生物炭的制备温度及酸处理对卡马西平的吸附动力学影响

本研究考察了卡马西平(CBZ)在9种不同条件(裂解温度200、300、500℃,无酸,HCI和HCI-HF)处理的生物炭上的吸附动力学,分别应用拟一级、拟二级和双室一级3种动力学模型对实验数据进行拟合.研究结果表明,双室一级动力学模型对吸附动力学提供了更精确的描述.裂解温度和酸处理对CBZ的吸附动力学有显著影响,具体表现为不同酸洗导致矿物含量发生显著变化,矿物对生物炭吸附CBZ的快室吸附单元起主要作用,生物炭内部的芳香环随生物炭的升高而更加致密,生物炭内部的芳香环结构主要贡献于慢室吸附单元.生物炭的矿物组分一方面屏蔽了有机质上的一些吸附点位,另一方面矿物自身可以有效地吸附污染物,酸洗去矿物对生物炭吸附污染物的表观影响可能取决于两个方面的平衡.     

氧氟沙星在不同性质碳基吸附剂上的吸附动力学特征

本研究探讨用香蕉皮和玉米芯两类生物质制备的生物炭、多壁纳米碳管(CNTs)和活性炭(AC)对氧氟沙星(OFL)的吸附动力学过程.结果表明,吸附动力学过程符合双室一级动力学模型.OFL在两类生物炭上的吸附能力随炭化温度的升高而减弱,归因于生物质炭化程度的增大,芳香性增加,生物炭有机分配相减少.生物炭的O含量极大地影响了其与水分子之间形成水膜的能力,OFL穿透水膜在生物炭表面上的吸附过程成为控制OFL吸附快慢的关键环节.OFL在CNTs和AC的快室吸附比在生物炭上的先趋于平衡,这可能与CNTs和AC较为单一的表面性质有关.CNTs的慢室吸附比AC的慢室吸附需要更长时间达到平衡,主要原因是随着OFL分子在CNTs表面持续吸附,原先由于疏水性作用聚合在一起的CNTs逐渐分散开,暴露出更多的表面积,导致OFL持续的吸附,在动力学上表现为慢室吸附.此外,单位比表面积上CNTs对OFL的吸附量最高,表明如果能够使CNTs充分分散,大量暴露的表面可能使CNTs成为去除有机污染的高效吸附剂.     

腐殖酸负载对萘和1-萘酚在生物炭上吸附动力学的影响

进入环境的生物炭对有机污染物的吸附过程受到普遍共存的溶解性有机质的影响.本研究将两种腐殖酸组分负载在以玉米秸秆为原料、不同炭化温度下(200、400、600℃)制得的生物炭上,考察极性和非极性有机污染物萘和1-萘酚在原始和腐殖酸负载生物炭上的吸附动力学,分别应用拟一级、拟二级和双室一级3种动力学模型对实验数据进行拟合.结果表明,拟二级和双室一级动力学模型均能较好地描述动力学吸附过程.腐殖酸负载对生物炭上萘和1-萘酚的吸附动力学有显著影响,使得平衡吸附量(Q_e)下降,而表观吸附速率提高.致密的芳香碳组分和纳米级孔隙主要对萘和1-萘酚在生物炭上的慢吸附单元起作用,腐殖酸负载降低了生物炭的芳香化程度和孔隙度,慢吸附对总吸附的贡献(f_(slow))降低.生物炭内部有机碳的致密性降低,使得萘和1-萘酚分子容易扩散进入生物炭颗粒内部,加之表面积和孔隙度减少,缩短吸附平衡时间,两种化合物的慢吸附速率常数(k_(slow))均提高.负载腐殖酸后,两种化合物的快吸附速率常数(k_(fast))的变化却不同.腐殖酸负载向生物炭表面引入含氧极性官能团,阻碍萘分子向表面疏水吸附位点扩散,使得萘的k_(fast)下降;而由于1-萘酚是极性有机物,除了疏水作用,其结构中的—OH能通过氢键与生物炭表面相互作用,其k_(fast)反而升高.     

牛粪源生物炭对水中甲基紫的吸附动力学和热力学

600℃缺氧热解制得牛粪源生物炭(CBC),采用SEM、FTIR和XRD等分析手段对生物炭理化性质进行表征,并通过静态平衡吸附法研究了CBC对甲基紫的吸附动力学及热力学过程.结果表明,甲基紫的吸附量随着其初始浓度的增加而增大,初始浓度由10 mg·L~(-1)增加到40 mg·L~(-1),平衡吸附量由5 mg·g~(-1)提高到30 mg·g~(-1),吸附过程先快后慢,60 min后吸附达到平衡;甲基紫的吸附量还随溶液pH的增加而增大,随温度的升高而增大;用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程、Langmuir吸附等温方程、Freundlich吸附等温方程对试验数据进行拟合,结果表明,准二级动力学模型更准确地反映其吸附动力学过程,Freundlich等温方程与实验数据拟合度更好,即甲基紫在CBC上的吸附以化学吸附为主;吸附热力学参数ΔG~o0、ΔS~o0、ΔH~o0,表明甲基紫在CBC上的吸附是自发进行的吸热过程.     

马铃薯秸秆生物炭对黄土吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响

为了探究来源于本地农业废弃物的生物炭对区域重金属污染黄土吸附固定化修复的可行性,本文采用批量平衡实验法,研究了马铃薯秸秆生物炭、黄土和生物炭与黄土混合物(加炭黄土)吸附重金属Cd(Ⅱ)的性能,考察了吸附时间、初始Cd(Ⅱ)浓度和溶液p H值对吸附过程的影响,并利用红外光谱、X-射线衍射分析等方法对吸附前后的生物炭和黄土分别进行表征.结果表明,生物炭、黄土、加炭黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附等温模式符合Langmuir模型,在25℃下的最大吸附量分别为15.60、7.87、12.40 mg·g~(-10,吸附动力学数据满足准二级动力学方程,溶液初始p H值对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程影响较大,2p H4和6p H8时,吸附量增加速率很快,而4p H6时,吸附量平缓上升.表征结果说明离子交换和阳离子-π作用为生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的主要吸附机制,而黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附主要归因于石英、高岭石等黏土矿物以及有机质中的羧基基团.对比动力学和等温吸附数据可得,在实验研究范围内,生物炭的添加使黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力分别提高了41.50%和49.94%.因此,在一定条件下,生物炭的输入可有效提高黄土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附固定化能力.     

花生壳和松木屑制备的生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附研究

为了深入了解生物炭施用对重金属环境行为和风险的影响,研究了生物炭吸附Cu~(2+)的机理。以花生壳和松木屑为原料,采用限氧升温炭化法,在200~500℃热裂解制得8种生物炭,并通过元素分析仪、傅立叶变换红外光谱分析(FITR)和扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM/EDS)对其进行了表征。同时,采用批试验方法研究了生物炭对Cu~(2+)吸附行为。研究结果表明,(1)热解温度越高,灰分含量越多,p H增大,生物炭芳构化程度越高,比表面积更大;(2)Cu~(2+)在生物炭上的吸附动力学划分为快吸附和慢吸附两个一级动力学阶段,其中快室是生物炭表面含氧官能团如羧基(-COOH)、酚羟基(-OH)等与重金属离子相互作用的吸附,慢速室是生物炭通过颗粒内扩散作用被生物炭吸附;(3)FM模型更适合于对花生壳和松木屑制备的生物炭吸附Cu~(2+)的数据进行拟合,所得非线性指数(n)的值在0.23~0.67之间且随热解温度升高n值越来越小;(4)在热解温度为200~500℃,花生壳生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附量先下降后增加且PS5对Cu~(2+)的吸附性能最佳;而松木生物炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附量没有明显的规律性变化,但PC2对Cu~(2+)的吸附性能最佳。     

三维多孔生物炭吸附剂的制备及其对菲的吸附行为

以生活中常见的丝瓜络为原材料,在氮气保护和不同温度(600、700、800、900℃)的条件下热解制备了三维多孔丝瓜络生物炭(LSBC600、LSBC700、LSBC800、LSBC900)。表征了丝瓜络生物炭的理化性质,通过动力学吸附实验和等温线吸附实验研究了不同热解温度条件下制备的丝瓜络生物炭对菲的吸附动力学特征和吸附等温线特征,探讨了可能的吸附机理,评估三维多孔生物炭对菲的去除能力,为水生态系统保护和饮用水安全提供科学依据。结果表明,热解温度会影响生物炭的表面官能团组成,进而影响其芳香性。丝瓜络生物炭呈现多管束堆叠的三维多孔结构,随着热解温度的升高,挥发性物质减少,丝瓜络生物炭的表面变得粗糙,比表面积增大,芳香结构增加;LSBC900的比表面积达到了467 m²·g^-1。吸附动力学结果说明,丝瓜络生物炭对菲的吸附是复杂和多阶段的,主导吸附速率的是液膜扩散过程,其次是颗粒内扩散过程。在600-900℃范围内,随着热解温度的升高,丝瓜络生物炭对菲的平衡吸附量升高,吸附速率加快。吸附等温线结果说明,热解温度升高可以提高丝瓜络生物炭对菲的吸附容...     

生物炭对极性与非极性有机污染物的吸附机理

以玉米秸秆为原料,分别在200、400、600、700℃下制备了不同性质的生物炭,对其性质进行了表征.研究了极性物质普萘洛尔和非极性物质萘在生物炭上的吸附,并对不同物质的吸附机理进行了探讨.结果表明,随裂解温度的升高,生物炭芳香性增强,极性降低,比表面积增大.普萘洛尔和萘的吸附都随生物炭裂解温度的升高而增大,普萘洛尔的lgKoc由3.10(低平衡浓度3 mg·L~(-1))和2.88(高浓度10 mg·L~(-1))增加到3.89和3.67;萘的lgKoc由2.74(低平衡浓度3 mg·L~(-1))和2.65(高浓度15 mg·L~(-1))增加到4.59和4.05.疏水分配作用对萘在低温生物炭上的吸附起主要作用,而随裂解温度升高,表面吸附和孔填充所占贡献逐渐增强.除了以上机理,普萘洛尔还可通过静电吸引进行吸附,而且在BC200上,由于大量极性官能团的作用,有利于静电吸附,其对普萘洛尔的吸附显著大于对萘的吸附;而且存在分子的倾斜吸附或多分子层吸附,单位表面积的吸附量远远大于单分子层吸附预测值.而在高温生物炭上,由于萘的分子较小而憎水性较高有利于孔填充作用,其对萘的吸附大于对普萘洛尔的吸附.     

溶解性有机质(DOM)对不同浓度卡马西平在蒙脱土上吸附行为的影响

为探究溶解性有机质(DOM)对药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)类污染物吸附过程的影响,以卡马西平(CBZ)为目标污染物,以蒙脱土为介质,用商用腐殖酸(HA)制备DOM,开展吸附实验,并采用紫外-可见光吸收光谱和红外光谱表征等手段,研究了DOM对不同浓度CBZ在蒙脱土上吸附影响的差异及机制.等温吸附实验结果显示:DOM对不同浓度CBZ吸附影响方式不同.CBZ浓度较低时(0.2—1.5 mg·L~(-1)),DOM对CBZ的吸附表现为抑制作用,吸附等温线为L型;浓度较高时(5—40 mg·L~(-1))表现为由抑制转为促进作用,吸附等温线为C型.结合表征结果分析认为,CBZ浓度是影响DOM存在下CBZ吸附行为的主要因素.DOM与低浓度CBZ的结合能力弱,此时大分子量DOM与CBZ竞争有限的吸附位点,小分子量DOM与CBZ结合起到增溶作用,而DOM中以大分子量物质为主,因而DOM对CBZ的吸附抑制作用增强,形成L型吸附等温线;DOM与高浓度CBZ的结合能力较强,结合物质的分子量随CBZ浓度升高而逐渐增大,进而引起共吸附和累积吸附现象产生,在蒙脱土上形成的新的活性吸附位点,从而导致CBZ的吸附促进作用随污染物浓度的升高而增强,形成C型吸附等温线.     

Fe&Cu生物炭复合材料脱除污染水体中金霉素

金霉素是一种广谱性抗生素,在水中溶解度高且不易为微生物降解,是威胁环境安全和人畜健康的潜在隐患。以榆中县某污水厂浓缩污泥为基体制备生物炭,通过化学沉淀在其表面负载FeCu颗粒用于处理金霉素废水。结果表明,负载FeCu颗粒后的生物炭对金霉素的吸附率显著提高至98.56%,相比初始生物炭提高了81.08%。当材料的投加量控制在5 g·L~(-1),CTC质量浓度控制在500 mg·L~(-1),溶液pH=4,Fe?Cu物质的量比为3?1时,生物炭脱除金霉素能力达到峰值386.93 mg·g~(-1)。SEM及BET验证了材料的高表面积及多孔结构。吸附等温线、动力学和热力学的分析结果表明,复合材料对金霉素的去除符合准二级动力学模型,吸附方式被认为是物理化学吸附和吸热过程。各类表征的结果也表明吸附机制可以归结于氢键结合、π-π堆积作用、金属配位、静电吸引以及电子转移等作用。研究结果表明合成的材料是高效的金霉素吸附剂,为金霉素引起的污染水体处理提供了一定思路。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.