黄浦江上游水源地中31种内分泌干扰物的分布特征以及生态风险评价

本文研究了雄激素、雌激素、孕激素、糖皮质激素和工业化合物等5类31种环境内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs)在黄浦江上游水源地中的空间分布特征,并采用风险熵值法(risk quotient, RQ)对水体中EDCs的生态风险进行了评价.黄浦江上游水源地9个采样点糖皮质激素和孕激素均未检出,工业化合物双酚类检出率100%.大多物质最高检出浓度10 ng·L~(-1),而双酚A (BPA)检出浓度最高(26.00—64.32 ng·L~(-1)).黄浦江以工业化合物和雌激素类物质污染为主,BPA为各采样点的主要污染物.莲西大桥EDCs总浓度最高(103.66 ng·L~(-1)),水库入口总浓度最低(40.16 ng·L~(-1)).太浦河上游工业化合物类浓度较下游高,雌激素类最高浓度检出点为汾湖大桥(11.70 ng·L~(-1)).与国内外地表水中EDCs检出浓度比较,黄浦江上游水源地中EDCs处于中低等污染水平.对己烯雌酚(DES)、雌三醇(E3)、BPA、双酚S (BPS)等4种EDCs进行生态风险评价,RQ范围为0.006-2.5,BPS表现出较高的环境风险(RQ=2.5).     

污水处理厂污泥中几种典型酚类内分泌干扰物的调查

采用超声萃取-C18柱富集净化和柱前衍生气相色谱/质谱方法,检测了我国北方某市四个典型污水处理厂不同工艺段污泥中烷基酚和聚氧乙烯醚的几种典型中间降解产物以及双酚A等内分泌干扰物质.2003年,2004年和2006年三年的分析结果表明,所有的污泥样品中都检测到了壬基酚类物质的存在,总浓度范围为1.00-128.45 mg·kg-1之间,在活性污泥中以壬基酚单氧乙烯醚和壬基酚二氧乙烯醚为主,消化污泥和浓缩污泥中则以壬基酚为主.随着时间的推移,这类物质在城市污泥中有逐渐降低的趋势.辛基酚和双酚A都低于检出限.     

珠江三角洲河流饮用水源中的环境内分泌干扰物及其风险

在极低的环境暴露水平(ng·L~(-1)—μg·L~(-1)),环境内分泌干扰物(EEDs)就能对水生物的生殖、发育功能产生不利影响,甚至可能威胁到饮用水源的安全。为深入了解珠江水源水中EEDs的污染现状,采用全自动固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用(FASPE-GC/MS)法对珠江三角洲河流饮用水源地中EEDs的含量分布和季节变异进行了调查,并评价了其潜在的生态风险。结果发现,EEDs广泛存在于珠三角水源水中,总EEDs(ΣEEDs)的质量浓度在26.8—2 460 ng·L~(-1)之间,平均值和中值分别为775、325 ng·L~(-1);其中辛基酚(OP)、壬基酚(NP)、双酚A(BPA)和雌酮(E1)的质量浓度范围(平均值/中值)分别为LOQ (定量限)—121 ng·L~(-1)(42.9/15.2 ng·L~(-1))、15.2—2 270 ng·L~(-1)(821/338 ng·L~(-1))、1.19—177 ng·L~(-1)(56.21/52.0ng·L~(-1))、nd (未检出)—2.5 ng·L~(-1)(0.9 ng·L~(-1)/LOQ)。各水源地EEDs总体污染水平:东江东莞段流溪河下游西江北江,丰水期ΣEEDs的质量浓度显著高于枯水期(P0.05)。与国内外相关研究结果相比,珠三角河流水源水中EEDs的污染处于中高水平。丰水/枯水期水源水中OP、NP、BPA、E1的风险商(RQ)平均值分别为0.47/0.13、2.25/0.6、0.05/0.08、0.18/0.07,可见OP、BPA、E1在两季均呈中低风险水平,NP则呈中高风险水平。丰水期和枯水期饮用水源地EEDs的危害指数(HI)范围(平均值)分别为0.28—6.05(2.95)、0.045—3.23(0.88),表明丰水期的风险水平总体高于枯水期(P0.05)。两季高风险点(HI1)占总点位的41.7%,均出现在流溪河下游和东江东莞段,表明以上水源地处于高生态风险水平,已对当地水生生物及饮用水安全形成严重威胁;西江和北江的饮用水源地则处于中低风险水平。     

酚类内分泌干扰物在长江鱼体血浆中的生物富集

内分泌干扰物(Endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs)广泛存在于水环境,可在生物体内富集,具有潜在生态和健康风险.本研究选取双酚A(BPA)、辛基酚(4-t-OP)、雌酮(E1)、17β-雌二醇(E2)和炔雌醇(EE2)共5种酚类EDCs,分别测定其在长江中下游地表水和鱼体血浆中的含量及生物富集因子(Bioaccumulation factor, BAF),并结合血浆BAF预测模型对其生物富集能力进行评价.结果表明,BPA、4-t-OP和E1污染最为普遍,在地表水和鱼体血浆中检出率均超过50%,而其它两种EDCs(E2和EE2)在水体和鱼体血浆中的检出率和浓度均较低.综合检出频率和含量来看:BPA 4-t-OP E1 E2、EE2,5种酚类EDCs在水体中的最大浓度分别为99.7、22.3、2.47 ng·L~(-1)、ND(未检出)和ND,在鱼体血浆中的最大浓度分别为172、91.5、21.1、5.34、5.90 ng·mL~(-1).检出的3种酚类EDCs(BPA、4-t-OP和E1)的log BAF范围分别为2.29—4.20、3.18—4.18和3.29—3.75,表明鱼体血浆对酚类EDCs具有较高的生物富集潜能.对比模型预测的log BAF,实测的log BAF值明显较高,差异的产生与模型建立的前提假设、水温和溶解氧等因素密切相关.本研究有助于认识长江中下游鱼体中酚类EDCs的生物富集特征,并为其生态风险评价和管控提供依据.     

天津市地表水体与沉积物中7种高关注酚类化合物的污染特征与生态风险分析

为探究地表水体与沉积物中酚类化合物的污染分布特征和生态风险,选择天津市3个水源地与6条主要河流,采集了26个地表水样与6个沉积物样品,利用固相萃取与超声萃取、高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定了水样及沉积物中1-萘酚(1-naphthol)、壬基酚(nonylphenol, NP)、双酚A(bisphenol A, BPA)、2-苯基苯酚(biphenyl-2-ol)、3,4-二氯酚(3,4-dichlorophenol)、四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA)和对叔丁基苯酚(p-tert-butylphenol, PTBP)等7种高关注酚类化合物的浓度水平,并应用物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution, SSD)法和熵值法(ecological risk quotient, RQ)评估7种酚类化合物水环境和沉积物的生态风险。结果表明,地表水样中7种酚类化合物均全部检出;其中壬基酚的检出浓度最高,其次为四溴双酚A、对叔丁基苯酚、1-萘酚、2-苯基苯酚、3,4-二氯酚和双酚A。沉积物中酚类化合物的污染分布规律与水样相似,除双酚A外的目标物全部检出。其中,壬基酚浓度比其他物质浓度高2个数量级。风险评估结果显示,壬基酚对水环境与沉积物存在不可接受的风险;而四溴双酚A、对叔丁基苯酚、1-萘酚、2-苯基苯酚、3,4-二氯酚和双酚A则对环境具有较低风险或者存在一定的风险。     

上海市受纳污水河流中多溴联苯醚的生态风险评价

以上海市某污水处理厂出水及其受纳河流为研究对象,测定了19种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)同系物的浓度和分布特征,估算了污水处理厂PBDEs的年度排放负荷,并初步评价了受纳污水河流PBDEs的生态风险水平.结果表明,污水、河流水体及沉积物中PBDEs的总浓度分别为5050 pg.L-1、1310 pg.L-1和3.8 ng.g-1干重,其中BDE-209为主要成分.在排污口下游,PBDEs并没有随距离的增加而明显降低.该污水厂每年通过污水排放的五溴、八溴和十溴联苯醚分别为2.2、5.1和56.2 g.生态风险评价表明,目前该污水厂污水受纳河流中PBDEs导致的生态风险较低.     

污水处理厂中典型内分泌干扰物的去除效果研究

内分泌干扰物(Endocrine Disruption Chemicals,EDCs)在水中极低浓度下即会引起水生生物生殖发育、神经和免疫系统的异常,对人群的健康危害不容忽视。EDCs在污水厂中具有低浓度、难去除的特点,为进一步阐明污水处理厂不同处理工艺对此类EDCs的去除效果,采用化学分析法(气质联用法)和生物学方法(H295R和MVLN细胞实验法)分析东莞市2个城市污水处理厂中8种典型EDCs的分布特征和去除效果。结果显示,两污水厂进水中壬基酚(Nonlyphenol,NP)、辛基酚(Octylphenol,OP)、双酚A(Bisphenol A,BPA)浓度较高,NP质量浓度分别高达10 782 ng·L~(-1)和2 664 ng·L~(-1),而雌激素类物质雌酮(Estrone,E1)、雌二醇(17β-Estradiol,E2)与雌三醇(Estriol,E3)、17α-乙炔基雌二醇(17α-Ethinglestradiol,EE2)、己烯雌酚(Diethylstilbestrol,DES)浓度较低,经处理后,去除效率均超过90%。两污水厂进水及出水处理后H295R细胞内雌二醇(E2)水平显著升高,睾酮(Testosterone,T)水平呈下降趋势,类固醇合成基因HMGR、CYP11B2和CYP19表达量显著增加。MVLN细胞试验结果显示,两污水厂出水中雌激素当量(Estradiol Equivalency quotient,EEQ)分别达19.25ng·L~(-1)和14.21 ng·L~(-1)。本研究表明,即使化学分析结果显示EDCs去除率高达90%,且出水中雌激素化合物低于检出限,但是出水中类固醇激素干扰活性及雌激素活性依然存在。类固醇激素水平与水中酚类物质浓度没有显著相关性,A、B两个污水厂出厂水中除酚类化合物外,其他产生雌激素效应的化合物或类固醇合成干扰物也不容忽视。     

南方典型水源地及水产养殖区抗生素的复合污染特征及生态风险

抗生素作为生长促进剂和疾病预防控制药物在水产养殖领域得到广泛应用,目前在许多环境水体中检测到不同类型的抗生素。环境中抗生素的残留问题也是目前环境研究的热点问题之一。本研究选择南方某市8个水源地和5个典型水产养殖区作为研究对象,采用固相萃取、高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱联用仪方法,调查了32种常用抗生素在水体中的含量水平和空间分布特征,揭示了抗生素的来源,并对其生态风险进行了评价。水源地共检出12种抗生素,浓度范围为0.12～44.6 ng·L~(-1),以磺胺甲噁唑含量最高;水产养殖区检出14种抗生素,浓度范围为0.95～716 ng·L~(-1),以氯四环素检出浓度最高。整体上水产养殖区抗生素的浓度高于水源地。抗生素浓度与环境因子的冗余分析表明,水产养殖和生活污水排放是水体中抗生素的主要来源。对检出的13种抗生素进行生态风险评价,单一抗生素而言,环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、磺胺嘧啶、氯四环素和脱水红霉素的风险商值大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险。总抗生素风险商值加和在大部分水源地大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险;总抗生素风险商值加和在2个水产养殖区大于0.1,表现为中等风险,水产养殖区抗生素的长期生态风险应该引起关注。     

同位素稀释-液相色谱串联质谱法测定固相萃取柱中5种双酚A、壬基酚和辛基酚类化合物

双酚A（Bisphenol A）、壬基酚（Nonylphenol）和辛基酚（Octylphenol）是环境中常见的几种内分泌干扰物质,对生态环境和人类健康造成一定的危害.由于这类物质在实际样品中含量通常较低（ng.L-1级）,样品基体对测定可能会有一定的干扰,因此准确测定时往往需要对样品进行萃取、净化和浓缩等前处理.固相萃取因具有易于操作、适用性广、     

对活性污泥中6种内分泌干扰物的定量测定

针对活性污泥中6种内分泌干扰物（Endocrine Disrupting Compounds,EDCs）：双酚A（BPA）,雌酮（E1）,17β-雌二醇（E2）,雌三醇（E3）,17α-乙炔雌二醇（EE2）和己烯雌酚（DES）,建立了快速溶剂萃取（Accelerated Solvent Extractor,ASE）,固相萃取（SPE）净化,GC-MS检测的测试方法.对比分析了不同衍生化试剂、衍生化条件对分析结果的影响,同时优化了净化步骤.通过所建立的方法对6种EDCs在污泥中的浓度进行分析,检测回收率为77.2%—118.3%,相对标准偏差小于9%.应用该方法测定了重庆某2个污水处理厂剩余污泥中的EDCs浓度.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.