EDTA对微电解体系降解对硝基酚的影响

考察了EDTA对微电解体系降解对硝基酚的影响及作用机制,结果表明,EDTA能够提高微电解处理对硝基酚的效果;单因素试验法确定了微电解/EDTA体系处理1000mg·l~(-1)对硝基酚的最佳条件:铁屑量120g·l~(-1),碳量20g·l~(-1),pH值为3,EDTA浓度1mmol·l~(-1).在此条件反应60min,对硝基酚去除率为89.7%,而常规微电解在最佳条件下对硝基酚的去除率仅为53.8%.值得关注的是EDTA不仅提高了对硝基酚的去除率,而且拓宽了微电解体系对pH值的适应范围,在中性条件下微电解/EDTA体系对硝基酚的去除率达到了63.5%,而相同条件下传统微电解法仅为19.5%.同时,通过对降解产物的鉴定,分析了对硝基酚在微电解/EDTA体系的降解途径.     

亚硝酸盐存在下4-氯酚在硫酸根自由基高级氧化工艺中的转化及硝基氯酚的生成

硫酸根自由基(SO_4~(·-))高级氧化工艺(SR-AOPs)被广泛应用于土壤和地下水污染修复,然而其使用过程中生成的有毒有害副产物尚未引起重视.本研究以热活化过硫酸盐(PS)为反应体系,考察亚硝酸盐(NO~-_2)对4-氯酚(4CP)转化和产物生成的影响.色谱-质谱联用分析表明, SO_4~(·-)可介导亚硝态氮掺入4CP分子结构,生成4-氯-2-硝基酚(4C2NP).4C2NP的生成是4CP酚氧自由基(ClPhO~·)与二氧化氮自由基(NO_2~·)相互耦合的结果.在50μmol·L~(-1) 4CP、 2 mmol·L~(-1) PS、溶液pH 7.0、加热温度50℃、NO~-_2浓度50—400μmol·L~(-1)条件下,4C2NP产率介于57.9%—91.8%之间.在中性pH条件下,4C2NP在热活化PS体系中可发生进一步转化.增加NO~-_2浓度稍微抑制了4CP的转化,却显著提高了4C2NP的产率.Suwannee河富里酸(SRFA)的存在缓减了4CP的转化,但4CP转化生成4C2NP仍然是其消亡的主要途径.结果说明,在NO~-_2存在下,采用SR-AOPs处理氯酚可生成具有"三致"效应的硝基氯酚,必须引起足够重视.     

水中2,4-二硝基酚超声降解的研究

研究不同添加剂对水中2,4-二硝基酚超声降解的影响,结果表明,CuO,CCl4,O3,KI和NaCl可有效促进2,4-二硝基酚的超声降解,而Na2CO3显著抑制其降解.2,4-二硝基酚超声降解主要归因于·OH等活性自由基的氧化作用.2,4-二硝基酚降解过程中析出的NO2-浓度先增加后减少,而NO3-浓度一直升高.     

氧化亚铜光催化降解对硝基苯酚

采用生物效应灯模拟自然光源 ,研究氯化亚铜水解法制备的超细颗粒Cu2 O对对硝基苯酚的光催化降解作用 .结果表明 ,1 1 2mg·l- 1 ,2 2 4mg·l- 1 和 44 8mg·l- 1 对硝基苯酚 1 0h的降解率均达到 90 % ,降解反应符合一级反应动力学 ,且 7次重复使用试验显示 ,催化剂的使用寿命比硼氢化钠法制备的催化剂明显延长 ,降解的主要中间产物为对苯醌与对苯二酚 .     

煤气化废水萃取脱酚工艺研究

采用溶剂萃取对煤气化废水进行酚回收处理.确定烷基酮类物质(M105)作为煤气化废水的脱酚萃取剂,并对脱酚工艺参数进行优化.工艺参数为:萃取温度40-60℃,pH＝9-10,相比=1∶ 6-1∶ 4.经四级逆流萃取,废水的总酚浓度从5410mg·l-1降至350mg·l-1,挥发酚降至50 mg·l-1以下.     

胶束形态对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)增溶典型苯系物行为的影响

研究了30℃条件下,浓度为1.2×10-4mol·l-1—2.88×10-2mol·l-1的阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)溶液的吸光度及相应浓度条件时对典型苯系物(苯、甲苯和乙苯)的增溶作用.利用表面活性剂的紫外吸收随浓度变化这一特性,从其不同的拐点处求得CTAB的第一、第二临界胶束浓度分别为7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1.在实验浓度范围内,CTAB溶液对苯、甲苯和乙苯的表观溶解度增溶曲线上同样得到两个拐点,即苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1,甲苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和7.2×10-3mol·l-1以及乙苯7.2×10-4mol·l-1和9.6×10-3mol·l-1,这与第一、第二临界胶束浓度相等或相近.由于溶液中CTAB胶束形态随浓度增加而变化,表明胶束形态对CTAB增溶苯系物的行为有显著影响。     

对硝基酚对大型蚤和斑马鱼胚胎的毒性

采用静态生物毒性试验方法,研究了对硝基酚对大型蚤的急性毒性和斑马鱼胚胎发育影响.结果表明,大型蚤幼蚤接触不同浓度的对硝基酚后,活动会受到不同程度的抑制,甚至死亡,48hEC50值为2.55mg·L-1.对硝基酚对斑马鱼胚胎有蓄积致毒作用,最敏感性指标为83h未孵化、83h卵凝结;实验还发现对硝基酚具有低浓度促进斑马鱼胚胎发育和孵化,高浓度抑制发育并延缓孵化的作用.对硝基酚对大型蚤的毒性与对斑马鱼胚胎的发育影响相比,大型蚤对对硝基酚反应更为敏感.     

掷孢酵母吸附去除铬的性能研究

通过菌种培养、分离与筛选 ,获得一株对铬具有很强还原与吸附性能的掷孢酵母(Sporobolomycetaceaesp ) .该菌株适宜的吸附pH值是 6— 9,1g培养 60h的菌体在 2 0mlpH 7的 1 5mg·l- 1 铬液中 ,吸附 8h后 ,对铬的去除率最高达到 1 0 0 % .在浓度分别为 1 5 ,30 ,5 0 ,1 0 0 ,30 0mg·l- 1 的铬液中 ,每克菌体对铬的吸附量与对数曲线y=1 72 5 8ln(x) - 2 0 9 49相吻合 ,相关系数为 0 9889,对吸附后菌体破壁测得细胞质内含铬量最高 ,达 65 5 % .通过扫描电子显微镜发现 ,处理 1 5mg·l- 1 铬液 8h后 ,菌体细胞壁的表面结构不发生形态变化     

贵阳地区雨水化学与Sr同位素地球化学

对贵阳地区22个雨水样品的化学组成和Sr同位素的研究表明,贵阳地区大部分雨水样品的pH值小于56(pH=453).雨水中Ca2 是最主要的阳离子,平均值为57μmol·l-1(12—164μmol·l-1),占阳离子组成的64%—87%;Mg2 是次要的阳离子,平均值为13μmol·l-1(5—47μmol·l-1),Ca2 和Mg2 之和占了阳离子组成的78%—96%;K 平均值为11μmol·l-1(2—44μmol·l-1);Na 最少,其平均值为4μmol·l-1(1—8μmol·l-1).SO2-4是最主要的阴离子,平均值为94μmol·l-1(34—279μmol·l-1),占阴离子组成的28%—94%;NO-3是次要的阴离子,平均值为48μmol·l-1(1—252μmol·l-1),SO2-4和NO-3是决定雨水酸度最主要的离子,SO2-4和NO-3之和占阴离子组成的77%—99%;Cl-最少,平均值为20μmol·l-1(1—128μmol·l-1).贵阳地区雨水中Sr的浓度为002—033μmol·l-1,87Sr/86Sr比值较小(0707934—0709080),非海盐来源的87Sr/86Sr比值为0707820—0709078.元素比值及Sr同位素组成辨识出贵阳地区雨水溶质主要来源于人为活动,岩石/土壤化学风化次之,海相输入很小或可以忽略不计.     

酚类化合物高效吸附剂的效能研究

本文研究了自制的吸附剂对苯酚、 4 氯酚、 2 4 二氯酚和五氯酚钠的吸附行为 ,以及pH值和投加量等因素对吸附的影响 .结果表明 ,Freundlich和Langmuir等温线都能够较好地表述这四种酚类化合物的吸附行为 ;在pH 6 5— 7 5 ,投加量为 8g·l- 1 ,振荡平衡后 ,自制的吸附剂对苯酚、 4 氯酚、 2 4 二氯酚和五氯酚钠的去除率可以达到 90 %以上     

催化氧化法处理对硝基酚钠生产废水的研究

研究了催化氧化法处理对硝基酚钠生产废水的工艺参数，COD去除率可达90％，探讨了从酚钠母注人中盐析酚的条件，回收量为15．86Kg酚钠／m^3废液，提出了综合治理酚钠废水的工艺流程。     

A modified steam distillation method for volatile acids determination in anaerobic digestors

A modified steam distillation method for the accurate determination of low levels of volatile acids found primarily in low rate anaerobic digestors has been developed. The interference of bicarbonate alkalinity is minimal with complete removal of carbon dioxide from the sample prior to distillation. This removal can be achieved by boiling the acidified sample for 30 min in an erlenmeyer flask with ground‐glass neck attached to a reflux condenser.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.