水环境中尼泊金酯类防腐剂的赋存及生物降解研究进展

尼泊金酯类防腐剂(parabens)具有潜在内分泌干扰效应,近年来开始受到环境学者关注.这类化合物使用广泛且具有亲脂性,易通过污水排放进入水体/沉积物体系.本文综述了parabens在水环境中的赋存特征,以及在水环境中的生物降解转化行为,并对今后研究趋势进行了展望.国内外最新文献总结表明,parabens在水环境介质中分布广泛,检出率高,母体化合物虽然可以被生物降解,但在污水处理系统中仍不能被完全去除,尤其parabens卤代转化产物的半衰期及潜在毒性不容忽视.此外,对于parabens在水体/沉积物中好氧及厌氧降解过程中的功能微生物鉴定及群落结构分析还有待深入揭示.因此利用功能微生物开发出污水中尼泊金酯类防腐剂高效痕量去除工艺将是今后研究主要方向,后续研究工作的开展将为今后针对水体/沉积物中这类痕量污染物利用微生物群落进行污染场地原位修复提供基础科学依据.     

苯扎贝特好氧生物降解产物的GC-MS测定

<正>苯扎贝特(Bezafibrate)作为新兴污染物-药品和个人护理品(Pharmaceutical and personal care products,PPCPs)的一种,被广泛关注.其在污水处理厂的污水、地表水甚至是饮用水中常被检出[1].最新研究表明它对人体有类雌激素作用[2].目前,有人研究过光催化降解[1]和活性污泥转化[3]苯扎贝特的产物,但苯扎贝特在水环境中的生物降解途径及其中间产物的生态毒理效应尚不明确。     

水环境中抗生素的光降解研究进展

抗生素的大量使用已经成为了全球环境问题.由于其在环境水体中难以被微生物降解,且能导致细菌抗药性越来越受到关注.光降解是污染物在水环境中非常重要的非生物降解途径.本文介绍了水环境中抗生素的直接、间接和自敏化光降解动力学,着重阐述了抗生素的光降解过程的影响因素、降解产物和可能降解途径等最新研究成果,指出抗生素光降解产物的分离提取与结构鉴定,以及预测抗生素降解过程的动力学模型构建将成为今后主要的研究方向和趋势.     

采用HRMS结合~(13)C-同位素比值技术探究水环境中新兴污染物的归趋和转化机制

新兴污染物(ECs)释放到水体中能够对野生物种和人群健康构成潜在隐患.天然有机质(NOM)含有羟基、氨基、羧基和醌基等活性官能团,可参与水体中天然酶介导的酶催化氧化腐殖化反应(ECOHRs),并通过自由基耦合机制与ECs形成共价结合产物.该过程不仅降低了ECs的生态毒性,也增加了水体中有机碳、氮储备.然而,如何分析和鉴定ECOHRs中ECs和NOM分子之间形成的共价结合产物已经成为限制研究者阐明ECs在天然水体中迁移和转化机理的瓶颈.本文综述了天然水体中ECs的来源、污染现状、分布特征和生态毒理学效应,明确了ECOHRs对ECs生物有效性和转化行为的影响,重点利用高分辨质谱(HRMS)结合~(13)C-同位素比值技术分析和鉴定了ECs和NOM分子之间形成的共价结合产物.该方法主要通过精确的分子量、同位素标记差值和相对强度比值,从水环境中筛选出ECs和NOM分子之间所有可能存在的共价结合产物,为深入阐明ECs在天然酶介导ECOHRs中的归趋和转化机理提供了理论支持和技术保障.     

分子印迹技术在水环境抗生素富集中的应用进展

近年来,由于抗生素的大量使用,使得环境中抗生素的残留现象变得十分普遍.这些残留的抗生素通过多种途径进入到水环境中,会对人类健康以及水生生态系统造成危害.分子印迹技术(MIT)因其能选择性识别、有效富集和去除目标分析物,被广泛应用于水环境中抗生素的富集及检测.本文介绍了分子印迹技术的原理以及印迹聚合物的制备方法,并且总结了分子印迹聚合物在水环境抗生素富集中的应用.最后,本文对分子印迹技术在处理水体中抗生素的应用前景进行了展望.     

光催化降解对抗生素藻类毒性效应影响研究进展

抗生素滥用带来环境中残留抗生素及其抗性基因的问题,近年来已成为全球关注的热点问题.光催化氧化技术是当前研究领域广泛采用的有效降解水环境中残留抗生素的热门方法;但光催化氧化无法使水环境中抗生素完全矿化,存在生态风险,探明光催化降解抗生素对其藻类毒理效应影响及内在机制,对研发高效、安全的光催化技术具有重要意义.本文在总结水环境中残留抗生素的藻类毒性检测方法和毒性效应的基础上,分析了光催化降解对抗生素藻类毒性效应的影响及其内在机制,并总结了不同抗生素的光催化反应及降解产物,讨论了两者与藻类毒性效应之间可能存在的关系,旨在为实现高效、安全光催化技术的可控设计提供思路.     

污水生物处理过程药品及个人护理品转化产物识别研究进展

药品及个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)在污水生物处理过程会发生生物及化学转化从而生成转化产物,某些转化产物较母体化合物毒性更高.目前对PPCPs转化产物关注不够,转化产物识别方法不明确.本文介绍了污水中PPCPs转化产物的识别流程,系统阐述了...     

阳离子交换树脂富集衍生气相色谱法测定二甲基胂酸

实验发现,碘化二甲基胂(IDA)具有很好的色谱挥发性,在5％,10％SE-30柱上可得到较好的色谱峰。二甲基胂酸(DMA)碘化后生成碘化二甲基胂(IDA)。本文提出了新的碘化萃取体系:SnCl_2-KI(1moI/l)-HCl(6mol/l)-甲苯。该体系具有转化率高、干扰少的优点。实验还发现,经过阳离子交换树脂富集,有效地消除了低浓度时,DMA转化中或转化后的分解或吸附对测定的影响,从而提高了分析结果的准确度。     

水环境中微塑料的迁移及其与有机污染物的复合毒性效应研究进展

水环境中的微塑料（MPs）通过吸附和解吸与共存的有机污染物（OPs）相互作用,影响污染物的迁移转化、生物积累、毒性效应等环境行为.因此,MPs和OPs的生态效应需从它们之间的相互作用角度综合考虑.本文在查阅近几年相关文献的基础上,重点阐述了水环境中MPs的环境行为及其对OPs迁移转化的影响,讨论了MPs的生态风险及其与OPs的复合毒性效应的影响因素,并得出如下规律：MPs和OPs的特性,如MPs的表面极性和OPs的疏水性决定了MPs作为OPs载体的有效性;MPs的粒径、表面特性、表面生物膜等理化性质影响了水环境中OPs的迁移转化途径和复合物MPsOPs的毒性效应.本文以期为进一步评估MPs的环境行为和生态风险提供有益的参考,并为准确评估MPs及其相关OPs的环境风险提出了建议.     

三氯生对水生生物的毒性效应研究进展

三氯生(TCS)作为一种广谱抗菌剂,在个人护理品中的广泛应用,将使其不可避免地释放到水环境中.随着在河流、湖泊、河口系统等水环境以及水生生物体内检测到TCS,TCS对于水生生物的生态毒理效应引起了学者们的广泛关注.本文概述了TCS在水环境及水生生物体内的赋存状况,归纳总结了TCS对水生生物的急性毒性、亚急性毒性、酶及基因毒性、内分泌干扰性及其降解产物毒性,最后展望了TCS对水生生物的生态毒理效应这一研究领域的发展方向.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.