长沙市生态系统服务价值对土地利用变化的响应研究

基于谢高地等确立的中国陆地生态系统服务价值系数,通过价值系数修正,分析长沙市24年间土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响.研究表明:耕地、林地、草地、水域、未利用土地的面积逐渐减少,城镇建设用地逐渐增加.1900~2014年的生态系统服务总价值逐渐减少,价值损失量为169 329.89万元,损失率为5.44%.各生态系统服务功能对长沙市生态系统服务价值的贡献率排在前三位是土壤形成与保护,水源涵养,生物多样性保护.食物生产的生态系统服务价值的贡献率最小.生态系统服务价值敏感性指数由大到小依次为:林地、耕地、水域、城镇建设用地、草地、未利用土地,敏感性指数均小于1,研究结果合理可信.     

鼎湖山南亚热带森林生态系统服务价值动态

以鼎湖山3个南亚热带森林演替典型阶段生态系统为对象,采用我国《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（LY/T 1721—2008）标准化计算公式与服务价格,量化揭示南亚热带森林生态系统演替过程中生态系统服务功能价值动态。结果表明：随着演替的进行,南亚热带森林生态系统服务功能总价值不断增大;但各分项服务功能价值则表现出不同的动态规律与变化幅度,从而使得森林生态系统服务结构呈现非线性演化特征。在南亚热带森林生态系统演替的早期阶段,生态系统服务价值的最大组分是涵养水源的功能价值,而中、后期则是保育土壤。人工林营造可以有效增强区域生态系统的水源涵养能力,而保育演替中、后期森林则对于大气CO2收和土壤保育而言尤为重要。     

三峡库区(重庆段)地表起伏度及其对生态系统服务价值的影响

地表起伏度与生态系统服务价值密切相关。地表起伏度决定或直接影响土地利用类型,造成不同地表起伏度地区生态系统服务价值不同。利用ASTER GDEM V2全球数字高程模型数据,通过窗口分析法获得三峡库区(重庆段)地表起伏度。利用土地利用数据,参照中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值当量表,计算三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统服务价值,定量分析地表起伏度与生态系统服务价值的相关性。结果表明:(1)研究区地貌复杂,地表起伏较大,整体来说东部高于西部,其中地表起伏度最大的是巫溪(1.360 3),最小的是渝中(0.289 0)。(2)研究区人均生态系统服务价值空间分布不均,东部为天然林保护区和水源涵养区,人均生态系统服务价值高。西部为都市重点开发区和城市发展新区,人均生态系统服务价值低。(3)地表起伏度与人均生态系统服务价值呈正相关,对其影响程度由大到小依次为原材料生产、食物生产、气体调节、气候调节、价值总量、水文调节、保持土壤、提供美学景观、维持生物多样性和废物处理。研究表明,加强对位于高地表起伏度区的天然林保护区和水源涵养区的保护是维护和提高库区生态系统服务价值的有效途径。     

三峡库区生态系统服务时空变化及权衡与协同关系研究

科学探讨区域生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系,对高效配置环境资源和指导生态环境管理具有重要意义。基于土地利用、气象观测、土壤和社会经济统计数据,分别计算并识别了三峡库区2000、2010和2018年水源涵养、土壤保持、碳固持和生物多样性维持4种生态系统服务及其时空变化,并从全域和基于热点区的综合分区2种尺度分析了生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2018年,三峡库区水源涵养和土壤保持服务数值先降低后上升,空间格局变化明显;碳固持服务数值逐年上升,过去19 a共提高11.45%;生物多样性服务空间格局基本保持不变,但2018年出现轻微下降,需警惕生态退化风险。(2)三峡库区非热点区、2类热点区和4类热点区面积占比呈先上升后下降趋势;1类热点区和3类热点区面积占比呈先下降后上升趋势。(3)三峡库区全域尺度下,各种生态系统服务均表现为协同关系;受区域土地利用类型和自然资源的影响,综合分区尺度下不同热点区生态系统服务之间的相关系数与全域尺度下相比存在明显差异。     

小陇山森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

小陇山林区位于秦岭西端,甘肃省东南部,是黄河、长江中上游地区重要的水源涵养林,对维护黄河、长江流域水生态安全具有重要的战略地位.采用市场价值法、替代费用法等对小陇山林区森林生态系统服务功能价值进行定量评估.结果表明,小陇山林区森林生态系统服务功能年均总价值为40.236亿元,其中直接经济价值为2.204亿元,水源涵养、水土保持、大气组分调节、生物多样性保护及病虫害防治、休闲娱乐等生态功能价值为38.032亿元,直接经济价值与生态功能价值的比值为1∶ 17.26.在发展当地经济的过程中,必须从整个生态系统的角度出发,优先认识到该地区森林的生态功能价值,从而科学、合理地保护和利用森林资源.     

1995—2015年淮河生态经济区生态系统服务评估与时空变化分析

生态系统服务成为促进生态系统与人类社会和谐统一的有效管理中介。采用市场价值法、水量平衡方程法、InVEST模型和HSI模型对1995—2015年淮河生态经济带的食物供给、水源涵养、气候调节和生境质量功能进行评价,并分析其时空变化与相关原因。结果表明:淮河生态经济带各生态系统服务分布呈现较大时空异质性。食物供给功能分布具有较强的地域性,食物供给服务较好地区由西北向西南偏移,且随时间变化明显;水源涵养功能在时间序列上空间分布差异较大,单位栅格面积水源涵养量最大为1 439.15 mm,最小仅为-407.65 mm,水源涵养量总体呈先增加后减少态势;1995—2015年淮河生态经济带累计固碳量为203.7 Tg,表现为碳汇区,固碳速率呈现先快后慢的增长态势;生境质量最好和较好区域面积占比逐渐减少,2005和2010年生境质量得分平均值较大,但在2010年之后又呈下降趋势。淮河生态经济带开发在空间上要与生态系统服务空间分布保持均衡协调,此外应以流域理念进行跨区域生态保护治理协作。该研究可为淮河生态经济带开发战略落实以及生态系统服务保护、调控与管理提供科学依据。     

三峡库区森林生态系统服务权衡与协同分析

科学理解生态系统服务权衡与协同关系是维持森林生态系统结构、功能和健康的前提,有利于推动实现经济发展和生态保护的"双赢"目标。采用生态系统服务变化指数(IESC)、相关系数和空间分析等方法,综合分析了1990—2015年三峡库区森林生态系统服务时空动态、空间聚集特征及生态系统服务权衡与协同关系。结果表明,(1)涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、生物多样性保护、积累营养物质和净化大气环境6种生态系统服务时空动态差异较大,其中涵养水源、固碳释氧、净化大气环境IESC值同步增加,涵养水源IESC分布格局在1990—2000年和2000—2015年两个时期呈自东北向西南转移的变化趋势,净化大气环境在两时期的增益变化不明显;保育土壤、生物多样性保护、积累营养物质IESC值呈两极化趋势,前两者IESC极值变化约1倍且两时期空间分布格局差异较小,而积累营养物质呈由西南向东北扩展的变化态势。(2)6种生态系统服务均呈空间正相关,且局部呈现出相似的集聚特征。各服务显著高高聚集和显著低低聚集单元数目均有所增加,空间分布呈东北部高高聚集、西南部低低聚集的集聚规律。(3)不同时期Moran's I指数和相关系数体现各服务之间相关关系及程度的差异性,整体上以协同为主,但协同程度有所减弱;在空间格局上,各服务之间协同关系的分布区域有所增加,且空间聚集状态由散布转为组团。本研究结果可为三峡库区森林生态系统服务协同发展与价值提升提供理论依据。     

鼎湖山南亚热带森林生态系统服务价值动态

以鼎湖山3个南亚热带森林演替典型阶段生态系统为对象,采用我国《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T 1721—2008)标准化计算公式与服务价格,量化揭示南亚热带森林生态系统演替过程中生态系统服务功能价值动态。结果表明:随着演替的进行,南亚热带森林生态系统服务功能总价值不断增大;但各分项服务功能价值则表现出不同的动态规律与变化幅度,从而使得森林生态系统服务结构呈现非线性演化特征。在南亚热带森林生态系统演替的早期阶段,生态系统服务价值的最大组分是涵养水源的功能价值,而中、后期则是保育土壤。人工林营造可以有效增强区域生态系统的水源涵养能力,而保育演替中、后期森林则对于大气CO2收和土壤保育而言尤为重要。     

重要生态功能区典型生态服务及其评估指标体系的构建

科学评估重要生态功能区的生态服务是管理者制定相关政策的基础,对促进重要生态功能区维护区域生态安全、支撑经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。依据生态服务的空间转移特性,探索提出了重要生态功能区典型生态服务的概念与内涵,并在此基础上综合运用频度分析法、专家咨询法和层次分析法,构建了重要生态功能区水源涵养、土壤保持、防风固沙、生物多样性保护和洪水调蓄等典型生态服务的评估指标体系。结果表明：在指标体系中,影响水源涵养服务的主要是土壤质地和降水量;影响土壤保持服务的主要是植被覆盖度和丰富度指数;影响防风固沙服务的主要是植被覆盖度和大风时速;影响生物多样性服务的主要是植被景观多样性指数;影响洪水调蓄服务的主要是湿地容积和降水量。土壤、植被、地形和气候等生态因子是重要生态功能区典型生态服务产生与发挥的重要基础。     

吴江市土地利用变化及其生态效应

利用1993、2000和2004年吴江市的遥感影像,在GIS和RS支持下,通过构建土地利用转移矩阵对土地利用变化进行分析,并对其产生的生态效应进行研究。结果表明,吴江市的耕地基底向建设用地基底转化,生态系统结构的多样性和均匀度降低,景观整体形状趋于规则;生态系统功能退化,耕地的减少以及建设用地面积的增加是导致总价值减少的主导力量,而水域生态服务价值的增加是阻止其显著减少的原因;水源涵养和废物处理功能贡献度最大,超过总价值的50%;汾湖镇所占生态服务价值比重最高,分别为24.2%、25.21%2、5.13%,桃源镇所占比重最低。     

快速城市化地区塘的消减过程研究--以广州市天河区为例

塘是我国南方地区常见的、分布广泛的景观类型,也是相对独立的水生生态系统,在生态系统服务和人类经济文化活动中扮演着非常重要的角色。国际学者对其在保护生物多样性、防涝排水、提升景观及改善人居环境等方面的生态功能研究较多,但国内对塘的形成、消减过程、生态环境功能效应等科学问题一直认识不足,在人口和土地的快速城市化胁迫下,为了增加建设用地使用面积而将水塘填埋的行为广泛存在。文章以广州市天河区为研究区,以1996、2000、2004、2007、2011年5期遥感影像为数据,通过目视解译获取研究区的土地利用特征,提取水塘信息,依据塘的主要功能对塘进行分类,通过缓冲区分析、主成份分析和转移矩阵分析探索快速城市化地区水塘消减过程的数量和空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）研究区内水塘景观在15 a间显著消减,数量由109个减至20个,面积由36.30 hm2降至13.18 hm2,个体减少率为81.65%,面积减少率为63.69%;（2）不同时段、不同功能类型的水塘消减过程存在明显差异,养殖塘、风水塘、山塘和灌溉塘面积急剧减少,景观塘面积先降后增;（3）各时段的塘转换主要去向为居住用地、商业及工矿用地等,周边土地利用格局有交通用地、荒草地的塘更易于被转换成建设用地等其他土地利用类型;（4）在城市人居环境建设中,水塘具有保持生物多样性、调节气温、改善气候、防旱排涝、改善人居环境等生态价值,又具有历史文化、景观美化等人文价值,但水塘已成为快速城市化地区居住、商业、工矿用地的主要侵占对象。作为冷岛的水塘生态系统,在城市化进程和各项规划中都应受到重视与保护。     

兰州市土地利用变化及生态服务价值

以典型河谷型大城市兰州市为例,在RS和GIS技术支持下,剖析了1997-2009年该市各县区土地利用及其变化情况。在此基础上,参考Costanza等生态系统服务价值计算方法和中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,分析r近12年来研究区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响及其变化情况。结果表明：1997-2009年兰州市林地增长面积最大,主要来源于耕地的转出及两山绿化,其次为建设用地,主要是对耕地、草地和未利用地的占用;土地利用类型面积减少最大的是耕地,主要转变为林地、草地和建设用地。土地利用变化引起生态系统服务价值及GDP变化,其分别从1997年的59．99亿元,210．27亿元上升到2009年的61．52亿元,920亿元。总体呈增长趋势,表明该区域生态环境整体向良性方向发展。     

池州森林生态系统服务价值评估

基于LY/T1721-2008《森林生态系统生态服务价值评估规范》,采用实证研究、意愿调查、文献研究等方法,估算了池州市森林生态系统生态服务价值,结果表明:2009年,池州市森林生态系统生态服务价值为423.25亿元,林果等实物产品价值为168.97亿元,生态服务价值是实物生产价值的2.50倍.各项生态服务功能价值大小...     

Estimating the Value of Non‐Use Benefits from Small Changes in the Provision of Ecosystem Services

Abstract: The unit of trade in ecosystem services is usually the use of a proportion of the parcels of land associated with a given service. Valuing small changes in the provision of an ecosystem service presents obstacles, particularly when the service provides non‐use benefits, as is the case with conservation of most plants and animals. Quantifying non‐use values requires stated‐preference valuations. Stated‐preference valuations can provide estimates of the public's willingness to pay for a broad conservation goal. Nevertheless, stated‐preference valuations can be expensive and do not produce consistent measures for varying levels of provision of a service. Additionally, the unit of trade, land use, is not always linearly related to the level of ecosystem services the land might provide. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a method to estimate the value of a marginal change in the provision of a non‐use ecosystem service—in this case conservation of plants or animals associated with a given land‐cover type. Our method serves as a tool for calculating transferable valuations of small changes in the provision of ecosystem services relative to the existing provision. Valuation is achieved through stated‐preference investigations, calculation of a unit value for a parcel of land, and the weighting of this parcel by its ability to provide the desired ecosystem service and its effect on the ability of the surrounding land parcels to provide the desired service. We used the water vole (Arvicola terrestris) as a case study to illustrate the method. The average present value of a meter of water vole habitat was estimated at UK£12, but the marginal value of a meter (based on our methods) could range between £0 and £40 or more.     

Response of ecological storage and conservation to land use transformation: A case study of a mining town in China

Rapid land use transformation shaped by agriculture, industrialization and population urbanization has a great influence on ecological environment. Based on theory of ecosystem service functions, this study aims at revealing the response of ecological storage and conservation to each unit area of land use transformation. Taking Cishan Town, a mining town in China, as a case study, this paper estimates the “past-present-future” ecological storage impacted by the process, result and possibility of land use transformation. The local land use and industrial distribution show that the active areas of land use transformation are also the areas of concentration of human (industrial) activities. Ecological storage shows the different responses to land use ways. And then this study combines the ecological storage indices with the indices of ecosystem pattern and land condition into the“5A” framework (active state, active degree, active possibility, active balance and active condition) for grading ecological conservation, and then assigns all regions of Cishan Town into different grades through membership functions for complex mapping of ecological conservation. The research results show that the ecological conservation in Cishan goes toward two extreme grades (best grade and worst grade). Uneven and unbalanced land use transformation is the main cause of that. Hence, rational and timely reflection of impact of land use transformation on ecological storage and conservation can assist land use planners and local government in adjusting land use ways and balancing regional ecology and economy.     

Effects of land use,cover, and protection on stream and riparian ecosystem services and biodiversity

Protected areas are an important part of broader landscapes that are often used to preserve biodiversity or natural features. Some argue that protected areas may also help ensure provision of ecosystem services. However, the effect of protection on ecosystem services and whether protection affects the provision of ecosystem services is known only for a few services in a few types of landscapes. We sought to fill this gap by investigating the effect of watershed protection status and land use and land cover on biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. We compared the ecosystem services provided in and around streams in 4 watershed types: International Union for Conservation of Nature category II protected forests, unprotected forests, unprotected forests with recent timber harvesting, and unprotected areas with agriculture. We surveyed 28 streams distributed across these watershed types in Quebec, Canada, to quantify provisioning of clean water, carbon storage, recreation, wild foods, habitat quality, and terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity richness and abundance. The quantity and quality of ecosystem services and biodiversity were generally higher in sites with intact forest—whether protected or not—relative to those embedded in production landscapes with forestry or agriculture. Clean-water provision, carbon storage, habitat quality, and tree diversity were significantly higher in and around streams surrounded by forest. Recreation, wild foods, and aquatic biodiversity did not vary among watershed types. Although some services can be provided by both protected and unprotected areas, protection status may help secure the continued supply of services sensitive to changes in land use or land cover. Our findings provide needed information about the ecosystem service and biodiversity trade-offs and synergies that result from developing a watershed or from protecting it.     

Ecological mechanisms linking protected areas to surrounding lands.

Land use is expanding and intensifying in the unprotected lands surrounding many of the world's protected areas. The influence of this land use change on ecological processes is poorly understood. The goal of this paper is to draw on ecological theory to provide a synthetic framework for understanding how land use change around protected areas may alter ecological processes and biodiversity within protected areas and to provide a basis for identifying scientifically based management alternatives. We first present a conceptual model of protected areas embedded within larger ecosystems that often include surrounding human land use. Drawing on case studies in this Invited Feature, we then explore a comprehensive set of ecological mechanisms by which land use on surrounding lands may influence ecological processes and biodiversity within reserves. These mechanisms involve changes in ecosystem size, with implications for minimum dynamic area, species-area effect, and trophic structure; altered flows of materials and disturbances into and out of reserves; effects on crucial habitats for seasonal and migration movements and population source/sink dynamics; and exposure to humans through hunting, poaching, exotics species, and disease. These ecological mechanisms provide a basis for assessing the vulnerability of protected areas to land use. They also suggest criteria for designing regional management to sustain protected areas in the context of surrounding human land use. These design criteria include maximizing the area of functional habitats, identifying and maintaining ecological process zones, maintaining key migration and source habitats, and managing human proximity and edge effects.     

基于遥感与GIS的黄河三角洲绿色空间生态服务价值评估

基于黄河三角洲1987、1997和2007年的TM遥感影像解译数据和野外调查结果,得到研究区三个年度的土地利用空间分布图。然后从土地利用的角度重新审视绿色空间的概念和内涵,建立基于土地利用类型的绿色空间生态评估体系,分析黄河三角洲地区的绿色空间生态服务价值及其变化情况。研究结果表明,1987—2007年间黄河三角洲地区绿色空间土地利用变化显著,其中,水体面积增加明显,农田、林地面积略有增加,湿地和草地面积显著减少,未利用地面积略有减少。土地利用面积的变化直接影响到其生态服务价值的变化,研究期间湿地生态服务价值减少了77.72亿元,草地减少9.00亿元,未利用地减少0.16亿元;水体的生态服务价值增加54.54亿元,农田和林地共增加3.41亿元。研究区绿色空间生态服务价值呈逐年减少的趋势,20年间研究区生态服务价值减少了28.94亿元。通过对绿色空间单项生态服务价值功能重要性进行评价,研究表明黄河三角洲地区单项生态服务价值以湿地、农田和水体占主要地位,这与各单项生态系统的面积及其单位生态服务价值量有关。     

Satellite detection of bird communities in tropical countryside.

The future of biodiversity hinges partly on realizing the potentially high conservation value of human-dominated countryside. The characteristics of the countryside that promote biodiversity preservation remain poorly understood, however, particularly at the fine scales at which individual farmers tend to make land use decisions. To address this problem, we explored the use of a rapid remote sensing method for estimating bird community composition in tropical countryside, using a two-step process. First, we asked how fine-grained variation in land cover affected community composition. Second, we determined whether the observed changes in community composition correlated with three easily accessible remote sensing metrics (wetness, greenness, and brightness), derived from performing a tasseled-cap transformation on a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus image. As a comparison, we also examined whether the most commonly used remote sensing indicator in ecology, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), correlated with community composition. We worked within an agricultural landscape in southern Costa Rica, where the land comprised a complex and highly heterogeneous mosaic of remnant native vegetation, pasture, coffee cultivation, and other crops. In this region, we selected 12 study sites (each < 60 ha) that encompassed the range of available land cover possibilities in the countryside. Within each site, we surveyed bird communities within all major land cover types, and we conducted detailed field mapping of land cover. We found that the number of forest-affiliated species increased with forest cover and decreased with residential area across sites. Conversely, the number of agriculture-affiliated species using forest increased with land area devoted to agricultural and residential uses. Interestingly, we found that the wetness and brightness metrics predicted the number of forest- and agriculture-affiliated species within a site as well as did detailed field-generated maps of land cover. In contrast, NDVI and the closely correlated greenness metric did not correlate with land cover or with bird communities. Our study shows the strong potential of the tasseled-cap transformation as a tool for assessing the conservation value of countryside for biodiversity.