水体微量有机物被动监测技术研究进展

被动采样技术是一种待测物自发地由环境向采样器传输的采样方法,相对传统采样方法其装置小、成本低、检出限低,获得的监测结果为一段时间内的环境平均水平.该技术在水环境微量有机污染物的监测中具有极大优势,随水体中新型污染物的不断出现,被动采样技术在水体中的应用范围也不断扩大.本文概述了近40年来对水体被动采样技术的研究,介绍了该技术的发展、原理以及在不同水体中对新型污染物的应用,详细总结了应用中的不确定性因素和校正方法,分析了该技术目前存在的问题,并对其未来发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望.     

电化学方法检测海水中铁的研究进展

海水中的痕量铁作为限制海洋浮游植物初级生产力的关键因素之一,在海洋生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用.及时分析海水中铁的不同存在形态及其含量,对于进一步认识铁循环机制和有效预防海洋环境污染具有重要意义.电化学方法较其他分析方法在检测海水中痕量铁的含量,尤其是形态分析方面具有独特的优势.本文总结了运用电化学方法检测海水及其他自然水体中铁的分析方法,以期为发展准确、快速测定海水中痕量铁的形态及其含量的分析技术提供基础性参考.     

建筑与水体关系的探讨

通过建筑与水体的相互关系,阐述建筑与自然水环境、人工水环境的有机结合.在水体的形式、形态和造型等方面,详细介绍了水在建筑设计与室内设计中的应用和处理手法.     

汞胁迫下蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的生理生化响应

由于工农业生产废水的大量排放,重金属污染已成为21世纪人们关注的焦点.重金属进入水体后,可通过多种途径影响生物的生长发育、形态行为及生理生化过程.其中,汞(Hg)是一种最常见的环境重金属污染物,在自然水体中的含量为16.6—65.9 ng.L-1[1],具有持久性、易迁移性和高度的生物富集性等特点.而蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)     

塑料企业周边水体中多溴联苯醚的污染特征

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一种新型的持久性有机污染物(POPs)。采用固相萃取-气相色谱法测定了某塑料企业周边及当地自然水体中的PBDEs浓度,主要针对BDE~(-1)7、28、47、66、85、99、100、138、153、154、183、203及BDE-209共13个PBDE同系物的浓度水平、组成分布和污染特征进行分析。结果显示,使用企业周边水体中除BDE-203在水体中未检出外,其余12种PBDE同系物均有不同程度的检出。Σ13PBDEs质量范围处于未检出~363 ng·L~(-1),各同系物的平均质量浓度为未检出~42.6ng·L~(-1)。其中BDE-209为最大检出质量丰度同系物,但其检出率仅为25.0%,检出率较高的同系物是BDE~(-1)7、BDE-28和BDE~(-1)00,检出率分别为75.0%、75.0%、58.3%,低溴代联苯醚的检出率显著高于高溴代联苯醚。当地自然水体中13种PBDEs均有不同程度的检出,检出浓度在0.161~1.83 ng·L~(-1)。企业周边水体中PBDEs的污染水平显著高于自然水体,是自然水体浓度的5~100倍。因此,企业周边区域水体中PBDEs的污染情况应引起相关部门关注。     

水中天然含氮有机物的形成、迁移转化及分布

天然含氮有机物是水环境中的重要组成部分,其在天然水体中的形态及分布对环境质量有显著影响.本文围绕水中天然含氮有机物在氮循环中的地位、迁移转化以及其在国内主要水域中的分布情况,对天然含氮有机物的研究现状进行了梳理.我国不同水域中溶解性含氮有机物(DON)浓度相差较大;其中水体中DON浓度一般在1.0 mg·L^-1以下;沉积物中DON浓度通常为几十至几百mg·kg^-1.水体DON以分子量<1 kDa的有机物为主,主要成分是尿素、氨基酸等物质.沉积物DON以分子量<1 kDa和>30 kDa的有机物为主,其中前者主要由芳构化程度较高的氨基酸等小分子有机物构成,后者以腐殖质类为主.水体中部分胺类物质本身具有一定毒性,游离氨基酸等DON还是卤乙腈、卤代酰胺、卤代硝基甲烷、卤化氰和亚硝胺等含氮消毒副产物的重要前体物.由于水体中许多含氮有机物具有生物可利用性,有机氮可能是引起水体富营养化的重要原因之一.     

计算机模拟研究钚(Ⅳ)的人体毒性

引入Ca2+、Fe3+、Zn2+、Mn2+等金属离子和氨基酸、柠檬酸、乳酸等小分子配体建立了Pu4+在人体血浆、胃液、组织液、细胞液等主要体液中的金属离子-小分子配体热力学平衡模型.利用该模型研究了正常生理条件下Pu(Ⅳ)在各体液中的存在形态以及pH值和[Pu]改变对Pu(Ⅳ)形态的影响.结果表明,血浆中的低浓度Pu(Ⅳ)易以Pu(OH)4(aq)的形态蓄积在肝脏中,钚浓度升高则形成沉淀难以排出;胃液中的Pu(Ⅳ)可大量进入血液中,但胃液pH值升高可实现钚的促排;组织液中钚会沉积在骨骼无机表面;高浓度Pu(Ⅳ)对大多数细胞有极高毒性;随着尿液的pH值增大,沉积的Pu(OH)4(s)会对肾脏造成损伤;胰液中的Pu(Ⅳ)的形态随着pH值改变而发生显著变化,而胆汁中高钚含量的Pu(Ⅳ)易滞留在肝脏内;在正常汗液pH值波动范围内,Pu(Ⅳ)易进入人体,从而对钚操作人员的健康产生危害.     

微囊藻毒素及其与其他环境污染物的联合毒性研究进展

微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)是一种蓝藻代谢产物,在全球富营养淡水生态系统中广泛分布,高浓度的MCs不仅对水生生物造成负面影响,还会与水体中共存污染物发生相互作用,影响彼此在生物体内转化代谢和毒性效应.因此,开展MCs与多种环境污染物的复合污染对不同生物的毒性研究十分必要,其对水体复合污染风险评价和防控有着重要的意义.笔者综述了 MCs在全球水体中的分布情况,并介绍了 MCs与水体中其他典型污染物联合暴露时对不同生物的毒性作用,最后针对目前相关研究的不足进行了分析并提出几点展望.     

硅藻土对水中氟化物的吸附特性研究

中国高浓度含氟水分布广泛且危害严重,水体除氟迫在眉睫.研发除氟效果好、价格便宜的吸附材料是一项艰巨的任务,对水体除氟具有重大的意义.硅藻土(Diatomite)因其特有的物理和化学性质,作为一种新型的吸附型、环保型材料近年来在工业中已经得到了普遍的应用.以硅藻土作为吸附剂对水体中的氟化物(F?)进行吸附研究,采用了SE...     

水体中金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的环境行为与污染控制研究进展

金属(氧化物)纳米材料在生产和使用过程中,可以通过各种途径进入到水环境中,对水生生物、生态环境和人体健康产生威胁.理解纳米颗粒在水体中的环境行为,对于评估纳米材料的归趋及其对环境和人体的健康风险至关重要.本文概述了金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的性质、来源和毒性危害,汇总了表征纳米颗粒浓度、粒径及形貌的分析方法与技术,分析了它们在水环境中的环境行为以及影响其稳定性的主要环境因素,并总结了水体中金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的去除方法和效果的最新研究进展.随着金属(氧化物)纳米材料的广泛应用,未来有必要加强对自然水体中纳米颗粒环境行为的研究,并系统开展纳米颗粒健康风险评估工作,为预测纳米材料进入水环境后的归趋和风险提供科学依据.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.