洞庭湖湿地Cd富集植物蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)的耐性生理机制研究

采用盆栽植株和外源Cd胁迫的方法,分别对不同生长期蒌蒿植株根、叶组织中的抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白及MDA含量进行测定,以揭示蒌蒿在Cd胁迫下的抗氧化机理和耐受机制。研究结果表明,Cd胁迫对上述生理指标均有显著影响:≤20mg·kg-1的Cd处理可使幼苗期植株器官中的可溶性蛋白含量增加16.5%～19.1%,100mg·kg-1的Cd含量水平则导致其含量减少近30%,可溶性蛋白含量的变化与植株的生物量积累关系密切;3种酶活性在0～10mg·kg-1的Cd处理下未显示出明显变化,幼苗期植株CAT、POD活性在10～80mg·kg-1的Cd胁迫下增加明显,高于此浓度范围则使酶蛋白受到破坏而失活,中等含量水平(≤40mg·kg-1)的Cd处理经过长时间作用可使植株逐渐适应胁迫环境,胁迫强度较大的Cd处理可显著提高SOD酶的活性;Cd胁迫过程中植株MDA积累量不断增加。3种抗氧化酶活性的增强在蒌蒿植株耐受Cd胁迫方面能起到较好的防御作用。     

罗非鱼-附着藻-沉水植物相互关系研究进展

在浅水富营养化湖泊中,沉水植被是决定湖泊清水态或混水态的关键因子。而附着藻对沉水植物强烈的遮阴作用以及对碳源、营养盐等资源强烈的竞争,成为限制沉水植物群落生长和发展的关键因子。罗非鱼作为一种杂食性鱼类,具有牧食附着藻的能力,其下行效应（top-down effect）可以在一定程度上减轻附着藻对沉水植物生长的这种不利影响。因此,作为我国南方水体中的优势种类,适当种群密度的罗非鱼在富营养化浅水湖泊生态修复过程中是可加以利用,并在一定程度上抑制了附着藻的生长和发展,有利于浅水湖泊的生态修复和管理。同时,罗非鱼也具有通过摄食、排泄等活动加速水体氮、磷营养盐再生,牧食浮游动物、沉水植物等不利的一面。因此,在综合考虑多种因素条件下,需要对罗非鱼-附着藻-沉水植物三者之间的相互关系进行深入研究,探讨生态系统对罗非鱼的响应,这对我国南方浅水富营养化湖泊的生态恢复与管理,尤其是沉水植被的重建与保护具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。     

附着生物对沉水植物伊乐藻生长的研究

以沉水植物伊乐藻(Elodea nuttalii(Plant.)ST.John.)为研究对象,室内利用原位湖水进行培养,通过测定伊乐藻的生物量、叶绿素质量分数、光合作用速率等指标,研究了附着生物量的增加对沉水植物伊乐藻的影响。结果表明,随着附着生物处理量的增加,伊乐藻的生物量、叶绿素质量分数以及光合作用速率随之下降,50d后,各处理的生物量与对照相比分别减少了约5%~15%,叶绿素质量分数以及光合作用速率下降了20%~43%、10%~36%。同时也分析了丝状藻对沉水植物伊乐藻的遮阴作用,初步推测附着生物对沉水植物伊乐藻的影响可能是由于附着生物的遮荫作用。研究的结果为揭示富营养化湖泊沉水植被衰退的机理提供了理论依据。     

盐碱胁迫对三江藨草幼苗功能性状的影响

盐碱作为盐碱湿地生态系统的重要环境因子之一,影响着湿地植物的定植、生长和繁殖.以莫莫格盐碱湿地常见植物三江藨草(Scirpus nipponicus)为研究对象,设置了盐度(25,100,200 mmol/L)和pH值(7.79±0.06,9.42±0.02,10.40±0.01)各3个梯度处理,及1个空白处理作为对照,探讨不同盐碱胁迫及其交互作用对湿地植物三江藨草幼苗功能性状和生物量分配格局的影响.结果显示,盐碱胁迫对三江藨草幼苗生长、生物量积累及其分配均产生显著影响(P 0.05).与空白处理相比,随着盐碱胁迫的升高,三江藨草幼苗株高、分株数、球茎数等功能性状,以及根、根茎、球茎、地下、地上生物量和总生物量等均呈现先增加后降低的趋势;三江藨草幼苗在盐度和pH分别为25 mmol/L和7.79(±0.06)时生长最好,在盐度和pH分别为200 mmol/L和10.40(±0.01)时,植株全部死亡;盐碱胁迫对三江藨草幼苗生物量分配具有显著影响(P 0.05),随着盐碱胁迫增强,根和地上生物量分配增加,而球茎生物量分配减少,根茎生物量在25 mmol/L盐度处理下分配减少,在其他盐度处理下分配则增加.本研究表明碱胁迫对植物的伤害强于盐胁迫,湿地土壤的碱化对三江藨草的生长更为不利.(图4表3参43)     

类芦根系抗氧化酶和植物螯合肽对Cd、Pb胁迫的应答

类芦(Neyraudiarey naudiana)是中国南方金属矿区最为常见的耐性植物,且能大量富集重金属,是修复重金属污染的潜能植物。为研究其对重金属胁迫的应答机制,采用营养液培养的方法研究了不同浓度(0、25、50、100μmol·L~(-1))Cd、Pb处理24 h后,类芦根系氧化损伤、抗氧化酶活性和非蛋白巯基化合物含量的变化。结果表明,在Cd、Pb胁迫下,类芦根系H_2O_2和O_2~(·-)含量显著增加,且伴随有MDA含量的升高,当Cd、Pb浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,MDA分别达到6.72和16.12nmol·g~(-1),发生膜脂质过氧化,造成植物氧化损伤。Pb胁迫下,SOD,POD活性随着处理浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势;Cd胁迫下SOD活性变化趋势与Pb胁迫的相似,而POD活性呈下降趋势。根系非蛋白巯基化合物含量检测显示,Cd、Pb处理下,GSH和PCs均呈先增加后下降的趋势。综合分析得出,类芦根系对不同重金属的不同浓度胁迫响应不一,其能通过调节抗氧化酶活性和植物螯合肽等的合成水平,降低重金属的毒性及其对植物的伤害,从而维持自身的稳态。     

藻华聚集的环境效应:对凤眼莲生态学性状的影响

化肥的过量使用,工业、生活污水的直排以及农业径流等多种因素,导致当前中国的主要河流、湖泊等均出现了因氮磷过量累积而造成的水体富营养化现象;而伴随该现象发生的是周期性水体蓝藻水华,对水生态环境以及当地居民生活、社会生产活动等造成了严重的不良影响。而在各种治理蓝藻水华和水体富营养化的措施中,原位种养水生植物因具有生态、环保和投入少等优点而成为首选措施。然而,在水生植物种植过程中,蓝藻大量聚集后将会对植物的生态性状产生何种影响,需要深入研究。通过研究藻华聚集后对水生植物的生理生态的影响,有助于揭示藻华规模性爆发引起水生植物消亡的深层机制和更好地发挥植物的水体生态修复功能。以凤眼莲为研究对象,探究不同蓝藻水华聚集下对凤眼莲生态学性状的影响及植物的应答响应。结果表明:藻华聚集后2 h内植物根区水体溶氧会被耗尽,Eh降至-200 m V,形成厌氧、强还原环境从而对凤眼莲产生胁迫作用;植物叶片、根系中N、P及可溶性糖含量上升,K含量下降,表明凤眼莲对环境胁迫有较强的应答响应;添加60 g·L~(-1)处理的根系活力持续增强,添加120 g·L~(-1)处理的根系活力在胁迫的前3 d增加、随后呈快速下降的变化趋势;植物根系长度、生物量和根系/茎叶比值呈持续下降趋势,表明在超过了凤眼莲的抗逆能力后,就开始出现根活性降低、生物量下降、K~+含量下降等对逆境胁迫的应答现象,植物的新陈代谢受阻,植物开始死亡,表明藻华聚集后水体生态环境恶化,对凤眼莲产生的重度胁迫是导致植物死亡的主要原因。     

4种禾草用于覆盖层灌溉垃圾渗滤液的比较

以改良型百慕大草、普通狗牙根、香根草、百喜草4种禾草和经循环回灌处理后的渗滤液为实验材料,进行了不同体积浓度渗滤液在模拟垃圾填埋场植被覆盖层灌溉处理的实验研究.结果表明,经一个生长季12 mm d-1的渗滤液灌溉胁迫,改良型百慕大、香根草、普通狗牙根皆能生长,而百喜草在高浓度下不能存活.渗滤液15%浓度时,4种禾草生物量最大,随浓度的增大生物量明显下降,生物量和渗滤液体积浓度呈显著负相关;生物量下降率的大小表明了禾草对渗滤液的抗性百慕大＞香根草＞狗牙根＞百喜草.高浓度渗滤液灌溉会导致禾草活性氧产生和抗氧化系统清除间动态平衡的破坏和膜脂过氧化的加剧,加速了禾草衰老进程;保持抗氧化酶活性的稳定是禾草抗渗滤液胁迫的机制之一.渗滤液灌溉裸土覆盖层处理水量削减率和COD去除率分别为52.5%～57.6%和64.3%～66.1%,植被覆盖层灌溉处理效果优于裸土,水量削减率为61.3%～91.2%,COD去除率66.4%～94.0%.低浓度渗滤液下百慕大、狗牙根水量削减和COD去除效果较好,而高浓度时香根草较好.渗滤液覆盖层灌溉处理的水量削减和COD去除效果表明,填埋场终场覆盖层灌溉处理渗滤液是可行的,改良型百慕大和香根草是适宜的植被材料.图4表1参19     

铜镉复合胁迫下温度对小麦幼苗生长及其对铜、镉和矿质营养元素吸收与各元素在亚细胞分布的影响

为了研究重金属复合胁迫下温度变化对陆生植物的毒性效应的影响,实验采用水培的方法,设置对照和Cu-Cd复合胁迫(10 μmol·L1 Cu+10μmol·L-1Cd)2个处理,每个处理分别设置3个不同的培养温度(8/4℃、25/20℃和35/30℃),对小麦进行48 h的暴露实验,测定小麦幼苗的生长及其对重金属和矿质营养...     

生长温度对盾叶薯蓣POD活性等生理特性的影响

研究了15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃和35℃五个不同温度条件下盾叶薯蓣一些生理参数的变化.结果显示,盾叶薯蓣叶片的POD活性和MDA含量的变化呈V字形,其中在25℃时处于最低点;可溶性蛋白含量的变化呈M字形,可溶糖含量的变化呈W字形.在15℃、20℃、30℃和35℃下, 5d内,随着时间的延长,MDA含量增加,POD活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的含量下降;在25℃下,盾叶薯蓣的POD活性以及MDA、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的含量变化较小,相对稳定,所以25℃是最为适宜的生长温度. 图1表1参20     

罗非鱼对富营养型水体中沉水植物苦草的影响

通过室外模拟实验,分别设置罗非鱼组和无鱼对照组的两组处理,研究了尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）对富营养型水体中沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria spiralis）的影响。结果表明：罗非鱼显著地增加了水中总氮和总磷的质量浓度,同时浮游植物的生物量（叶绿素a）也明显增加;罗非鱼组中的附着藻类的生物量却显著低于无鱼的对照组;罗非鱼组中苦草的相对生长率为-10mg·g-1·d-1,显著低于对照组中苦草的相对生长率7mg·g-1·d-1。罗非鱼的直接牧食可能是苦草生物量降低的主要原因。研究说明,过高的罗非鱼密度会导致沉水植被退化,要保持沉水植被为优势的湖泊清水态,必须控制罗非鱼密度。     

盐胁迫对3种冷季型草坪草生长的影响

冷季型草坪草在不同盐离子含量的胁迫下生长,其各项生理指标都会发生相应的变化,这些变化可以反应出不同草坪草抗逆性的强弱.本实验所用的品种为早熟禾P.Pratensis L.、黑麦草L.Perenne L.、高羊茅F.Arundinacea Schreb..3种草均为冷季型草坪草.将氯化钠溶液设为5个处理,其质量分数分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和一个对照,每个处理3次重复.将处理后3种草坪草的种子,播于营养钵中,实验室内培养.每日浇灌相对应的盐溶液,浇灌量为约2/3的溶液流出.待幼苗长到5～7 cm时,进行测定.在盐胁迫条件下,通过对黑麦草、高羊茅、早熟禾的发芽率、POD酶活性、质膜相对电导率等生理指标测定的研究,结果表明黑麦草抗盐性较强,早熟禾的耐盐性较弱.为在盐碱地上种植草坪提供了参考依据.     

Modeling the refuge effect of submerged macrophytes in ecological dynamics of shallow lakes: A new model of fish functional response

Submerged macrophytes often provide refuge for zooplankton from fish predation in temperate and subtropical shallow lakes. However, since the relationship between submerged macrophyte abundance and its refuge effect has not been well established, the refuge effect is difficult to be simulated. In this paper, we constructed mathematical models to describe the refuge effect of submerged macrophytes on fish foraging activities and ecological dynamics of shallow lakes based on the previous studies. We clarified the underlying behavioral mechanisms of the observed functional responses through analyses of the fish foraging behavior, extracted the affected variables related to the refuge effect, formulized the relationship between the affected variables and submerged vegetation density, and determined parameter values with a compensative procedure. Calibration and validation results indicated that the new functional response model was successful to simulate the refuge effect on interfering with fish foraging behavior. Moreover, the model was cooperated into a minimal ecological model for shallow lakes. Modeling results showed that the model was able to simulate the refuge effect in ecological dynamics, and made the ecological model produce significantly different results from those with the existing functional response models.     

Variation in trace element mobility and nitrogen metabolism of Verbascum olympicum Boiss. under copper stress

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of copper (Cu) stress on accumulation and transport of trace elements, nitrogen assimilation, and growth parameters of Verbascum olympicum. Eight-week-old seedlings were grown in Hoagland's solution and exposed to 0, 50, 250, or 500?µM CuSO₄ for seven days in laboratory conditions. Bioaccumulation of trace elements (boron, bismuth, cobalt, Cu, iron, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, zinc) in the roots and leaves was determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry after one, three, and seven days. Chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase activities, soluble protein content, and biomass were determined. Copper accumulated in the roots and leaves (up to 19609.8 and 256.2?mg?kg^?1 dry weight, respectively). Other trace elements accumulated to higher levels in the roots of Cu-treated plants compared with those of control plants. High Cu concentrations decreased nitrogen-assimilatory enzyme activities. Compared with control plants, those treated with high Cu concentrations showed lower chlorophyll contents, total protein contents, and biomass. Nitrogen assimilation and growth parameters of V. olympicum were negatively affected by Cu treatment but mineral nutrition was not severely disrupted. The results support the suitability of V. olympicum as a candidate for phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated soils.     

镉胁迫对龙葵幼苗氮代谢及其相关酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究了系列镉浓度处理对龙葵（Solanum nigrumL）幼苗氮代谢的影响。结果表明：龙葵根系可溶性蛋白质较叶片受Cd影响更大。龙葵植株叶片和根系NO3--N含量、硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性均随镉浓度提高而先增后降,且随处理时间的延长而逐渐下降。叶片NO3--N含量和NR活性均在25μm镉处理8d后达到峰值,而根系NO3--N则在50μm镉处理8d后最高。叶片NO3--N含量受镉处理影响较根系稍大。然而,龙葵叶片中NH4＋-N含量随镉浓度升高和时间延长逐渐升高,100μm镉处理16d后最高,表明镉胁迫下龙葵叶片铵态氮富集效应明显。龙葵叶片和根系中谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性随镉处理浓度提高和处理时间延长而逐渐升高,100μm镉处理16d后达到峰值。     

模拟酸雨下Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染对土壤微生物量碳和酶活性的影响

在实验室内，研究了模拟酸雨下Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染对供试土壤中微生物量碳和酶活性的影响．结果表明，污染土壤中微生物量碳和酶活性明显降低，脱氢酶活性几乎丧失，脲酶、酸性磷酸单脂酶、总磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性均明显降低到一较低水平．污染土壤中微生物量碳和酶活性随重金属量增加而进一步降低，有效性Cd、Cu、Zn含量与土壤微生物量碳和酶活性之间呈显著性负相关．     

Responses of decomposition rate and nutrient release of floating-leaved and submerged aquatic macrophytes to vertical locations in an urban lake (Nanhu Lake,China)

A leaf-bag field experiment was conducted to investigate the decomposition and release of nutrients from leaves of two aquatic macrophytes (floating-leaved Trapa bispinosa and submerged Vallisneria natans) deposited in the four vertical locations (i.e. air-water interface, AW; sediment-water interface, SW; buried at a depth of 10?cm, B10; buried at a depth of 20?cm, B20) of littoral zone in Nanhu Lake, China, for 60 days from July to August 2015. Leaf initial quality significantly influenced mass loss and nutrient release except TN (total nitrogen) remaining. Compared to V. natans, T. bispinosa leaves decomposed faster under the same treatments. The decomposition was greatly affected by both leaf chemical quality and the location of deposition. With the increasing depth of vertical locations, leaf biomass loss and nutrient release of both T. bispinosa and V. natans decreased. In addition, initial N:P ratio and cellulose were the major determinants for decomposition in AW and SW treatments while total phenol in B10 and B20. Our results suggest that the combined effect of leaf chemical quality and burial could mediate macrophyte mass loss and release of nutrients and carbon, which in turn can influence organic matter accumulation and nutrient cycling in shallow freshwater lakes.     

不同底质和透明度下马来眼子菜的表型可塑性研究

马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianusMiq.)是目前太湖沉水植物优势种之一。文章比较分析了3种不同底质和透明度情况下马来眼子菜的生长特征,探索其在太湖不断扩展的原因及其适应性。分别选取粘土质粉砂、粉砂和下蜀黄土底质上生长的马来眼子菜进行观察试验。结果表明,这3种底质在粒度组成、营养盐和分布特征上具有显著差异。在太湖粘土质粉砂和粉砂底质上马来眼子菜的生物量比下蜀黄土底质上的马来眼子菜高,其生物量随着底质营养盐的增加而增加。马来眼子菜与觅光相关的形态指标,如高度、节间距、节数、叶数、叶长及叶面积均随着底质营养盐的增加而显著增加。马来眼子菜的冠层高度与水体的透明度呈显著负相关,表明其对剧烈变化的湖泊光环境具有很强的适应能力。马来眼子菜在不同底质上的形态可塑性是其优先占据湖泊资源成为优势种的重要原因。     

Influence of pH on lead uptake, chlorophyll and nitrogen content of Nasturtium officinale R. Br. and Mentha aquatica L

In the present study, effects of pH (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0) and lead (1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 microg mL(-1)) were investigated on uptake of lead, content of chlorophyll and nitrogen in Nasturtium officinale and Mentha aquatica. Total chlorophyll and nitrogen contents were adversely affected from Pb2+ concentrations dose dependently at each pH. The macrophytes were adversely affected by pH 5.0 or more than 9.0. After 12-days Pb2+ treatment, results showed that lead accumulation of macrophyte tissues was variable. According to the parts of the macrophytes, Pb2+ amounts were generally found at all tested pH levels and the metal concentrations for M. aquatica in the following order: root > stem > leaf and for N. officinale root > leaf > stem. Pb2+ concentrations in plant tissues (root, stem, leaf) in relation to pH were generally found for both macrophytes in following order: 7.0 > 9.0 > 5.0. Despite of the fact that high Pb2+ accumulation was observed in root tissues of the macrophytes, low metal accumulation was measured in the above-ground parts indicating low root-leaf translocation. The study indicated that uptake rate of Pb2+ and its toxicity on Chlorophyll and nitrogen contents in the macrophytes were dependent upon pH value of solutions.