四川攀西干热河谷区根瘤菌的多样性研究

采用数值分类、BOXAIR-PCR和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP方法,对分离自四川攀西干热河谷区11种豆科植物上的43株根瘤菌的表型和遗传多样性进行了研究.数值分类结果表明,攀西地区根瘤菌具有极大的表型性状多样性,在80%相似性水平上绝大多数供试菌株单独成群,能耐60℃(10min处理)的高温,在低温(10℃)或者低pH(4.0)条件下生长很差.与数值分类结果相比较,BOXAIR-PCR的分群结果更分散,说明供试菌株在遗传性状上也具有多样性.在数值分群基础上,选取15个代表菌株进行16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析.结果表明,供试的15株代表菌株遗传差异明显,仅CCBAU61224与Rhizobium leguminosarum USDA2370T,CCBAU61303与Agrobacterium tumerfacienseIAM13129T具有相同的遗传图谱类型.数值分类和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析具有较好的一致性,BOXAIR-PCR适合于对根瘤菌种内菌株间的遗传多样性研究.图4表2参21     

我国蚕豆根瘤菌的多样性和系统发育研究

采用数值分类、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP、IGS PCR-RFLP等方法对分离自我国11个省的50株蚕豆根瘤菌及11株参比菌株进行了表型测定和遗传型研究,同时对5株蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株进行了16S rDNA全序列测定.表型测定的结果表明,在80%的相似水平上供试菌株分为4个群,各群间存在地区交叉;16S rDNA PCR-RFLP的聚类结果与数值分类的聚类结果有很好的一致性;IGSRFLP反映的多样性更明显,形成的遗传群较多,可用于菌株间的鉴别.实验结果表明我国蚕豆根瘤菌具有极大的表型多样性和遗传多样性.系统发育研究结果表明,蚕豆根瘤菌的代表菌株均位于快生根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)系统发育分支,与R.leguminosarum USDA2370的全序列相似性达99.9%,说明蚕豆根瘤菌属于Rhizobium,系豌豆根瘤菌的一个生物型.图4表3参12     

潍坊、花园口土样中土著大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性研究

采用１６Ｓ－２３Ｓ ｒＤＮＡ间隔区段（ＩＧＳ）ＲＦＬＰ分析和ＰＡＰＤ分析技术，分别对分离自山东潍坊和河南郑州花园口的２４株土著大豆根瘤菌进行２多样性分析。结果一 ７０％的相似性水平上，依ＩＧＳ－ＲＦＬＰ分析可将供试菌株分为１０群，依ＲＡＰＤ分析可将供试菌株分为８群。综合两种分析技术在５０５的相似性水平上将供试菌株分为潍坊群和花园口群。 在系统发育和分子进行上有明显的地理分隔作用。     

应用AFLP技术对斜茎黄芪根瘤菌遗传多样性的分析研究

采用ＡＦＬＰ指纹图谱分析技术对来自我国不同地区的９５株斜茎黄芪根瘤菌及２４株已知根瘤菌的参比菌一起进行遗传多样性研究．结果表明,在５０％相似性水平上,全部菌株被分为３１个ＡＦＬＰ群,显示出极大的遗传多样性．相关性较高的菌株的聚类结果与先前的表型性状数值分析结果相一致．具相同ＡＦＬＰ指纹图谱的菌株都具有相同的生长速度,且其中大部分菌株来自我国同一地区,同时具很高的表型相似性．此外,本研究表明,ＡＦＬＰ指纹技术具更高的分辩率,更能揭示种内的遗传多样性     

豆科树种刺槐、黄檀、合欢根瘤菌的数值分类及16S rDNA-PCR RFLP研究

测定了从豆科树种刺槐、黄檀、合欢根瘤中分离获得的51个菌株与18株参比菌株的唯一碳源、氮源利用，抗生素抗性，耐逆性和酶活性等132个表型性状，并用MINTS软件进行聚类分析，结果表明，全部供试菌株在59％的相似性水平上分为两大群：一个各为慢生菌群，另一群为快生和中慢生菌群，在85.1%的相似性水平上分为5个亚群，其中亚群4不与任何已知参比菌株聚在一起，可能为新种。同时，表型性状测定结果发现某些菌株对抗生素（300μg／mL）、温度（40℃）有较强抗性，大多数菌株能在较宽的pH值范围内生长（pH5-12），这些具有抗逆特性的菌株为我国西部大中种植豆科植物接种适宜的根瘤菌提供了宝贵的种质资源，在数值分类的基础上，又对47株菌进行了16S rD-NA-PCR RFLP分析，经SPSS软件聚类后，划分为7个亚群，在较大类群的划分上，与数值分类的结果有较好的一致性，16S rDNA-PCR RFLP遗传图谱共有30种类型。表型及遗传型分析结果表明，豆科树种根瘤菌具有极大的多样性，图2表2参14。     

慢生型大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性研究

采用选择性扩增片断长度多态性 (简称AFLP)DNA指纹技术对来自泰国北部的 2 45株慢生型大豆根瘤菌进行遗传多样性的研究 .通过AFLP图谱揭示出该地区的慢生型大豆根瘤菌有较显著的遗传多样性 .从 2 45株中选择出 92个代表株用计算机进行的树状图分析结果表明 ,所分析的菌株在 82 %的相似性水平上聚类成 8个群 .对这 92个代表株的部分菌株和慢生型大豆根瘤菌的参比菌株进行多聚酶链反应 (PCR)扩增的 16SrDNA的 4种限制性内切酶长度多态 (简称 16SrDNAPCR RFLP)分析 ,得出 2个不同的 16SrDNAPCR RFLP类型的菌株 ,分别与慢生型大豆根瘤菌的参比菌株Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum和Bradyrhizobiumelkanii相同 .图 1表 2参 14     

根瘤菌的遗传多样性与系统发育研究进展

根瘤菌 (ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉａ)是一类广泛分布于土壤中的革兰氏阴性细菌。它可以侵染豆科植物根部或茎部形成根瘤和少数茎瘤 ,固定空气中的分子态氮形成氨 ,为植物提供氮素营养 .据估计 ,全球每年生物固氮量达 1.75× 10 8ｔ,为世界工业氮肥产量的4 .37倍[1] .根瘤菌与豆科植物的共生固氮作用是生物固氮中固氮效率最高的体系 .因此 ,根瘤菌与豆科植物的共生固氮作用是实现农业可持续发展的重大研究课题之一 .研究根瘤菌的遗传多样性 ,对于发掘新的根瘤菌种质资源 ,保藏并合理利用根瘤菌基因资源库 ,选育高效菌株直接应用于农业生产有重要意义 .…     

利用16S-23S rDNA RFLP及16S rRNA基因序列分析方法对湖北省饭豆(Vigna umbellata L.)根瘤菌系统发育的研究

采用16S-23S rDNA间隔区段(IGS)PCR-RFLP与16S rRNA基因部分序列分析的方法对饭豆根瘤菌进行了遗传多样性及系统发育分析.由16S-23S rDNA IGS PCR-RFLP分析可知,所有菌株在52%的相似性水平上聚在一起,形成了慢生型菌群与快生型菌群这两大菌群.群Ⅰ中,在79%相似性的水平上分为ⅠA与ⅠB两个分支.群Ⅱ中,在62%相似性的水平上分为ⅡA与ⅡB两个分支,分支ⅡA在72%的相似性水平上进一步分为ⅡA1、ⅡA2和ⅡA3三簇;分支ⅡB中的饭豆根瘤菌与标准菌株USDA205T聚在一起,表现的差异并不大.由16SrRNA基因部分序列分析结果可知,供试的4个代表菌株分别位于不同的系统发育分支中.CYR4243与Sinorhizobium fredii的模式菌株USDA205T的序列相似性达到了99.87%.HCY1101与Rhizobium leguminosarum中的三叶草生物型(bv.trifolii)和豌豆生物型(bv.viceae)这两个生物型的参比菌株亲缘关系最近,序列相似性为100%.HCY5202与R.galegae亲缘关系最近,序列相似性为99.86%.CYY3302与Bradyrhizobium elkanii的参比菌株USDA86有最近的亲缘关系,序列相似性近似于100%.图4表1参13     

四川盐边植烟土壤放线菌的遗传多样性及抗菌活性

从四川省盐边县代表性烟草种植区域的植烟土壤样品中分离出52株放线菌菌株,采用16S rDNA限制性片段长度多态性(16S rDNA-RFLP)和16S rDNA序列分析研究了其遗传多样性及系统发育地位,并初步探索了其抗菌活性.16S rDNA-RFLP分析结果表明,在非加权组平均法(UPGMA)聚类图中,所有菌株在75%的相似水平上聚为一类,而在88%的相似水平上分为8个遗传类型.在主成分分析聚类图中,供试菌株可分为5个类群,揭示了植烟土壤放线菌菌株具有一定的遗传多样性.代表菌株系统发育分析显示,供试菌株均属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces),链霉菌是植烟土壤中的绝对优势放线菌.初筛结果显示,共有13株菌株表现出了一定的抗菌活性,而在复筛中仅有3株表现较好.根据初筛和复筛结果选择菌株SAUAS3-2进行玉米盆栽试验,结果表明,该菌株具有一定抗菌活性的同时还具有促生作用.本研究揭示了盐边县植烟土壤具有丰富的放线菌资源.     

慢生根瘤菌交叉结瘤及其系统发育关系的研究

选用包括6株花往根瘤菌[Bradyrhizobium sp.(Arachis)]在内的13株慢生根瘤菌，进行了6种豆科植物结瘤试验及共系统发育分析。研究结果表明，慢生根瘤菌与试验的豆科宿主植物间普遍存在交叉结瘤，还发现有些菌株在原宿主外的豆科植物根部形成类根瘤的现象。16S rDNA和23S rDNA的PCR－RFLP分析揭示出这些菌株rDNA基因的差异性，不同宿主来源的慢生根瘤菌株可以同属一个rDNA类型，而从同一宿主中分离的根瘤菌菌株可分属多种不同的rDNA类型，研究结果表明，采用rDNA PCR-RFLP等遗传背景分析的手段，可能筛选出广谱的根瘤菌力株，表4参8。     

我国主要花生品种的AFLP分析

对32个来源于中国不同产地的花生品种进行了AFLP指纹图谱及相似性聚类分析．结果表明：所有供试花生品种的遗传相似性为35％，在45％的相似性水平处分为3个群，表明我国的花生品种存在遗传多态性．AFLP指纹图谱分析技术能很好地反映出花生品种之间存在的遗传差异．图2表1参26     

黄芪根瘤菌CA8561和JL84的部分16S rRNA基因序列的测定

报导了黄芪根瘤菌ＣＡ８５６１和ＪＬ８４的部分１６Ｓ ｒＲＮＡ基因序列，测算了它们与已知根瘤菌、茎瘤菌各属模式种之间的遗传距离。结果表明，ＣＡ８５６１和ＪＬ８４均具有独立的进化路线，充分显示了黄芪根瘤菌的遗传多样性。     

利用rep-PCR研究云南尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia基因多样性

利用rep-PCR指纹技术对云南5个地区的尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia菌基因多样性进行研究,实验发现Frankia菌呈现丰富的基因多样性.所有71个样品被分为11种不同的基因类型.除高黎贡山外,不同地域都有某种基因型占优势,显示Frankia菌基因型与地域有紧密关系.所观察的5个地区中,高黎贡山Frankia菌基因型种类最多,多样性指数最高,基因多样性最为丰富.结合高黎贡山地理资料及其它生物多样性相关研究,推测与高黎贡山尼泊尔桤木共生的Frankia可能作为种储备库,为其它地区的寄主植物提供了祖先菌株.图8表1参13     

The relative importance of host-plant genetic diversity in structuring the associated herbivore community

Recent studies suggest that intraspecific genetic diversity in one species may leave a substantial imprint on the surrounding community and ecosystem. Here, we test the hypothesis that genetic diversity within host-plant patches translates into consistent and ecologically important changes in the associated herbivore community. More specifically, we use potted, grafted oak saplings to construct 41 patches of four saplings each, with one, two, or four tree genotypes represented among the host plants. These patches were divided among two common gardens. Focusing first at the level of individual trees, we assess how tree-specific genotypic identity, patch-level genetic diversity, garden-level environmental variation, and their interactions affect the structure of the herbivore community. At the level of host-plant patches, we analyze whether the joint responses of herbivore species to environmental variation and genetic diversity result in differences in species diversity among tree quartets. Strikingly, both species-specific abundances and species diversity varied substantially among host-tree genotypes, among common gardens, and among specific locations within individual gardens. In contrast, the genetic diversity of the patch left a detectable imprint on local abundances of only two herbivore taxa. In both cases, the effect of genetic diversity was inconsistent among gardens and among host-plant genotypes. While the insect community differed significantly among individual host-plant genotypes, there were no interactive effects of the number of different genotypes within the patch. Overall, additive effects of intraspecific genetic diversity of the host plant explained a similar or lower proportion (7-10%) of variation in herbivore species diversity than did variation among common gardens. Combined with the few previous studies published to date, our study suggests that the impact of host-plant genetic diversity on the herbivore community can range from none to nonadditive, is generally low, and reaches its most pronounced impact at small spatial scales. Overall, our findings strengthen the emerging view that the impacts of genetic diversity are system, scale, and context dependent. As the next step in community genetics, we should then start asking not only whether genetic diversity matters, but under what circumstances its imprint is accentuated.     

Morphological and molecular comparisons of dominant amphioxus populations in the China Seas

The amphioxi Branchiostoma belcheri, Branchiostoma japonicum and Branchiostoma malayanum are recorded from the coast of China Seas. Six amphioxus populations comprising three Branchiostoma species collected from Hong Kong (southern China), Xiamen (south-eastern China) and Qingdao (northern China) were compared at the morphological and molecular levels. Phylogenetic separations among the species and geographic populations were evaluated by the analysis of 12S ribosomal RNA gene sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. From morphological characters, B. belcheri is more closely related to B. japonicum than to B. malayanum. However, phylogenetic affinities indicated by both 12S rRNA gene sequences and AFLP analysis showed a more recent phylogenetic splitting of B. belcheri and B. malayanum than that of B. belcheri and B. japonicum. In the AFLP similarity tree, geographic populations of B. japonicum were clustered into different clades. The AFLP data also showed that both B. belcheri and B. japonicum populations in Hong Kong have the highest levels of within-population genetic diversity as compared to that in Xiamen and Qingdao, suggesting that genetic diversity of Branchiostoma decreases from low to high latitudes. Results of hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) also revealed a high level of genetic diversity either for the three B. japonicum populations or the two B. belcheri populations in China Seas. However, genetic variation among the three B. japonicum populations was insignificant, indicating that these populations are genetically connected.     

Impact of deltamethrin on the endophytic fungal community of a Chinese cabbage,Brassica chinensis

Endophytic fungi, being closely associated with their host plants, are an important part of the ecosystem and food web. In modern agriculture, pesticides are widely used. The impact of pesticides on the endophytic fungal community of crops remains poorly understood. In this paper, Chinese cabbage Brassica chinensis, a popular leafy vegetable consumed worldwide, was selected for evaluating the potential effects of a pesticide, deltamethrin, on the endophytic fungal community. By culture method, 195 endophytic fungal strains classified into 39 taxa and 186 strains classified into 30 taxa, respectively, were isolated from the pesticide-treated and untreated B. chinensis samples. Sirodesmium spp. were the predominant endophytic fungi from both samples. The colonisation rates of endophytic fungi of the treated and the untreated samples were not significantly different, as determined by one-way analysis of variance (p?>?.05). The Shannon diversity indexes (H′) were close, being 2.216 and 2.152, respectively. However, the endophyte compositions of the treated and the untreated samples were significantly different (p?B. chinensis.     

An AFLP-based test of clonality in widespread, putatively asexual populations of Porphyra umbilicalis (Rhodophyta) in the Northwest Atlantic with an in silico analysis for bacterial contamination

Asexual reproduction often predominates in populations of species experiencing range expansion. Locally selected genotypes can lead to the establishment of clonal populations that accumulate genetic diversity through time. Sexual reproduction has never been observed in extensive field and culture studies of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis from Maine, USA, even though sexual reproduction predominates in this species in the eastern Atlantic (Europe). This suggests that Maine populations are indeed asexual and might consist of one or only a few genetic clones; we have tested this using AFLPs. Individuals were sampled at two sites in Maine (Cobscook Bay [n?=?25], Schoodic Point [n?=?26]) and compared to sexual individuals from England (Sidmouth [n?=?17]). The AFLP analysis determined that individuals at two sites in Maine containing putative asexuals were not strictly clonal; however, two multilocus lineages were sampled more than once. Two genetic clones, one at each Maine site, were comprised of 6 individuals each; the 39 additional Maine individuals had distinctive AFLP genotypes. However, when the individuals from Maine were compared with a known sexual population from Sidmouth, England, much greater genetic diversity was found within the sexual population in England. Finally, we examine how preparation of field-collected material for AFLP investigations can affect the inclusion of non-target DNA and demonstrate an in silico approach for removing some cryptic contaminants from analysis.