组升高的速度快于CS组;IgG、TNF-α呈先下降然后上升的趋势,但是CSRU组并未像CS组呈现显著的变化.结果提示各细胞因子间存在相互影响、相互倚赖的作用,构成了一个庞大而复杂的细胞因子网络,能迅速引起免疫应答,而糖皮质激素在机体的免疫系统中起着不可忽视的作用.     

226例药物不良反应监察报告分析

目的：分析引起药物不良反应的相关因素.方法：回顾性分析临床用药不良反应的情况.结果：226例不良反应中青年人所占比例明显高于老年人,女性高于男性;抗感染类药物居多;较多累及皮肤黏膜系统;大多数为轻度.结论：药物不良反应的发生与多种因素有关,开展药物不良反应监察制度十分必要,以提高用药质量,减少药物不良反应的发生.表6,参6.     

铅、镉联合暴露对公鸡生长早期生殖发育的影响

为研究铅、镉联合暴露对公鸡生长早期的生殖毒性,150只1日龄雄性AA(爱拨益加)肉鸡被随机分成5组:C、T1、T2、T3和T4,每组6个重复,每重复5只,分别饲喂基础日粮及基础上添加10 mg·kg-1铅+2 mg·kg-1镉、10 mg·kg-1铅+50mg·kg-1镉、100 mg·kg-1铅+2 mg·kg-1镉...     

Developmental change in aggregation,defense and escape behavior of buckmoth caterpillars,Hemileuca lucina (Saturniidae)

Summary Changes in response to attack and the tendency to aggregate were examined in the six larval instars of the buckmoth, Hemileuca lucina (Saturniidae). In response to simulation of attack by a parasitoid and of biting by a predator, early instars (I, II, and III) exhibited defensive behavior much more often than escape behaviors, whereas late instar larvae (IV, V, and VI) usually resorted to escape rather than defend themselves. The situations in which attacked larvae were most likely to stimulate other group members to respond were: second and third instar larvae thrashing in response to simulation of a parasitoid or headrearing in response to simulation of a biting predator; and fourth, fifth and sixth instar larvae dropping in response to either stimulus. An index of reaggregation indicated that first instar larvae had difficulty reaggregating; second, third and fourth instar larvae reaggregated quickly; and fifth and sixth larvae dispersed. As larvae developed, the change from predominantly defense to escape behaviors paralleled the decline in tendency to aggregate.     

Effect of dietary Jatropha curcas seed meal on rabbits infested by adult ticks of Hyalomma marginatum marginatum

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the oral administration of Jatropha curcas seed meal (JCSM) on serum biochemical parameters and histopathology of skin, liver, and kidney of rabbits experimentally infested by Hyalomma marginatum marginatum. Thirty healthy mixed-breed rabbits were randomly divided into five equal groups. The first group was kept as a control and fed soya bean meal. The remaining groups were fed diets containing 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10% JCSM. At the sixth week, each group was divided into two subgroups. Ticks were introduced to all members of one subgroup, the other subgroup being kept as control. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for biochemical parameters before (zero time) and after the treatment, on the 6th and 8th weeks. Histopathological studies were conducted 8 weeks after the treatment. The results revealed that JCSM could be used in the treatment of ectoparasites at levels of less than 10% in the diet without any serious effects on liver and kidney functions.     

连续流处理方式在重金属废水预处理的工程应用

天津某汽车制造厂生产废水污染物种类复杂、水量大,且水质水量波动性较大。将涂装生产工艺的工件初步处理、底漆和面漆3个工段的生产废水依水质不同分为6类,分别进入6个调节池,通过3种不同的预处理方法处理。针对水量大的特点,预处理中采用连续流方式,废水在反应槽内与投加的不同药剂发生反应,再经过斜管沉淀槽的沉淀、反调槽内的反调两个步骤后完成预处理。实践证明,预处理后的废水总镍达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）第1类污染物排放标准,总磷和总锌达到第2类污染物的2级排放标准。     

5种酚类化合物对3种水生生物的毒性作用

通过测定藻细胞密度和溞数量的变化,研究了5种酚类化合物对蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）、斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）和多刺裸腹溞（Moina macrocopa）3种水生生物的影响.结果表明,在实验第6天,随酚类化合物浓度增加,藻细胞密度与对照组相比明显下降,多刺裸腹...     

VOCs、细菌及颗粒物混合暴露致小鼠学习记忆障碍机制研究

室内空气污染的现状是多种污染源共存,挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)、细菌及颗粒物等是典型室内空气污染物。神经行为学毒性是室内空气污染引起的敏感毒性作用之一。为了探讨VOCs、细菌及颗粒物混合暴露对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响及机制,选用雄性昆明小鼠70只,随机分为对照(G1)和2～7(G2～G7)号染毒组。采用水迷宫和抓力仪测定小鼠的学习记忆潜伏期和抓力,染毒结束后测定全脑中活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA),神经递质谷氨酸(Glu)、乙酰胆碱(Ach)含量以及胆碱能系统的乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(TChE)活力,同时分析脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、胶质细胞神经营养因子(GDNF)及神经生长因子(NGF)的水平。结果显示,第6天,G5、G6及G7小鼠的抓力、逃避潜伏期及在原平台所在象限的探索时间较对照组存在显著差异,并且伴有ROS、MDA含量的显著升高,Glu含量的显著升高,Ach含量、ChAT及TChE活力的显著降低,以及神经营养因子的显著下调(P<0.05或P<0.01)。研究结果表明,VOCs、颗粒物及细菌混合暴露能够导致小鼠学习记忆障碍,混合暴露引起的氧化损伤诱导的神经兴奋或抑制性毒性作用,以及神经营养因子沿轴突逆向传递降低或中断两方面作用导致神经递质产生和释放异常,进而引起学习记忆能力降低。     

Coral genera of New Caledonia

Although New Caledonia is surrounded by one of the 3 largest coral reef systems of the world, the published generic records indicate abnormally low coral diversity. Exploration of the reefs in the south-eastern part of the island, largely by means of SCUBA, has yielded specimens which increase the known genera and sub-genera by 50%. New Caledonia now ranks sixth among the coral provinces of the world, with at least 53 genera and sub-genera of reef-building corals. Many of the new records were made in a type of coral environment unlike any previously described. Comparison of the New Caledonia fauna with those of Fiji, the Grett Barrier Reef of Australia, and the Ryukyu Islands reaffirms the remarkable homogeneity of the Indo-Pacific coral faunas.     

Evaluation of initiation activity of dimethylarsinic acid: Initiation potential of rat hepatocarcinogenesis

There is a dearth of data on the initiation activity of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA (V)), a major metabolite of the ubiquitous environmental and occupational carcinogen and toxicant, arsenic (As). The initiation activity of DMA (V) was investigated on rat hepatocarcinogenesis with liver being a major target organ for As-induced carcinogenicity. A total of 50 rats at 10 weeks old were randomly divided in a nine-week medium-term bioassay into four groups. Groups 1 and 2 received 200 ppm of DMA (V) in drinking water for four weeks while groups 3 and 4 drank only tap water until the sixth week when groups 1 and 3 were given 0.01% 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) in their diet for two weeks in the promotion stage. All animals were subjected to two-third partial hepatectomy (PH) at the seventh week. Quantitative analysis of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci in liver, a pre-neoplastic marker of rat hepatocarcinogenesis, demonstrated higher numbers in group 1 (DMA (V) + 2-AAF) than 3 (2-AAF alone) at foci consisting of two–four cells and 15 or a greater number of cells. The numbers of GST-P positive foci consisting of five–nine cells were significantly higher in group 1 than 3. Foci consisting of 10–14 cells were also higher but not significantly different. The GST-P positive foci were apparently similar in groups 2 and 4. Expression of total GST-P positive foci was significantly higher in group 1 compared to 2, 3 or 4. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) test performed to clarify the apparent trend of GST-P data revealed significantly higher PCNA index in group 1. Data indicate weak initiation potential of DMA (V) and for the first time appear to provide evidence for initiation activity in DMA (V)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.     

Effects of Cd2+ exposure on key life history traits and activities of four metabolic enzymes in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidopteran: Noctuidae)

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential element accumulated easily in living organisms due to its non-biodegradable nature. A slight increase in Cd levels will threaten the health of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Therefore, Cd contamination and its effects on the ecosystems and organisms have become a major topic of eco-toxicological research. The present study investigated the eco-toxicological effects of Cd-supplemented diet on some life history traits and specific enzyme activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. The results showed that Cd significantly decreased larval survival, pupation and emergence, and reduced body mass of the sixth instar larvae, pupae, adult moths and female fecundity. Cd-supplemented diet also delayed the development of larvae and pupae and shortened the life span of the cotton bollworm moth. In addition, dietary Cd inhibited the activities of GST, CarE and P450, but increased AChE activity of the sixth instar larvae. We concluded that life history traits and metabolic enzymes are sensitive to Cd stress in the cotton bollworm. These parameters are potential biomarkers for monitoring environmental stress in Lepidopteran insect pests.     

Long-term stability and risk assessment of copper and cadmium in a smelter-impacted soil treated by four amendments

In an effort to address public concerns of the long-term stability and ecological risk reduction of Cu and Cd in a farmland located at the Guixi, Jiangxi Province, China, containing ～ 800?mg?kg^?1 Cu and 0.8?mg?kg^?1 Cd soil, were treated in situ by attapulgite, apatite, montmorillonite and lime at the rate: 10, 10, 10 and 4?g?kg^?1 soil, respectively. Field experiment consisted of 2?×?3-m plots arranged in a randomised complete block design with each treatment. Soil and plant samples were collected in sixth years post-treatments and analysed for Cu and Cd bioaccessibility, chemical fraction and Cu, Cd concentration in plant tissue. The results indicated that the apatite and lime treatments significantly reduced bioaccessible and exchangeable fractions Cu and Cd in the soil at sixth years post the treatments. Cu and Cd concentration in plant tissue was positively related to the bioaccessibility of Cu and Cd. The treatment used 10?g apatite kg^?1 soil appeared to be most effective for overall risk reduction. The Cu and Cd stabilisation and risk reduction by the apatite treatments were accomplished by the induced transformation of labile Cu and Cu species to relatively insoluble forms. This study illustrated that in situ Cu and Cd stabilisation by apatite would be long-term and ecologically safe, which could safeguard human health and ecosystem from Cu and Cd contamination in mining areas.