多环芳烃的HPLC分析充分发挥Waters Alliance HPLC系统的先进功能

多环芳烃是倍受关注的环境污染物．不同样品基质中多环芳烃的样品处理和ＨＰＬＣ分析方法在ＥＰＡ标准方法中都有明确的描述(见表１)．     

大熊猫肌肉氨基酸含量的初步研究

测定了３只大熊猫的头部、背部和腿部等１０个肌肉样品中１７种氨基酸（ＡＡ）含量,并分析了各样品ＡＡ与Ｌｙｓ含量的比值．结果表明：对同一只大熊猫,不同部位的肌肉样品中各ＡＡ含量无明显差异;对同一个肌肉样品,１７种ＡＡ含量比较,Ｇｌｕ含量最高,Ａｓｐ、Ａｒｇ、Ｌｙｓ、Ｌｅｕ、Ａｌａ、Ｇｌｙ、Ｖａｌ、Ｐｒｏ、Ｔｈｒ、Ｐｈｅ等含量较高;不同年龄大熊猫肌肉ＡＡ含量有差异,除极少数ＡＡ外,未成熟雄性大熊猫肌肉ＡＡ含量高于成熟和老龄雌性大熊猫,且有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）;成熟雌性大熊猫肌肉中,除Ｐｒｏ外,其余所有ＡＡ含量与其年龄无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;除极少数ＡＡ外,不同年龄、性别大熊猫肌肉样品中各ＡＡ与Ｌｙｓ含量的比值无明显差异     

应用ICP-MS技术和EPA200.8标准方法分析饮用水和污水样品

ＥＰＡ２００．８方法叙述了水和污水中痕量元素的ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ多元素测定方法．本文是参照ＥＰＡ２００．８方法Ｎｏ．５．４版本所叙述的方法编制的．该方法提供了适用于地下水、地表水和饮用水中可溶性元素的分析步骤．测定可溶性元素之前,水样需适当过滤并酸化．方法也可用于地下水、地表水、饮用水以及污水、淤泥和固体废弃物样品中可溶解元素总浓度的测定．为了测定水样及固体样品中可溶解元素的     

煤飞灰环境标准参考中PAHs的表征

本文采用不同提取方法以及不同溶剂对煤飞灰环境标准参考物质样中ＰＡＨｓ的提取效率进行了考察，采用ＨＰＬＣ，毛细管ＧＣ以及ＧＣ－ＭＳ对飞灰样品中的ＰＡＨｓ进行了分析表生对前两种分析方法的精密度、准确性和所得结果的一致性进行了研究。     

PACS的结构特征及絮凝性能研究

制备了碱化度及Ａｌ＾３＋／ＳＯ＾２－４摩尔比不同的系列ＰＡＣＳ，分别进行常压（干燥温度１０５℃）及真空干燥（真空度为－０．０９８ＭＰａ、干燥温度６５℃）制备固体产品。用红外光谱及Ｘ－射线衍射谱研究了碱化度、Ａｌ＾３＋／ＳＯ＾２－４摩尔比、干燥温度对ＰＡＣＳ的结构影响，比较了干燥温度不同对ＰＡＣＳ固体样品的溶解度及絮凝效果的影响，借助于显微电泳测定技术研究不同碱化度及不同Ａｌ＾３＋／ＳＯ＾２－４摩尔     

聚硅氯化铝（PASC）的形态分布及转化规律：Ⅱ.^27Al—NMR法研究PASC溶 …

采用＾２７Ａｌ－ＮＭＲ法比较研究了ＰＡＳＣ与ＰＡＣ中铝的形态分布。实验结果表明，在ＰＡＳＣ中，由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合物产物间的相互作用，使得铝的水解聚合形态分布及转化情况发生了变化。在相同Ｂ值条件下，ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ单和Ａｌ１３的含量低于ＰＡＣ中相应Ａｌ单和Ａｌ１３的含量，而ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ其它的含量大于ＰＡＣ中Ａｌ其它的含量，其差值随着碱化度（Ｂ）和Ａｌ／Ｓｉ摩尔比的减小而增大。     

大气中PAN的测定及其与前体物的关系

对北京中关村地区大气ＰＡＮ的监测结果表明：在强日照条件下，ＰＡＮ浓度随汽车等排放和ＮＯ２浓度的增加而增加，高ＰＡＮ浓度水平与高Ｏ３浓度相关联；夏季的ＰＡＮ浓度明显高于春季。模拟实验的结果证实：Ｃ３Ｈ６是大气中重要的ＰＡＮ前体物，在一定范围内，其浓度越高，ＰＡＮ浓度越大；Ｃ２Ｈ４生成ＰＡＮ是困难的，Ｈ２Ｏ２的存在对Ｃ２Ｈ４反应生成ＰＡＮ有促进作用；大气中ＳＯ２的存在可降低ＰＡＮ的生成速率。在〈４００     

聚合氯化铝铁絮凝剂的性能研究

煤矸石是采煤过程之废料。本文利用煤矸石制备出了聚合氯化铝铁（ＰＡＦＣ）：一种新型无机高分子絮凝剂，探讨了Ｆｅ＾３＋的稳定性与溶液离子强度之间的关系，发现溶液的离子强度越大，则产生Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３沉淀时的ＰＨ越高。研究了ＰＡＦＣ水解产物的ζ电位及絮凝效果随ＰＨ的变化情况，比较了ＰＡＦＣ、ＰＡＣ和ＰＦＳ的除浊性能，ＰＡＦＣ在ＰＨ为７．０－８．２范围内除浊效果最佳，ＰＡＦＣ的除浊效果优于ＰＡＣ。     

用^32P后标记方法测定典型有毒污染物的DNA加合物

＾３２Ｐ后标记方法测定生物样品里的有毒污染物－ＤＮＡ加合物的过程是用小球菌核酸酶和脾核酸酶将ＤＮＡ及加合物酶解成为２‘－脱氧核苷３’－单磷酸，以它为底物，在Ｔ４多核到激酶的催化下，与γ＾３２ＰＡＴＰ进行文笔磷的转移反应，形成带放射磷的２‘－脱氧核苷３’，５‘－二磷酸酯ＯＤＳ－ＴＬＣ吸附薄层板和ＰＥＩ－ＴＬＣ阴离子交换薄层板将标记过的带放射磷的＾＊３’，５‘－二磷酸酯分离分辨，然后用自显影技术制成加     

絮凝剂PAN-DCD与甲基橙相互作用中的热力学研究

用平衡渗析法研究了有机高分子絮凝剂ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ与甲基橙（ＭＯ）在２０，２５，３０，３５℃下相互作用的热力学，求得结合常数Ｋ和热力学参数△Ｇ，△Ｈ，△Ｓ，在对不同絮凝剂结构进行表征的基础上，探讨了不同ＰＡＮ，ＤＣＤ配比对合成的絮凝剂与ＭＯ相互作用的影响，结果表明：ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ与ＭＯ的相互作用中能量作用是主要的：随ＰＡＮ与ＤＣＤ的比值增大，合成的絮凝剂ＰＤ１，ＰＤ２，ＰＤ３在常温下与ＭＯ的结合程试     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.