不同气团对嘉兴市大气污染物变化特征的影响

利用嘉兴2012年10月—2013年9月污染气体和PM2.5的连续观测资料,结合HYSPLIT_4轨迹模式计算得到的观测期间嘉兴不同季节的主导气团,分析了嘉兴市大气污染物的变化特征及不同季节下不同气团类型对该地污染物的影响.结果表明,嘉兴市CO、SO2、NO2和PM2.5日变化为双峰型分布,峰值位于07∶00—09∶00和16∶00—18∶00;O3呈单峰分布,峰值位于14∶00,这与人为活动和大气边界层变化密切相关.大气污染物具有显著的季节变化特征,SO2、CO和PM2.5冬季高(43.5,950.3,79.8μg·m-3),夏季低(21.5、522.4、38.0μg·m-3);NO2在春季最高(49.9μg·m-3),夏季最低(30.4μg·m-3);O3夏季最高(88.9μg·m-3),冬季最低(17.2μg·m-3).影响嘉兴的主导气团的来源和路径存在显著季节变化,不同气团对大气污染物的分布影响较大,局地气团下SO2的浓度显著降低;大陆气团下污染物浓度普遍偏高,SO2、CO、NO2和PM2.5分别是海洋性气团的1.6—3.0、1.5—1.6、1.6—2.0和1.5—2.3倍;海洋性气团下污染物浓度普遍较低;混合性气团对应的污染物水平介于海洋性气团和大陆气团之间.     

“十一五”期间安庆市环境空气质量状况分析

根据安庆市环境空气质量监测数据,对＂十一五＂期间安庆市环境空气质量状况进行了分析,并与＂十五＂期间进行了比较。结果表明,＂十一五＂期间安庆市环境空气质量优良率总体呈下降态势,首要污染物主要为PM10,老城区的污染重于开发区。采暖期SO2及PM10的质量浓度高于其它月份,NO2测值随季节变化不明显,2009年起各种污染物浓度有所下降。与＂十五＂比较,＂十一五＂期间PM10的质量浓度大幅下降,SO2及NO2均有不同幅度的上升,环境空气质量优良率比＂十五＂略有下降。     

广州城区近地面层不同高度空气质量评价

为了阐明大城市中心城区不同高度的空气质量差异及其成因,为大气污染防治工作提供科学支撑,该研究基于广州塔大气污染物垂直梯度观测平台的监测数据,采用环境空气质量综合指数和环境空气质量指数(AQI),分别对广州城区近地面层不同高度的空气质量进行评价。结果表明,2015年广州塔4个高度(地面、118 m、168 m和488 m)的空气质量综合指数分别为4.96、5.01、4.83和3.64,AQI超标率分别为27%、30%、25%和40%。总体上,中、低层(168 m以下)的空气质量差异较小,其中118 m点位的综合指数和AQI超标率相对较高;高层(488 m)因O_3污染尤其显著导致其AQI超标率为各高度最高,但O_3质量浓度上升的贡献被其他污染物质量浓度的大幅下降所抵消,故其综合指数反而最低。随着高度增加,PM_(2.5)和NO_2超标程度下降,O_3超标程度上升,导致高层的PM_(2.5)和NO_2几乎不超标,而O_3超标率达40%且其超标天数占AQI超标天数的比例高达99%。随着污染级别上升,PM_(2.5)和NO_2成为首要污染物的比例减少,O_3比例增加,O_3成为各高度AQI超标时最主要的首要污染物。当低层空气质量处于优或重度污染级别时,各层等级一致性相对较好;但在其他情况下,低层与高层的空气质量最多可相差3个级别。因PM_(2.5)和NO_2以低矮源排放贡献为主,而O_3来源于复杂的二次反应,使PM_(2.5)和NO_2质量浓度随高度上升而递减,而O_3质量浓度随高度上升而递增,最终形成了中、低层以PM_(2.5)、NO2和O_3复合污染为主、高层以O_3单一污染为主的空气质量垂直分布特征。     

成都G20会议期间大气污染特征及污染防治分析

为保障2016年7月22—24日G20财长与央行行长会议期间空气质量良好,成都市政府采取了大气污染排放控制应急措施。为评估这些措施的成效,提出未来进一步改善成都空气质量的措施建议,利用成都2016年7月1日—8月18日8个国家级空气质量监测点PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO等污染物浓度数据和地面气象资料,比较了减排前(7月1—15日)、减排中(7月16—26日)和减排后(7月27日—8月18日)空气质量与气象条件变化特征,同时量化了PM2.5来源。结果表明,采取的污染控制措施取得了一定效果。在减排期低压、低风速及无降雨等不利的气象条件情况下,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3、SO_2和NO_2浓度在开始减排后出现了明显下降;相反,它们在停止减排后出现了明显上升。虽然整个研究时段内市区PM2.5和PM10浓度均达到了国家空气质量二级标准,但仍超过世界卫生组织准则值,超标天数占总天数50%以上;约80%天数的臭氧日最大8 h浓度超过世界卫生组织准则值;成都已面临雾霾和臭氧的双重污染。虽然雾霾和臭氧污染发生的主要季节不同,但臭氧和二次颗粒物的前体物(如NO_x和VOCs)具有共同主要来源。市区与背景点在PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_3的浓度上接近且具有似的变化趋势,表明市区空气质量与区域污染物排放密切相关,成都SO_2浓度受本地源和污染物远距离传输的共同影响。为进一步改善成都空气质量,建议加强成渝地区区域减排,特别要控制臭氧前体物和二次颗粒物前体物的排放。     

武汉市三类不同大气污染过程下大气污染物特征及潜在源区分析

为了探讨武汉市不同类型大气污染过程中大气污染物变化特征,分析对比了沙尘、秸秆燃烧和霾污染过程中大气污染物(SO2,NO2,CO,O3,PM2.5和PM10)的变化特征及其影响因素。使用HYSPLIT模式计算了不同类型污染过程中气团轨迹,并利用潜在源区贡献(potential source contribution function,PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(concentration weighted trajectory,CWT)分析方法,揭示了武汉市不同类型污染过程中大气污染物的潜在源区分布及其贡献特性。结果表明,不同类型污染下大气污染物变化不同。沙尘天主要以PM10污染为主,平均浓度为408.8μg/m^3,是干净天的5.9倍,PM2.5/PM10仅为29%。霾过程中主要以PM2.5污染为主,平均浓度为182.8μg/m^3,是干净天的3.7倍,PM2.5/PM10为90.4%。秸秆燃烧过程中大气污染物浓度均不同程度地增加,其中PM2.5、PM10和SO2的浓度分别为100.2μg/m^3,155.4μg/m^3和23.7μg/m^3,是干净天的1.8倍,1.6倍和1.6倍。表明,不同类型污染下大气污染物的日变化不同,不同类型污染过程中大气污染物的潜在源区差异较大。沙尘期间大气污染物的主要潜在源区为安徽、河南南部、沙尘源区的内蒙古和甘肃等地区。霾过程中大气污染物的主要潜在源区为湖南东北部、湖北东部、安徽西南部、浙江西部、江西北部和河南南部。秸秆燃烧过程中大气污染物的主要潜在源区为安徽、江苏西南部和河南东南部。     

远距离输送作用对南京大气污染的影响

为了研究近地层大气污染物远程输送对于南京地区的影响,结合南京北郊观测点的观测资料,对2008—2009年南京地区气团的后向轨迹进行了聚类分析,结果表明：O3质量浓度分布呈双峰型,分别于5—6月和8—10月达到了高峰,两年共计有36 d质量浓度超过了国家环境空气质量标准二级标准,其中两次峰值期间占81%和83%。NO2和SO2在冬季较其他季节质量浓度高。到达南京气流轨迹以东部气团（占总数37%）为主。在东部气团影响下,南京周边地区近地层O3、NO2和SO2质量浓度分别为99.5、54.0和76.6μg.m-3,大气污染物质量浓度均较高。从后向轨迹分析认为,与气团途经并携带了重污染的长三角地区近地层排放的气体污染物有关。相对于其他来向的气团,东部气团对于南京地区近地层的影响更重要。     

遂宁市大气细颗粒物污染现状及成因

通过研究遂宁市环境空气质量变化趋势、城区空气颗粒物组成及浓度变化,系统分析了遂宁市雾霾天气的污染状况及成因,并横向比较了四川省内各城市的空气质量.研究结果表明,细颗粒物(PM2.5)是遂宁市环境空气中的主要污染物.2012年遂宁市大气中PM2.5浓度值为35—119μg·m-3,平均值为68μg·m-3.2013年1—4月,PM2.5浓度值为21—120μg·m-3,达标率不到50%.尤其在2013年3月,PM2.5/PM10由62.0%—87.2%降低为45.3%.由此判断遂宁市环境空气质量主要受细颗粒物类型、气象条件以及大气污染物长距离迁移等因素影响,其中细颗粒物的最主要来源为机动车尾气排放,并提出了细颗粒物污染防治的对策措施.     

疫情管控对关中城市群大气污染特征及颗粒物化学组成的影响

新冠肺炎疫情的暴发对生产生活模式产生了重大影响,进而改变了大气污染现状和规律,是一次极限减排的“大气实验”.本研究以中国典型大气污染控制区的关中城市群为研究对象,考察该地区疫情管控下大气污染物污染特征、来源和形成机制,解析了大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)中化学组分的浓度变化特征.结果显示,除O₃外,其余大气污染物浓度的整体变化趋势均表现为管控前>管控后,与全国趋势一致、但程度不同.新冠肺炎疫情的社会隔离措施大幅度削减了各类排放源,西安市、咸阳市、铜川市、宝鸡市、渭南市等5个城市PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO₂和CO浓度值明显降低,其中PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO在疫情期间的浓度达到近5年来历史最低.O₃浓度在封城期间却有显著上升的现象,表明大气氧化性可能在燃烧排放减少的背景下由于NO₂滴定效应减小而得到强化.对西安市PM_2.5中水溶性阴阳离子浓度对...     

青年奥林匹克运动会期间南京市主要大气污染物浓度变化与分析

为了解青年奥林匹克运动会期间南京市主要大气污染物浓度变化趋势,通过南京空气质量发布系统实时监测的数据,对青奥会举办前(2014年8月3日—16日)、举办期间(2014年8月17日—28日)以及举办之后(2014年8月29日—9月9日)南京市主要大气污染物浓度变化特征进行比较分析,结果表明,青奥会前的14 d南京市PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3浓度均值为51.6、72.2、13.5、33.1、41.7μg·m-3,青奥会期间各浓度均值为37.9、49.1、12.4、36.5、38.8μg·m-3,大气污染物浓度下降显著;而在青奥会之后,随着减排措施的取消,南京市大气污染物浓度均呈现反弹上升的趋势,各浓度均值依次为56.1、79.6、15.3、38.5、58.6μg·m-3.不同时段,PM2.5、PM10、SO2和O3浓度变化特征相似,均为青奥会之后青奥会之前青奥会期间,而NO2为青奥会之后青奥会期间青奥会之前.PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2日变化呈现双峰型,O3呈现单峰型的特点.     

中国主要大气污染物的时空分布特征研究

应用统计学和GIS对2014年3月─2015年2月期间190个监测城市的NO2、PM10、PM2.5和SO2的监测数据进行时空特征分布分析,结果表明,中国大气污染主要来源于采暖排放、机动车排放、工业排放与风沙天气。各污染物呈明显的区域性分布。污染物浓度总体趋势是北方地区高于南方地区。河北南部以及山东东部等重工业密集且人口密度大的地区污染较为严重。而中西部及东南部等工业发展相对落后人口较为稀少的地区污染较轻。PM10污染呈明显的季节变化,采暖期PM10主要来源于燃煤排放和机动车尾气排放,非采暖期受风沙天气影响显著,且在春、秋的风沙时期保持较高的值。采暖期PM2.5、SO2和NO2的浓度上升明显,其中SO2受到采暖期的影响最为显著。NO2主要来源于工业排放以及汽车尾气排放,因而工业布局密集且交通发达的城市污染较为严重。采暖期与非采暖期NO2、PM10、PM2.5和SO2的浓度对比变化显著,采暖期燃煤对空气质量的影响巨大。     

Electronic waste pollution and the COVID-19 pandemic

Environmental Chemistry Letters -     

Unanswered questions on the airborne transmission of COVID-19

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Policies and measures to control pandemics are often failing. While biological factors controlling transmission are usually well explored, little is known about...     

COVID-19 drugs in aquatic systems: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The outbreak of the human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has induced an unprecedented increase in the use of several old and repurposed therapeutic...     

How the COVID-19 pandemic has changed research?

Environmental Chemistry Letters -     

Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on solid waste generation and management strategies

• Implication of COVID-19 on medical waste and MSW generation is studied. • Challenges and effective strategy of solid waste generation is reviewed. • 2.9 million tons of COVID-19 related medical waste has been generated until Sep. 22. • The pandemic has postponed policies related to the reduction of plastic use. • Blockade resulted in a significant drop in waste generation in some regions. It has been over ten months since the beginning of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-2019), and its impact on solid waste management, especially medical waste, is becoming clearer. This study systematically reviews the potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste, personal protection equipment waste and municipal solid waste (MSW), and discusses the corresponding measures and policies of solid waste management in typical countries. The results show that the generation of medical waste from the pandemic increased significantly, with 18%‒425% growth. It is estimated that the daily output of COVID-19 medical waste increased from 200 t/d on Feb. 22 to over 29000 t/d at the end of September 2020 throughout the world. The use of personal protective equipment will continue to grow in the long-term, while the blockade and isolation measures greatly reduced the volume of commercial waste, especially for tourist cities, and part of this waste was transferred to household waste. Residents’ attitudes and behavior toward food waste have changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the pandemic, international organizations and several countries have issued new policies and guidelines and adjusted their management strategies for medical waste and MSW treatment. The pandemic has brought specific challenges to the disposal capacity of medical waste worldwide. It has also brought about the stagnation of policies related to the reduction of plastic products and waste recycling. This study will provide some useful information for managers and governmental officials on effective solid waste management during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.     

Forest-bathing and physical activity as weapons against COVID-19: a review

Strengthening the immune system in order to better withstand the threat of COVID-19 is an important way to ensure the protection of our health against the current pandemic associated with SARS-CoV-2. There are many ways to achieve this, but with current circumstances, certain modalities stand out as being the most valid and are certainly worth greater consideration. Here we review the effects that particular immuno-strengthening activities can have on limiting the severity of COVID-19 disease as well as preventing virus infection. Physical activity, in particular, should not be discounted as an important method of prevention of viral diseases as it triggers many biological processes within the human body which in turn lead to heightened natural defences against viral infections. When exercise is performed in forested areas, these protective health benefits may be increased since many plant species emit biogenic volatile compounds (VOCs) which, when inhaled, have many protective properties. These VOCs have been shown in particular to have immunostimulatory effects on the human body and, thus, they could be of use in the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19. Being amongst trees may also help to alleviate stress and anxiety, lowering cortisol levels and consequently helping the proper functioning of the immune system. In the following work, we have performed an analysis of the available scientific literature which looks at the effects of physical exercise as well as ‘forest-bathing’ on the immune system’s ability to fight disease, especially of course as it relates to COVID-19. Our review aims at shedding light on the benefits of exercising outdoors in green areas and suggests reforestation as a protective measure against future outbreaks.

     

Three lessons conservation science can learn from the COVID-19 pandemic

Article impact statement: COVID-19 has demonstrated the need to optimize research activity, convey the gravity of loss, and reevaluate merit in conservation science.     

The relative importance of COVID-19 pandemic impacts on biodiversity conservation globally

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on almost all aspects of human society and endeavor; the natural world and its conservation have not been spared. Through a process of expert consultation, we identified and categorized, into 19 themes and 70 subthemes, the ways in which biodiversity and its conservation have been or could be affected by the pandemic globally. Nearly 60% of the effects have been broadly negative. Subsequently, we created a compendium of all themes and subthemes, each with explanatory text, and in August 2020 a diverse group of experienced conservationists with expertise from across sectors and geographies assessed each subtheme for its likely impact on biodiversity conservation globally. The 9 subthemes ranked highest all have a negative impact. These were, in rank order, governments sidelining the environment during their economic recovery, reduced wildlife-based tourism income, increased habitat destruction, reduced government funding, increased plastic and other solid waste pollution, weakening of nature-friendly regulations and their enforcement, increased illegal harvest of wild animals, reduced philanthropy, and threats to survival of conservation organizations. In combination, these impacts present a worrying future of increased threats to biodiversity conservation but reduced capacity to counter them. The highest ranking positive impact, at 10, was the beneficial impact of wildlife-trade restrictions. More optimistically, among impacts ranked 11-20, 6 were positive and 4 were negative. We hope our assessment will draw attention to the impacts of the pandemic and, thus, improve the conservation community's ability to respond to such threats in the future.     

The influence of COVID-19 on grid parity of China’s photovoltaic industry

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - With the more efficient involvement of both technology and policy factors in China’s whole industry-chain, the year 2020 is a key period for...     

环境温湿度对新型冠状病毒传播影响研究的现状及展望

新型冠状病毒感染所导致的疾病已造成全球大流行,是当前全球重大公共卫生问题.目前,疫情的重灾区主要集中在北半球,南半球开始有明显的增加趋势.随着北半球夏季的来临,环境温湿度变化对病毒传播的影响逐渐受到广泛关注.已有若干研究从不同角度出发,探究环境温湿度与新型冠状病毒传播的关系.本文通过总结相关主要研究,总结目前研究的进展及有待完善之处,为今后相关工作的深入开展提供建议.