柏木人工林目标树经营初期对林下植物多样性及土壤理化性质的影响

为改善川中丘陵区柏木人工林林下植物多样性与土壤现状,以当地柏木人工林为研究对象,分析目标树经营1年后,3种不同目标树密度(100、150、200株/hm~2)林下植物多样性和土壤理化性质的变化情况.结果表明:与对照林分相比,目标树经营初期,3种不同目标树密度下灌木层植物多样性各指数显著增加(P0.05),喜光植物增多,林地内出现多种生活型,草本层多样性指数、生态优势度指数和均匀度指数均显著降低(P 0.05);土壤pH与速效钾含量显著降低(P 0.05),非毛管孔隙度、全氮、水解氮、全磷、有效磷和有机质显著增高(P 0.05);氮和磷是植物的主要限制因子,植物各多样性指数与全氮、全磷、有效磷密切相关,非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和速效钾含量与草本层各多样性指数最为密切.本研究表明,目标树经营初期能够增加灌木层植物多样性、提高草本层物种丰富度与改善土壤理化性质,土壤因子与林下植物多样性的变化密切相关.(图3表6参37)     

不同土壤水分条件下添加硅对紫花苜蓿茎叶和土壤氮磷钾含量的影响

为提高植物氮磷钾利用能力,采用盆栽试验研究了不同土壤水分条件下添加硅对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)茎叶和土壤氮、磷、钾含量的影响.结果表明,土壤含水量为饱和含水量的35%和80%时添加硅对紫花苜蓿生物量没有明显影响,而土壤含水量为饱和含水量的50%和65%时则显著提高了紫花苜蓿生物量(P<0.05);添加硅对紫花苜蓿茎叶内氮含量没有显著影响,但显著提高了茎叶内钾和磷含量(P<0.05);添加硅对土壤全氮、速效氮、全钾和全磷含量没有显著影响,而显著提高了土壤速效磷含量(P<0.05),显著降低了土壤速效钾含量(P<0.05).说明添加硅能够显著增加紫花苜蓿茎叶内磷和钾的积累量,刺激土壤速效磷释放,降低土壤速效钾含量.     

火烧干扰下高寒草甸土壤微生物群落功能多样性变化特征

为揭示火烧干扰对高寒草甸土壤微生物群落的影响,应用Biolog法研究火烧恢复初期土壤微生物群落、碳源利用类型和功能多样性变化特征及其与土壤理化性质的相关性.结果表明:1)恢复初期火烧样地土壤微生物群落代谢活性显著高于对照样地(P0.05),火烧土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(1.20)高于对照样地(1.07);2)火烧干扰后高寒草甸土壤微生物群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Mc Intosh指数和和碳源利用数分别显著增加了0.037、0.203、1.234和2.340(P0.05);3)主成分分析表明,火烧使微生物代谢功能特征发生变化,碳水化合物是土壤微生物利用的主要碳源类型;4)相关性分析表明,土壤pH、有机质(SOM)、全磷(TP)与微生物功能多样性指数呈显著相关(P0.05),土壤碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、全氮(TN)和根土比与碳水化合物类碳源呈正显著相关(P0.05).综上,火烧恢复初期,土壤有效养分提高,微环境得以改善,土壤微生物代谢活性、碳源利用能力和数量明显提高.     

菌剂与肥料配施对矿区复垦土壤养分及微生物学特性的影响

采用完全随机区组设计,研究在等量养分供应条件下,生物菌剂(MA)与有机肥(OF)以及无机肥(IF)配施对矿区复垦土壤养分及微生物学特性的影响,为矿区复垦土壤生物培肥、快速熟化提供科学依据.结果表明:生物菌剂与肥料配合施用能显著增加土壤养分含量,土壤有机质和全氮含量以MA+OF处理最高,分别比CK增加了42.60%和36.43%,土壤全磷、有效氮和有效磷含量则以MA+IF处理最高,分别比CK增加了24.40%、210%和460%;菌剂与肥料配施能显著增加土壤中微生物数量和生物量(P0.05),细菌与微生物总量以MA+OF+IF处理最高,微生物量碳氮以MA+OF处理最高;与未配施菌剂处理相比,配施菌剂后土壤细菌数量增加了35.73%-53.69%,微生物量碳和氮分别增加了15.30%-28.33%和12.55%-23.23%;菌剂与肥配施能显著提高土壤酶活性,与CK相比,MA+OF+IF处理的土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和转化酶活性分别提高了20.66%、40.91%、77.04%和77.06%.相关分析表明土壤养分和微生物学特性指标之间关系密切,可用来评价复垦土壤肥力状况.主成分分析进一步表明,不同培肥处理复垦土壤质量表现为MA+OF+IFMA+OFOF+IFMA+IFOFIFCK.综合分析得出,有机肥与无机肥配施菌剂更有利于提高土壤肥力和土壤微生物特性,改善复垦土壤微生态环境.     

矿区周边农田冬种蚕豆、油菜对土壤性质的影响及作物镉铅累积特征

蚕豆和油菜是云南铅锌矿周边农田主要的冬季作物.通过大田试验,以空闲地为对照,研究冬种蚕豆和油菜对土壤速效养分含量、微生物数量与酶活性的影响及其镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)累积特征,结果表明:(1)与冬季空闲地相比,种植蚕豆显著增加四月农田土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量,分别增加1.8倍、30.08%和72.5%;种植油菜显著增加二月和四月农田土壤速效钾的含量,增幅为9.2%和106.5%.(2)种植蚕豆和油菜均显著增加二月和四月土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量,以及四月农田土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,且种植蚕豆土壤微生物数量增长大于种植油菜.(3)蚕豆主要在根部累积Cd和Pb,含量分别为11.7和107.6 mg/kg;油菜主要在根和茎叶累积Cd和Pb.(4)土壤细菌和放线菌数量、土壤脲酶活性与速效养分含量间呈显著或极显著正相关,土壤细菌数量与脲酶活性间呈极显著正相关.可见,冬季种植蚕豆和油菜显著改变铅锌矿周边Cd、Pb污染农田土壤的化学与生物学性质,并存在农作物Cd、Pb含量偏高的环境风险.     

震区生态恢复初期土壤养分含量与微生物生物量特征的关系

为探究地震灾区不同气候区的初期生态恢复过程,选取汶川地震重灾区汶川县(干旱河谷气候区)和绵竹市(亚热带季风性气候区)的受损治理样地与未受损样地,对比研究表层土壤(0-20 cm)全养分(有机碳SOC、全氮TN)、速效养分(水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾)和微生物生物量含量.结果表明:同一气候区内,不同土壤层次SOC含量和0-5 cm、5-10 cm层土壤TN含量均表现为未受损区显著高于受损治理区(P0.05).其中,在亚热带季风气候区,受损治理区的水解性氮(AN)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量在不同土壤层次显著低于未受损区(P 0.05),真菌数量与速效钾(AK),放线菌数量与土壤SOC,TN与细菌、真菌、放线菌数量在未受损区均存在显著相关性(P 0.05);在干旱河谷气候区,未受损区不同层次土壤有效磷(AP)和微生物量氮(MBN)含量显著高于受损治理区(P0.05),MBC与AN、AP,MBN与SOC、TN,细菌数量与AK在受损治理区存在显著相关(P0.05),真菌数量与AP在未受损区存在显著相关(P0.05).典范相关分析发现,土壤中AK、TN含量与细菌数量、MBC含量,AK含量与真菌数量具有正相关关系.因此,震后受损区土壤速效养分、生物肥力不及未受损区,需加大土壤培肥力度,提高土壤速效养分含量,增加土壤微生物数量,从而改善土壤健康状况,促进生态恢复.(图3表5参41)     

有机耕作方式对我国南方典型土壤质量影响的评价

选取南方14个典型农场,包括7个有机农场和7个相邻的常规农场,对其土壤物理指标(容重)、化学指标(pH值、有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量)和生物指标(微生物量碳含量,微生物群落多样性指数及优势度指数,线虫数量,线虫群落多样性指数及优势度指数)共13个指标进行统计分析。采用主成分分析法,筛选全氮含量、pH值、容重、微生物量碳含量、线虫数量和线虫群落优势度指数6个指标作为评价体系的最小数据集(minimum data set,MDS)。有机种植方式基于MDS的土壤质量指数(Is,q,6)为0.39~0.72,常规种植方式的Is,q,6为0.18~0.54,除1个样点外,有机种植方式的Is,q,6均高于常规种植方式。基于MDS的6个指标对土壤质量的贡献率为12.4%~21.8%,其中,线虫群落优势度贡献率最高。基于13个指标的土壤质量指数(Is,q,13)与Is,q,6呈显著正相关(r=0.89,P0.05),表明基于MDS的土壤质量评价是一种有效可行的评价方法。     

恢复措施对排土场土壤酶活性和微生物量的影响

以海州露天矿排土场为研究对象,选取工程复垦、人工种植林地(榆树、刺槐和紫穗槐)和天然草地3种恢复措施作为修复地,以荒裸地作为对照,研究恢复措施对土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量的影响,探讨生态恢复措施对排土场土壤质量的改善情况.结果表明,在同一土层中,修复地土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性和土壤微生物量显著高于荒裸地(P0.05),人工林地和天然草地在提高上述4种土壤酶活性方面显著高于工程复垦地(P0.05),工程复垦能够显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性(P0.05),却不能显著提高土壤微生物量(P0.05).表层土壤中,微生物量C/N比值表现为人工林地和天然草地显著高于其他土壤(P0.05),深层土壤则为荒裸地最高.从垂直分布上看,土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量C、N随着土壤深度的增加而降低.相关分析表明,土壤酶活性和微生物量与土壤养分含量之间密切相关,说明土壤酶活性和微生物量可以作为评价排土场土壤质量的生物学指标.3种恢复措施对土壤质量的改善能力依次为人工林地天然草地工程复垦地,在林种的选择上为乔木灌木.     

中国东部土壤生物化学性质空间分异及质量评价

中国幅源辽阔,南北跨度大,在自然气候环境的影响和人为因素的干扰下,不同地区土壤养分和土壤微生物种类、数量存在显著的空间差异,进而造成了土壤质量的空间差异。为了解中国东部天然林土壤养分和微生物多样性空间分布规律,本研究依据水热梯度变化特征采集了16个自然保护区52个典型森林土壤样方,测定了土壤养分和微生物指标,包括pH值、有机碳、有机质、总碳、总氮、总磷、总钾、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮、土壤微生物宏基因组丰度和香农多样性指数。研究发现,中国东部森林土壤养分含量较高,空间差异大,宏基因组香农多样性指数变异系数为0.03,属弱变异,速效磷变异系数为1.17,属强变异。土壤养分(除总氮、总钾外)、土壤微生物宏基因组丰度和香农多样性指数与纬度呈显著正相关。进一步采用主成分分析方法,得出了基于土壤养分和土壤微生物指标的土壤质量综合评价指数。结果表明,1)中国东部森林土壤质量综合指数与纬度呈显著正相关关系。2)较高的土壤养分含量和微生物多样性有利于提高土壤质量,它们在数值上表现为正相关关系,彼此之间存在一定的互作关系。本研究揭示了中国东部地区典型森林土壤养分、微生物多样性和土壤质量空间分异规律,为了解中国东部森林土壤状况以及土壤资源合理可持续利用与管理提供了科学依据。     

黄土高原矿区土壤细菌群落对地表塌陷和土地复垦的响应

中国一半的煤炭生产能力集中于生态脆弱的黄土高原,采矿活动进一步加剧了当地生态环境恶化,尤其是土壤退化.微生物是土壤物质转化的动力,对外界干扰十分敏感,厘清其变化对生态恢复和治理尤为重要.为此,本研究以黄土高原大柳塔煤矿及黑岱沟煤矿为对象,利用高通量测序技术和分子生态网络分析方法,揭示土壤细菌群落多样性及不同活动影响下土壤细菌群落之间的联系与差异.结果表明,不同活动对土壤理化性状影响显著,塌陷区有机质、速效磷、速效钾呈显著性下降(P0.05),复垦区土壤有机质、水分、pH和电导率则显著增加(P0.05),塌陷对土壤理化性状产生了抑制作用,复垦呈现促进作用.不同活动对土壤细菌群落产生不同的影响,塌陷区多样性指数降低了约20%,复垦则多样性指数增加了63%,但塌陷区、复垦区优势菌门保持一致.不同活动对土壤细菌分子生态网络的影响迥异:塌陷后分子生态网络趋于复杂,网络连接数及互作关系明显增强;复垦后则生态网络模块增加,模块内部趋于简单.为应对地表塌陷和土地复垦,土壤细菌往往改变菌种间关系作适应性变化.塌陷更多地促进相互合作以适应养分的贫瘠,复垦则促进模块数增加并趋于合作以获取更多的资源.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Variation in male courtship costs in butterflies

A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Genotypic variation in element concentrations in brown rice from Yunnan landraces in China

The mineral elements present in brown rice play an important physiological role in global human health. We investigated genotypic variation of eight of these elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in 11 different grades of brown rice on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of 282 alleles for 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Six-hundred and twenty-eight landraces from the same field in Yunnan Province, one of the largest centers of genetic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the world, formed our core collection. The mean concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) of the eight elements in brown rice for these landraces were P (3,480) > K (2,540) > Mg (1,480) > Ca (157) > Zn (32.8) > Fe (32.0) > Cu (13.6) > Mn (13.2). Mean P concentrations in brown rice were 6.56 times total soil P, so the grains are important in tissue storage of P, but total soil K is 7.82 times mean K concentrations in brown rice. The concentrations of the eight elements in some grades of brown rice, on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of alleles for 20 SSR markers for the landraces, were significantly different (P < 0.05), and further understanding of the relationship between mineral elements and gene diversity is needed. There was large variation in element concentrations in brown rice, ranging from 2,160 to 5,500 mg P kg⁻¹, from 1,130 to 3,830 mg K kg⁻¹, from 61.8 to 488 mg Ca kg⁻¹, from 864 to 2,020 mg Mg kg⁻¹, from 0.40 to 147 mg Fe kg⁻¹, from 15.1 to 124 mg Zn kg⁻¹, from 0.10 to 59.1 mg Cu kg⁻¹, and from 6.7 to 26.6 mg Mn kg⁻¹. Therefore, germplasm evaluations for Ca, Fe, and Zn concentrations in rice grains have detected up to sevenfold genotypic differences, suggesting that selection for high levels of Ca, Fe, and Zn in breeding for mass production is a feasible approach. Increasing the concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn in rice grains will help alleviate chronic Ca, Zn, and Fe deficiencies in many areas of the world.