石油降解菌的分离、鉴定及其降解能力的研究

从含油污泥中,筛选出能以２０ ＃ 机械润滑油为唯一碳源的３ 株石油降解菌菌株,经鉴定分别为动胶菌属（ Ｚｏｏｇｌｏｅａ ｓｐ ．） 、氮单胞菌属（ Ａｚｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ ．） 和假单胞菌属（ Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｐ ．） ．通过其降解能力的测试,以动胶菌 Ｄ２ 菌株对２０ ＃ 机油的降解能力最强：在含油浓度ρ＝ ５００ ～１ ５００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 的摇瓶试验中,其除油率为２０ ．８ ％ ～２５ ％ ．利用动胶菌 Ｄ２ 菌株进行生物接触氧化法处理含油废水模拟试验,当入流浓度为１ ０００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 时,除油率可达９０ ．５ ％ ～１００ ％ ．这一结果表明,动胶菌 Ｄ２ 菌株生物接触氧化法处理含油废水具有很好的应用前景     

高浓度洗毛废水生物降解的研究

根据高浓度洗毛废水的水质特性,选择、驯化出高效污泥和菌株,并对生物降解该废水时的工艺、污泥量、时间三要素进行了深入的研究．结果表明,对于物化处理彻底的废水, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺（ 水解／ 好氧工艺） 与好氧工艺处理差异不大;７０ ％ 左右物化效果时, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺处理时, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ 去除率增加;废水在处理过程中成分变化大,后段水可用筛选优势菌的方法处理．实验室流动模型运行结果为：在原水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） １８５４４ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 和设定ｔ Ｈ Ｒ（ 延滞期） 下,混凝后出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ５３２２ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,水解池出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ４７６３ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,好氧池出水 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ１９９ ．９ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ去除率为９８ ．９ ％     

利用动胶菌D2菌株处理含油废水的中间试验研究

利用自行分离筛选的动胶菌（ Ｚｏｏｇｌｏｅａ ｓｐ ．） Ｄ２ 菌株以生物接触氧化法对含机械润滑油的废水进行处理．在实验室条件下,控制入流流量ｑｖ ＝ ３３ Ｌ／ｈ ,ｔ Ｈ Ｒ＝ ６ ｈ ,除油效果十分显著：当废水的含油浓度为４２４ ～１ ４３２ｍｇ／ Ｌ时,经过试验运转,出流水中油浓度已降至０ ～２０ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,除油率达９７ ％ 以上,水质达到国家二级以上的排放标准     

固定化微生物厌氧移动床——好氧法处理偶氮染料废水

在分离获得的三株高效脱色菌组成的混合脱色菌种基础上，利用固定化微生物 氧移动床与好氧生物氧化法结合的工艺处理人工配制的偶氮染料废水，在１５－１８℃的条件下，当原水ＣＯＤ浓度为１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ＝１５８０ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度４００倍，厌氧水为停留时间８ｈ，好氧容积负荷率４．０ｋｇＣＯＤ／ｍ＾３（填料），ｄ时，色度及ＣＯＤ的去除率分别为９６．９％及９３．４％。     

美达棉纤维挂载生物膜法处理石化废水中油

本文介绍了利用美达棉纤维持载生物摸法处理石化废水中油的试验结果。当废水在柱内停留时间为６．３ｈ，废水中油的处理效果是令人满意的。在同一含停留时间下入流水的ＣＯＤｃｒ从４２０ｍｇ／Ｌ变到１８３２ｍｇ／Ｌ时，出流水的ＣＯＤｃｒ在１６８．５ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。     

生物滤池对气相与液相中污染物质的净化

通过实验室研究探讨了生物滤池同时处理废水和废气的可行性。试验结果表明：在２５℃－３７℃条件下，甲苯废气的流量为９０Ｌ／ｈ，甲苯浓度为５００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；废水的流量为０．４Ｌ／ｈ，ＣＯＤｃｒ浓度为４００－７５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，甲苯与ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率分别是７０％－７２％和８６％－８９％。     

煤加压气化废水加压曝气生物处理研究

加压曝气生物氧化新技术，新组合处理煤加压气化废水，ＣＯＤ负荷１５．６ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３·ｄ），去除率９２．１％；ＮＨ３－Ｎ负荷０．５７ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３·ｄ），去除率９１．０％，二项指标出水均达到国家排放标准。     

含酚废水高温生物处理效果的研究

本试验模拟焦化废水部分水质，进水酚约１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤｃｒ约２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，水温维持在６０℃￣６８℃，从焦化废水生物处理厂的活性污泥中分离得到的１２株高温菌用于高温处理试验，结果酚的去除率在１２％￣１００％，ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率在１３％￣９８％，两者的去除率变化如此之大，在于高温菌大多数为芽孢杆菌，是由于它们生活史中的营养细胞和芽胞不断交替演变所致。     

动胶菌接触氧化法处理含油废水的工艺设计基础

根据动胶菌接触氧化法处理含油废水中试结果，为日处理１ ０００ ｍ３ 含油废水的生物接触氧化池进行了工艺设计，按负荷法（ 二种） 和降解动力学模型（ 三种） 进行了池容的计算，评价了它们的合理性．发现，其中以中试为基础的三种计算方法：一种降解动力学模型（ 据中试结果计算油去污系数） 、二种负荷法（ 据中试中填料容积负荷、从中试扩大为生产规模的入流流量） 较为合理，可作为设计池容的推荐方法．     

焦化废水处理试验系统出水的生物毒性变化

焦化废水是一种典型的难降解工业废水,组分复杂,生物毒性高,大多采用生物处理联合物化深度处理的工艺,以满足炼焦化学工业的污染排放标准,但其排水安全性仍然令人担忧。为研究工艺排水安全性,选择发光细菌青海弧菌Q67、稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rasus)血红细胞、活性污泥微生物群落为测试生物,研究了焦化废水及各处理阶段出水的急性毒性和遗传毒性变化,进而识别影响生物毒性的水质因子。焦化废水经过序批式生物膜反应器处理后,出水急性毒性比进水下降71%,遗传毒性下降为90%以上的轻度以下损伤,显示生物强化处理对焦化废水生物毒性有良好的去除作用。生物处理出水再经过深度处理后,则表现出不同的毒性变化:活性炭吸附法对生物急性毒性的消除最佳,但遗传毒性较生物处理出水有所升高;臭氧氧化法不仅水质改善效率差,且最终出水的生物急性毒性与遗传毒性均升高;臭氧催化氧化法对水中残留有机物去除效率较高,但也造成出水急性毒性与遗传毒性的升高。各水样对青海弧菌Q67的急性毒性与有机物、氮等水质指标表现出较强相关性,而遗传毒性与水质指标之间的相关性不显著。研究结果可为评价和改进处理工艺、保障水体生态安全提供参考。     

干扰素生产废水处理试验及生物相分析

采用水解酸化与生物接触氧化组合工艺对干扰素生产废水进行试验研究,并考察其处理效果,观察生物接触氧化工艺中生物相。结果表明：该组合工艺对出水COD的去除率大于90%,出水COD低于40 mg/L,且运行稳定后生物接触氧化槽中污泥浓度较低。对生物相的显微镜观察可知生物接触氧化槽中生物相种类以藻类为主。     

A/O-MBR处理某经济区市政污水的效能

采用A/O-MBR法处理某经济区市政污水,对其进、出水的水质进行连续监测,考察系统稳定性和处理效果。结果表明,在水力停留时间12小时,污泥龄30天,回流比75%,好氧段DO浓度1.3～8.5 mg/L的条件下,系统对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的平均去除率分别为92.04%、93.66%、78.04%、91.06%。反硝化...     

物化预处理-水解酸化-接触氧化法处理选矿废水

对某浮选厂浮选废水进行混凝沉淀+活性碳吸附预处理,然后进入生化系统,厌氧池、好氧池停留时间为10h.结果证明:进水COD为400～700mg/L,出水74～145 mg/L,去除率达75.8%以上,首次成功地将生物法应用到铅锌选矿废水的处理,若对该工艺进行适当调整,完全可以使出水达到排放或回用标准.     

采用絮凝—接触氧化法处理酿酒行业废水

采用絮凝-接触氧化法处理酿酒行业废水，原废水CODcr浓度为1627-2334mg/L，SS浓度为2095-2301mg/L，BOD5浓度为981-1005mg/L，色度为80-110倍，用絮凝-接触氧化法处理后，CODer浓度为280-295mg/L，SS浓度为178-199mg/L,CODcr浓度为145-150mg/L，色度为20-25倍，CODcr平均去除率为85%。悬浮物平均去除率为91%，BOD5平均去除率为85%，色度平均去除率为77%，各项指标符合国家排废标准。     

缺氧—SBR工艺处理焦化废水

对焦化废水进行曝气吹脱，10h氨氮去除率达73．7％，用缺氧－SBR工艺处理焦化废水，进水浓度为COD1474mg/L,NH3-N826.8mg/L时，缺氧SRT10h,SBR曝气10h，沉降2h，出水COD186mg/L,NH3-N290.5mg/L,去除率分别达到87．83％，64．9％。     

Verhalten von Nanosilber in Kläranlagen und dessen Einfluss auf die Nitrifikationsleistung in Belebtschlamm

Background, aim and scope The application of nanosilver is increasing. Knowledge on the fate and behavior of nanosilver in wastewater and wastewater treatment plants is scarce. Studies under real world conditions are completely lacking. We studied (1) the impact of nanosilver on the nitrification of sewage sludge, (2) quantified the mass flow of nanosilver in a pilot-plant, and (3) verified the mass balance in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant where nanosilver is introduced to the municipal plant by an indirect discharger. Materials and Methods The addition of four different nanosilver additives on ammonia oxidation in activated sludge has been studied in batch-reactors at two concentrations (1, 100?mg/L Ag) with two exposure times (2?h, 6?days). The pilot-plant treating 70 population equivalents of domestic wastewater is operated with a 12?day sludge age. Nanosilver was applied to the activated sludge tank within two sludge ages. The silver concentrations were measured in sludge and effluent samples during dosing and the following two sludge ages. The adsorption and speciation of silver particles has been analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Influent, effluent and sludge were sampled on a full-scale plant (60?000 equivalent inhabitants) and analyzed for silver. Results Silver nitrate, metallic nanosilver, nano-scaled silver chloride and microcomposite silver did not show any effect on ammonia oxidation after the addition of 1?mg/L Ag to the activated sludge (corresponding to 250?mg Ag per kg solids). In contrast, 100?mg/L Ag inhibited the nitrification process by 100?% after the addition of silver nitrate and 20–30?% after addition of colloidal polymer-coated nanosilver. A complete mass balance of the pilot-plant, a steady-state system with known fluxes, demonstrates significant enrichment of silver in the sewage sludge (96?%) after the addition of silver chloride to the plant and small losses of silver into the secondary effluent (4?%). The mass fluxes are similar to metallic colloidal nanosilver investigated under the same conditions. The mass balance has been consistently confirmed by the full-scale study in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The silver fluxes correspond to the fluxes of the suspended solids in sludge and effluent. Overall, it is estimated that from public wastewater treatment plants about 4–40?mg/a Ag per inhabitant equivalent are discharged annually to the receiving water. The analysis by SEM-EDX demonstrates adsorption and incorporation of nanosilver on biological flocs. This method yields first insight into complex building and transformation of silver associated with sulfide after adding metallic nanosilver and silver chloride to wastewater. Discussion Silver ions released from nanosilver react immediately with large amounts of chloride present in wastewater to form silver chloride. Silver ions may react with organic ligands or sulfide groups additionally. Consequently, even silver nitrate added with 1?mg/L Ag (250?mg Ag/kg TS) to activated sludge did not inhibit nitrification activity. Very high amounts of nanosilver, i.?e. 100?mg/L Ag, overburdened the system and equilibrium condition between silver ion release and ligands was not reached. The mass balance reflects the excellent attachment of nanosilver to activated sludge and biological flocs. Therefore, the main elimination process of nanosilver is attachment to the activated sludge. The elimination of nanosilver is high compared to organic and inorganic micro pollutants omnipresent in wastewater. Any further reduction of suspended solids in the effluent water will reduce the silver load. Conclusions Generally, in wastewater nanosilver occurs bonded to activated sludge flocs and therefore the elimination of nanosilver is efficient under operation conditions typical for wastewater treatment plants. The major fraction of nanosilver is removed from the system by the excess sludge withdrawal. Nonetheless, the efficiency may be further improved by a tertiary filtration step. All analyses of influent, effluent and sludge confirmed that silver exists as silver sulfide. Due to a negligible water solubility of this silver species, silver ions are not subsequently released. Recommendations and perspectives Nanosilver research should be driven to the identification of transformation processes in real environmental matrices and the influence of coatings on the adsorption behavior. There is no need for action to take special measures for nanosilver removal in the area of municipal wastewater treatment plants compared to ubiquitous hazardous organic pollutants may present in wastewater. Nevertheless, source control measures following the precautionary principle should be performed.     

混凝气浮—生物接触氧化法处理机械加工业含乳化油废水

在混凝剂筛选、不同水质处理效果比较和生物处理实验的基础上,优化确定出混凝气浮—生物接触氧化组合处理工艺。工程实践证实:将含油乳化液与总排口水混合,混凝气浮的COD去除率可达52.4%;接触氧化的COD去除率为81%;处理出水达到国家排放标准一级指标要求。     

糖精钠生产废水的铁氧体法除铜研究

对糖精钠生产废水实施铁置换法除铜后，废水中仍含有较高浓度的Ｃｕ＾２＋。本研究进一步以铁氧体法除铜。试验条件下，Ｃｕ６２＋的去除率达９８％Ｔ以上，出水Ｃｕ＾２＋浓度低于２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ。通过正交试验，找出最佳工艺及操作参数，从而为该类废水的预处理设计及运行管理提供屯依据。     

Combined Fenton process and sulfide precipitation for removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater: Bench and pilot scale studies focusing on in-depth thallium removal

Addition of alkali to pH 10 is effective for precipitation of precipitable metals. Fenton treatment is effective for substantial removal of Tl, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Sulfide precipitation is a final step for removal of trace Tl, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Bench and pilot studies demonstrated the effectiveness of this combined technique. Thallium (Tl) in industrial wastewater is a public health concern due to its extremely high toxicity. However, there has been limited research regarding Tl removal techniques and engineering practices to date. In this investigation, bench and pilot studies on advanced treatment of industrial wastewater to remove Tl to a trace level were conducted. The treatment process involved a combination of hydroxide precipitation, Fenton oxidation, and sulfide precipitation. While hydroxide precipitation was ineffective for Tl+ removal, it enabled the recovery of approximately 70%–80% of Zn as Zn hydroxide in alkaline conditions. The Fenton process provided good Tl removal (>95%) through oxidation and precipitation. Tl was then removed to trace levels (<1.0 µg/L) via sulfide precipitation. Effective removal of other heavy metals was also achieved, with Cd<13.4 µg/L, Cu<39.6 µg/L, Pb<5.32 µg/L, and Zn<357 µg/L detected in the effluent. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that Tl2S precipitate formed due to sulfide precipitation. Other heavy metals were removed via the formation of metal hydroxides during hydroxide precipitation and Fenton treatment, as well as via the formation of metal sulfides during sulfide precipitation. This combined process provides a scalable approach for the in-depth removal of Tl and other heavy metals from industrial wastewater.     

城市污水处理厂进出水中类雌激素暴露影响评价

以稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）为模型动物,利用卵黄蛋白原（VTG）和生长发育指标作为类雌激素污染的生物标志物,评价了沙湖污水处理厂进出水中类雌激素暴露对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼的影响.结果表明：暴露21d后,未稀释进水和一级处理出水对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼VTG有显著诱导,各级处理水对稀有鮈鲫的生长发育也造成了一定的影响,在进水和一级处理出水暴露组中有死亡现象发生.以17β-雌二醇（E2）为阳性对照,对稀有鮈鲫VTG的诱导作标准曲线,计算进水以及各级出水的类雌激素E2的活性当量,发现污水处理厂一级和二级处理工艺对污水的类雌激素活性的去除率分别为47%和95%以上.表明在现有污水处理工艺中,二级处理工艺可去除大部分的类雌激素,而一级处理工艺却不能有效去除类雌激素.