染料结构与其絮凝胶色效果关系的探讨

在对活性，酸性和碱性等１０种水溶性染料水样絮凝胶色和平衡渗析实验数据进行分析的基础上，初步探讨了染料结构与其絮凝脱色率之间的定性关系。ＰＡＮ－ＤＣＤ絮凝剂对１０种染料的最佳脱色ＰＨ范围〈５，尤其在ＰＨ〈４更佳。     

染料结构与其絮凝脱色效果关系的探讨

在对活性、酸性和碱性等 1 0种水溶性染料水样絮凝脱色和平衡渗析实验数据进行分析的基础上 ,初步探讨了染料结构与其絮凝脱色率之间的定性关系。PAN -DCD絮凝剂对 1 0种染料的最佳脱色pH范围 <5,尤其在pH值 <4更佳。在最佳pH条件下 ,絮凝剂加入量增加 ,脱色率升高。染料分子上磺酸基数目多者脱色效果好 ,分子中疏水性基团大则脱色率高 ,含蒽醌环的染料脱色率大于萘环者 ,也大于含苯环者。     

PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂的脱色性能研究

研究了二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵聚合物（PDMDAAC）系列絮凝剂对活性染料废水和分散染料废水的脱色效果，考察了絮凝剂的特性粘度、阳离子度及结构等因素对脱色效果的影响，探讨了其脱色机理，并试验了与PAC复配的脱色效果。实验结果表明：絮凝剂的特性粘度越高，阳离子度越高，脱色效果越好；絮凝剂结构中引入乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷（VTMS）可使脱色效果胡所提高；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂处理活性染料废水的机理是通过电中和作用，使染料分子从水中析出，然后通过吸附架桥作用使之聚集、沉降除去；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂在处理分散染料废水时，吸附架桥为主导作用；PDMDAAC系列絮凝剂与PAC复配可使脱色效果更佳而且可以降低处理成本。     

新型絮凝剂凝集水中染料的研究

本文介绍了新近开发的ＪＡＺ型絮凝剂对水样中活性艳蓝ＫＮ－Ｒ，直接深棕Ｍ，酸性墨水蓝Ｇ，酸生媒介藏青ＡＧＬＯ，直接耐晒蓝Ｂ２ＲＬ，弱酸性黄ＨＧ等代表性染料的凝集效果及其影响因素。酸性墨水蓝的脱色随ｐＨ值增加而增加，其他染料的最佳脱色区从酸性到中性。在染料起始浓度为１００ｍｇ／Ｌ￣５００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，酸性媒介藏青的Ｋ值（色度降至８０时絮凝剂投药量对染料的比值）为２左右，其他染料的ｋ值在１．０以下。直     

混凝剂处理染料及其中间体废水应用

带磺酸基的染料及其中间体废水是一大处理难题，通常大多数絮凝剂不适用。通过研究发现，聚合硫酸亚铁与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺作为絮凝剂处理该类废水，具有良好的处理效果。     

聚氯硫酸铝铁的制备及絮凝性能研究

以粉煤灰为主要原料制备聚氯硫酸铝铁(PAFCS)新型无机高分子絮凝剂,并对该絮凝剂的X-射线衍射图和透射电镜照片进行了分析;同时比较了该絮凝剂和聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂对模拟水样的净水效果,结果表明：该絮凝剂的除浊效果和沉降效果要优于聚合氯化铝(PAC)．     

红土复合聚合氯化铝以及三氯化铁去除水华藻类的研究

采用红土复合聚合氯化铝（PAC）以及三氯化铁（FeCl3）制得的复合絮凝剂对水样中的藻类絮凝沉降效果进行了研究。结果表明,与PAC复合FeCl3混凝剂不同,红土的加入可增加絮体的密实度,加快絮体沉降速度,沉淀后的絮体在微扰动下不再漂浮上升从而有效提高除藻效果。采用正交试验探讨了复合絮凝剂除藻的最优配比,用混凝剂（红土：PAC：FeCl3=50mg：8．75mg：17．5mg）处理水样,1h后水样浊度由22．35NTU降至1．85NTU,浊度去除率为91．72％。讨论了温度、pH值等因素对除藻效果的影响,并对除藻机理进行了初步的探讨。     

复合脱色絮凝剂的制备及其在活性艳红X-3B染料废水处理中的应用

以双氰胺和甲醛为主原料,在添加改性剂的条件下制备了改性双氰胺-甲醛缩聚物,并直接与硫酸亚铁复合成脱色絮凝剂;以活性艳红X-3B染料废水的脱色率和CODCr去除率为考核指标,探讨了硫酸亚铁投加方式、复合质量比、pH等因素对活性艳红X-3B处理效果的影响。研究结果表明,在一定投加量下,复合脱色絮凝剂处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水的脱色率和COD去除率分别为99%和约75%左右。     

壳聚糖/膨润土复合絮凝剂处理染料废水的研究

利用壳聚糖/钠基膨润土复合絮凝剂对活性艳红X3B等11种染料模拟废水及实际印染废水进行絮凝脱色处理。考察了复合絮凝剂投加量、pH值、搅拌速率、搅拌时间等因素对模拟染料废水絮凝脱色的影响。结果表明,在染料浓度为100 mg.L-1,pH为5的条件下,复合絮凝剂投加量为1.25 g.L-1时,3种质量比的复合絮凝剂对活性艳红X3B的脱色率分别达到75%、90%和97%以上;质量比为1∶10的壳聚糖/钠基膨润土复合絮凝剂,对其它活性、还原性、分散性、水溶性等8种印染厂常用染料也具有很好的絮凝脱色作用,脱色率均可达94%以上。对印染废水处理厂进水口废水和经过A/O处理后废水的色度去除率和COD去除率分别可以达到81.05%、83.74%和53.21%、41.22%,具有一定的应用前景。     

微生物絮凝剂处理含油废水

对用一种用发酵法制备的生物絮凝剂的絮凝性能进行了研究。结果表明,试验所得生物絮凝剂具有较好的耐温性和较好的絮凝能力。对试验用乳浊液絮凝除油效率达95%以上,优于商品破乳剂E-3453的絮凝性能。将生物絮凝剂用于含油废水的处理,出水含油量小于5mg/L。     

产气肠杆菌(KLE-1)絮凝特性的研究

从土壤中筛选出一株产生菌KLE-1,经鉴定该菌株为产气肠杆菌(Klebsiella mobilis)．利用乳品废水作为发酵培养基,该菌株产生多糖类微生物絮凝剂;Ca^2 对该絮凝剂的助絮凝效果优于其它金属阳离子;采用红外扫描、zeta电位测定仪对絮凝机理进行研究,表明该絮凝剂主要以架桥作用为主．     

固氮菌J-25利用味精废水产生絮凝剂的研究

考察了微生物絮凝剂产生菌Azotobacter J-25在味精废水中发酵产生絮凝剂的絮凝特性。实验表明，味精废水经预处理后，加入有机碳源对絮凝剂产生菌Azotobaaer J-25进行培养，菌体在生长过程中产生絮凝剂，并将其分泌到细胞外，培养液的絮凝活性最高达98％以上。该絮凝剂在偏碱性的条件下，对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝效果最好．实际废水的净化实验表明，该微生物絮凝剂对多种废水具有良好的净化效果，尤其对石化废水处理效果最好，CODCr，SS，色度的去除率分别为66．7％，98．3％，93．7％。     

酱油曲霉（Aspergillus sojae）利用甘蔗渣产絮凝剂条件筛选及优化

通过Plackett-Burman实验（PB实验）对酱油曲霉（Aspergillus sojae）利用甘蔗渣分泌微生物絮凝剂的8个营养条件和培养条件进行考察,筛选出影响微生物生长、微生物絮凝剂质量和产量的显著性因素,并对显著性因素进行单因子实验,优化酱油曲霉利用甘蔗渣分泌絮凝剂的最佳营养条件和培养条件。实验结果表明：K2HPO4、还原性糖质量浓度、培养时间是影响菌体生长的显著因素,培养基的初始pH是影响絮凝率的显著因素,还原性糖质量浓度、（NH4）2SO4是影响絮凝剂粗产量的显著因素。对显著因素进行单因子实验确定最佳营养条件和培养条件为甘蔗渣的酶解液（还原性糖质量浓度（13.67±0.54）g.L-1）,4 g.L-1的硫酸铵,pH=5,于30℃培养60 h。     

新型生物絮凝剂——生物材料的絮凝效果评价

自制生物材料是一种新型生物絮凝剂,分别以ＢＳＡ溶液、果汁溶液、泥土混浊液为研究对象,与其他四种常用絮凝剂相比,其絮凝效果优于其他絮凝絮凝剂,然后,研究其絮凝剂用量与絮凝效果的关系,絮凝动力学等。     

Characterisation of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus MY6-2 and its application in metal biosorption

A novel extracellular bioflocculant from Bacillus mucilaginosus MY6-2 was obtained by alcohol precipitation, dialysis and lyophilisation. The chemical analysis indicated that the bioflocculant was mainly composed of extracellular polysaccharide (named EPS MY6-2). Monosacchride composition result analysed by Gas chromatography indicated that EPS MY6-2 was mainly composed of Man, Glc, Gal, GlcA and GalA. The result of flocculating characteristics indicated that pH, EPS dosage and cation supplement had evident effect on flocculating activity of EPS MY6-2. The biosorption of iron ions from aqueous solution was tested with respect to pH, initial metal ion concentration and EPS dosage. The optimum biosorption conditions were as follows: pH 5.0, initial ion concentration from 200 to 800 mg/L and EPS dosage of 60 mg/L ion solution. The adsorption rates are maintained above 95% under these conditions. The adsorption data provided an excellent fit to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, implying that the binding of the iron ions took place as a monolayer on the surface of the EPS.     

Duckweed Landoltia punctata purifies micro-polluted surface water and produces starch北大核心CSCD

Aquatic plant duckweed has remarkable potential in nutritional water purification and starch accumulation; at present, it has received increasing attention. This study aimed to investigate the ability of duckweed in nutrient recovery from micro-polluted surface water; further, the starch accumulation capacity of duckweed was evaluated. The results showed that duckweed can achieve better depth treatment of the micro-polluted surface water, within 1-day treatment, by duckweed. Ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus status of Class V and worse than class V water was improved to a superior level; moreover, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates were 98.5% and 82.9%, respectively. In addition, duckweed can rapidly accumulate starch during water treatment. The starch content of duckweed was 28.38% and 21.57% (dry weight) in Class V and worse than class V wastewater after 3 days of treatment, respectively, and reached 52.15% and 49.58% on day 15. Moreover, additional carbon dioxide (CO2) supplementation promoted the starch production. The starch content increased by 55.7% compared with that of control, and the average starch accumulation rate increased by 2.72 times in 3 days. Therefore, duckweed can not only rapidly purify micro-polluted water, but also accumulate a large amount of starch. This study forms the basis for wastewater treatment and post-treatment utilization of duckweed biomass. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Applying chemical sedimentation process in drinking water treatment plant to address the emergent arsenic spills in water sources

Arsenic (As) spills occurred more frequently and sometimes polluted water sources in recent years in China. It is as urgent need to develop emergency treatment technologies to address the arsenic threat for large-scale water treatment plants. In response, we developed a chemical sedimentation technology to remove arsenic contaminants for water treatment plants. Bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency of arsenic removal and the influencing factors of the chemical sedimentation treatment process. The influencing factors included the choice and dosage of coagulants, the valence of arsenic and pH value of solution. The As(V) contaminants can be almost completely removed by ferric or alum coagulants. The As(III) contaminants are more recalcitrant to chemical sedimentation, 75% for ferric coagulant and 40% for alum coagulant. The quantitative results of arsenic removal load by different ferric or alum coagulants were presented to help determine the parameters for arsenic treatment technology. The dominant mechanism for arsenic removal is static combination, or adsorption of negative arsenic species onto positive ferric hydroxide or alum hydroxide flocs. The efficiency of this treatment technology has also been demonstrated by a real production test in one water treatment plant with arsenic-rich source water and one emergency response. This technology was verified to be quick to set-up, easy to operate and highly efficient even for high concentration of arsenic.     

生物接触氧化处理微污染地面水的实验研究

生物接触氧化处理微污染地面水的实验结果表明，该方法处理效果显著、稳定性好、操作方便、容易实施，是解决污染给水处理问题的经济可行办法。     

Assessment of mutagenic potency of source water treated by ozone and adsorption processes

This research utilized the Ames test to determine the mutagenicity of water treated by advanced processes, including ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC). Raw water samples for this research included those obtained from the Pan Hsin waterworks as well as samples containing humic acids. Treated samples were collected from the pilot‐scale advanced treatment plant. The Ames test was used to measure the mutagenicity of the water after each treatment process. For the Pan Hsin raw water samples treated with ozone or GAC, it was indicated that, regardless of whether samples were preozonated or not, they all showed a mutagenic potency less than 2 once the S9 enzyme was added. This level of mutagenicity is insignificant. The prepared humic acid samples, on the other hand, demonstrated a significant reduction in mutagenicity after the pre‐ozonation process, indicating that preozonation can lower the degree of mutagenicity. Furthermore, the mutagenicity of the prepared humic acid samples gradually decreased after the advanced treatment process. However, when chlorine was added later to these samples, the mutagenicity increased again. This research shows that the use of O3/GAC processes to treat water can successfully lower mutagenicity, indicating a great potential for applications in the treatment of drinking water.     

Effects of polyaluminium chloride on the freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna

In a number of countries across the world, aluminium in the form of polyaluminium chloride has been used in the treatment of freshwaters for the direct removal of cyanobacteria, or phosphorus removal, but knowledge about its effect on zooplankton species is poor. In our study, polyaluminium chloride toxicity was tested on both artificial and natural freshwaters for a better understanding and prediction of effects in real ecosystems. Our results indicate that prediction of effects in a real ecosystem based on standard ISO methods is insufficient, and tests with nontarget species (including invertebrates) should be done before each treatment using the water samples from the treated location. Effective concentrations of polyaluminium chloride can differ markedly according to the type of water composition used in the assay. Our experiments proved that EC₅₀ values can fluctuate between 9.89 and 54.29 mg·L^?1 of Al³⁺, and the toxicity is dominantly dependent on the treated water conductivity. This parameter seems to be the dominant source of different effects on zooplankton species after treatment and thus should be properly tested before each use of polyaluminium chloride as a treatment compound.