低压离子色谱法测定水和酸雨样品中的Li~+,Na~+,NH_4~+,K~+,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)离子

本文介绍了低压离子色谱仪测定水样(井水、湖水、矿泉水、自来水)和酸雨中锂、钠、铵、钙、钾和镁离子的方法、欲测阳离子在阳离子交换柱上被分离,分别用1.4mmol·1~(-1)HNO_3和0.6mmol·1~(-1)乙二胺+1.2mmol·1~(-1)HNO_3溶液作流动相,流速为1.6ml·min~(-1).各离子的流分用电导检测.进样量为10μl时,Li~+,Na~+,NH_4~+,K~+,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)离子的检出限(2倍噪音比),分别为0.020,0.050,0.100,0.250,2.5和1.0μg·ml~(-1).     

离子色谱法测定大气中的甲磺酸

建立了以玻璃纤维膜-KB120气溶胶采样器采集大气中甲磺酸的采样方法;以0.1mmol·l-1H3BO3/0.1mmol·l-1 Na2B4O7为淋洗液的甲磺酸离子色谱分析方法.分析方法的精密度和准确度分别为5%和4%.并实测了青岛冬季大气气溶胶中MSA,SO2-4和NO-3的平均浓度分别为0.10μg·m-3,30.40μg·m -3和17.98μg·m-3.     

低压离子色谱法测定水和酸雨样品中F~-,Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)离子

本文介绍了低压离于色谱法测定水样(井水、湖水、矿泉水、自来水)和酸雨中氟、氯、硝酸根、硫酸根离子的方法.欲测阴离子在阴离子交换柱上被分离,同时用1.2mol·l~(-1)N_2CO_3溶液作流动相,流速为 1.6ml·min~(-1).各离子的流分用电导检测.进样量为50μl时F~-,Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)的最低检出限(2倍噪音比)分别为10,20,250,500ng·ml~(-1).     

阴离子表面活性剂—季铵盐—磺酞类染料的显色反应及其应用

本文研究了阴离子表面活性剂(AS),季铵盐(QAS),磷酞类染料(SPD)显色反应的机理,发现QAS分别与AS和SPD形成离子缔合物,SPD与QAS的摩尔比和SPD的三级电离常数pK,(HL~-)有关,AS和QAS的缔合比为1:1.基于这一显色反应,建立了氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)-溴甲酚紫(BCP)光度法测定AS的方法.在60μgCPC存在下,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)分别在0—55μg·10ml~(-1)和0—50μg·10ml~(-1)范围内符合比耳定律,其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为6.88×104~L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)和6.34×10~4L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1).用建立的方法测定了河水和生活废水中的AS,结果满意.     

用高效液相色谱测定雨水中的甲醛

采用自制的适度磺化的苯乙烯-二乙烯苯交联聚合树脂,吸附二硝基苯肼后的填充柱采集雨水中的甲醛,用高效液相色谱法进行测定,检测下限可达0.2μg·l-1,线性范围在4.6-190μg·l-1,峰高与甲醛浓度之间的相关系数可达0.999 7,对浓度为19μg·l-1的甲醛6次重复测定的相对标准偏差为2.7%,经对上海地区雨水实际样品的测定表明,完全能满足雨水中甲醛测定的要求.     

重金属离子对黑根霉菌生长抑制作用微量热研究

用微量热法测定了Cu~(2+),Cd~(2+),Hg~(2+),Pb~(2+)等四种重金属离子对黑根霉菌生长抑制的产热曲线,得到了黑根霉菌在不同条件下的生长速率常数k,抑制率I,半抑制浓度IC_(50)等参数。实验结果表明,抑制顺序为:Cd~(2+)>Hg~(2+)>Pb~(2+)>Cu~(2+);半抑制浓度分别为:Cd~(2+)0.8μg·ml~(-1);Hg~(2+)1.7μg·ml~（-1）;Pb~（2+）48.0μg·ml~(-1);Cu~(2+)110.0μg·ml~(-1)。     

粮食中绿麦隆残留量的气相色谱分析

本文用六氟丁酸酐直接衍生化气相色谱法测定粮食中绿麦隆农药残留量.粮食样品用甲醇-水提取.滤液用二氯甲烷或三氯甲烷-石油醚混合溶剂萃取,经硅镁吸附剂净化.以丙酮-石油醚为洗脱剂,洗脱液浓缩后用七氟丁酸酐直接衍生化,采用气相色谱法,电子捕获检测器测定.方法的线性范围为0—2.5μg·ml~(-1).对5g粮食样品,方法检出限为0.01mg·kg~(-1).对于小麦、玉米和大豆样品,加标回收率为82.4—91.2%,相对标准偏差为4.1—10.3%.对实际样品的测定和有关单位验证的结果表明,本方法适合于粮食中绿麦隆残留量的测定.     

利用离子色谱法检测臭氧处理的饮用水中痕量BrO^—3

70年代,研究发现饮用水处理过程中使用的Cl_2容易产生致癌物,例如三卤甲烷等.因此,环境保护部门和饮用水处理部门开始进行多种尝试,改变消毒方法,力争将危害身体的消毒副产物降至最低.臭氧消毒最有可能代替氯化消毒,然而臭氧消毒会将Br~-氧化成Bro_3~-,这使源水中Br~-的存在成为一个潜在的问题.即使浓度低至μg·1~(-1)级,世界卫生组织和美国国家环保局(U.S.A.EPA)将BrO_3~-列为潜在致癌物.许多有关的法规制订部门都将潜在致癌物危害人体健康的标准定在10~(-5)g·1~(-1)甚至更低,美国国家环保局认为臭氧处理的饮用水中BrO_3~-的浓度应控制在1μg·1~(-1)以下.因此,分析方法必须能够对此浓度级的BrO_3~-定量,以便在设计臭氧处理工艺时将此污染物的浓度降至最低.     

非离子表面活性剂淋洗萘污染土壤的修复研究

采用土柱实验研究了非离子表面活性剂对焦化厂萘污染砂土的淋洗效果,同时研究了超声预处理对非离子表面活性剂土壤淋洗的增强效果及粉土和粘土对非离子表面活性剂土壤淋洗的不利影响.研究表明,1)1g·L-1的TritonX-100、AEO-9和Tween80对同一萘浓度(192.4mg·kg-1)的土壤洗脱效率分别为73.0%、81.5%和59.0%,2g·L-1的表面活性剂的洗脱效率要高于1g·L-1的洗脱率,分别为96.5%、95.1%和88.2%.2)对土壤进行短时超声处理(80Hz)促进了洗脱率的提高,超声10min的淋洗效果要高于超声5min的淋洗效果;土壤分别经5min和10min超声处理后,2g·L-1浓度的TritonX-100对萘的洗脱率从94%分别提高到98.8%和99.6%,洗脱时间从255min分别减少到172min和160min.3)砂土中含有粉土和粘土对洗脱效果有不利影响,且粘土的影响要更严重,当萘污染的砂土混入5%的粘土时,2g·L-1浓度的TritonX-100对萘的洗脱率从94.7%下降至73.8%,洗脱时间从255min增加至605min,而混入20%的粉土洗脱率仅下降到88.4%,洗脱时间增加至512min.     

HPLC法测定多菌灵在西洋参中的残留量

本文报道了多菌灵在西洋参中残留量的HPLC检测方法.当添加水平在1.0一5.0μg·l~(-1)时,根中回收率为60一76%:添加水平在0.5一2μg·l~(-1)时,茎叶中回收率为70一80%;土壤添加2.5μg·l~(-1)时,回收率为84%.茎叶、根、土壤中残留量测定的相对标准偏差分别为2.16%.6.17%.1.24%.检测极限均为0.1μg·l~(-1)多菌灵在茎叶和土壤中的消解动态方程为C=118.42(?)和C=18.84(?)半衰期为5.87d和3.63d.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques