村落生态系统分布特征和模式的探讨

村落生态系统的分布是地表突出和普遍的现象。本文概括总结了区域性村落生态系统分布的一般性原则，其分布特征表现为景观性、分散集聚性、动态迁移性、梯度性、趋适性、界限性以及人文性等各个方面；对诸如平原、山区、湖区、盆地、丘陵台地、岛屿以及过渡区等各种地貌类型区提出相应的理论分布模式。     

常熟地区农户庭院植物多样性与配置模式

选择常熟地区代表性乡村,对农户庭院植物多样性和配置模式进行研究,分析其植物物种组成和多样性,并利用TW INSPAN分类方法,研究了庭院植物配置类型与模式。结果表明:在对281个户级庭院调查中,170户庭院中栽种植物,111户庭院中无任何绿化,共栽种植物151种(含变种、栽培品种),隶属58科116属;庭院植物配置可划分为4种庭院类型和10种配置模式;植物的层次结构对于多样性指数影响较大,植物配置模式的结构越丰富、复杂,其物种多样性指数越高。认为观赏性植物成为庭院的主体植物,观赏功能成为庭院植物的主要功能;庭院内有效绿化面积不足,单位面积植物生态效益较低;乡土植物景观建设与物种多样性保护有待于进一步加强。     

基于Voronoi图的农村居民点空间分布特征及其影响因素研究——以北京市昌平区为例

采用GIS查询统计与Voronoi图CV值相结合的分析方法,研究了地形、公路及河流等环境因素对北京市昌平区农村居民点空间分布特征的影响.结果表明:地形是影响农村居民点空间分布的主导因素,平原地区农村居民点用地比例较高,规模较大,密度较高;山区农村居民点用地比例较低,规模相对较小,密度也较低.公路交通是影响农村居民点空间分布的重要因素,91.19%的农村居民点分布在距离主要公路距离小于1 500 m的范围内;河流对农村居民点分布也有一定影响,距离河流越远,农村居民点密度越低.     

安徽省土壤中氟分布的研究

安徽省２２９ 个土壤剖面土壤总氟和土壤水溶性氟含量测定数据表明,５ 个地理分区之间土壤总氟差异不大,Ａ 层和Ｃ层均值分别为５２２ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 和６０４ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ;而土壤水溶性氟在不同地区之间的差异显著,其分布规律是自北向南降低：淮北平原＞ 江淮丘陵＞ 沿江平原＞ 皖南山区＞ 大别山区。土壤总氟与土壤水溶性氟无相关性。     

京津冀城市群生态系统服务价值的时空动态演变

以京津冀城市群为研究区,基于土地利用现状数据及谢高地2008年修正的"中国生态系统单位面积生态服务价值当量",利用县域尺度的粮食单产对单位面积农田食物生产服务价值进行修正,随后基于格网分析方法改进了生态系统服务价值系数的3种时空调节因子,并利用等量分类与热点分析方法探讨了生态系统服务价值的空间异质性,在此基础上,将斑块密度与聚合度指数、动态度、变化轨迹分析等方法相结合,从全局与局部揭示生态系统服务价值从2005—2015年的空间动态演变特征。结果表明,(1)修正后的方法能够反映生态系统服务价值在格网尺度上的空间异质性。京津冀城市群北部、太行山及燕山等山林地区、环渤海湿地、白洋淀及衡水湖等内陆湖泊地区的生态服务价值等级以Ⅳ、Ⅴ类为主,是生态服务价值的热点区域;平原地区及张家口市等高原地区的生态服务价值等级以Ⅰ、Ⅱ类为主,是生态服务价值的冷点区域。(2)从2005—2010年,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ类的PD动态度均为正值(0.020、0042、0.029),AI动态度均为负值(-0.007、-0.046、-0.025),第Ⅲ、Ⅳ类的PD动态度为负值(-0.015、-0.014),AI动态度均为正值(0.027、0.022);从2010—2015年,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ类的PD、AI动态度(-0.002、-0.003、0.002、-0.002,0.001、0.002、-0.003、0.002)的正负性与前5年相反,且绝对值较小;Ⅳ类的两种指数动态度均为0。(3)生态服务价值的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类的变化区域集中分布在平原与张家口市,第Ⅲ类的变化区域集中分布在平原与山地丘陵的交界处以及邯郸市;第Ⅲ、Ⅲ类的变化区域分别分布于山地丘陵的西部与承德市东部。     

广州新河浦小区庭院树木特征及其与环境空间的关系

对广州老城区东山新河浦小区庭院树木的组成，结构，树木与生境的关系，以及庭院树木与公共绿地不同特点，新旧住宅区院树木的不同特点等进行了研究。结果表明：新河浦小区庭院树木的种类多样性很高，树种的分布较分散，药用树和果树占绝大多数，而树荫植物的比例则相对较小。     

村镇土地资源集约利用评价与影响因素分析——以四川省葛仙山镇为例

土地是人类生存和发展的基础,土地利用水平与人类社会的经济、社会和环境效益紧密相关。目前,随着我国城镇化水平的快速发展,城镇土地利用方式正在从粗放外延式向集约内涵式转化,而农村地区由于不合理的土地利用方式,大部分土地集约利用水平低,土地利用效率低。因此,研究农村土地集约利用状况,对转换目前农村土地利用方式并促进农村的可持续发展至关重要。基于行政村空间尺度,利用四川省彭州市2006年土地利用变更调查数据和葛仙山镇社会经济统计数据,运用模糊评价法和因子分析法,对四川省葛仙山镇20个行政村土地资源集约利用水平进行评价,并对影响因素进行因子分析。结果表明：从总体来看,葛仙山镇土地资源集约利用水平较低,属于低度集约利用水平,各行政村之间没有明显的空间差异性,受地形和区位等因素影响,北部丘陵山区的土地资源集约利用水平低于南部平原坝区。因子分析表明提高土地利用程度和土地投入水平是促进葛仙山镇土地资源集约利用水平的两个首要解决问题。尤其是减少北部丘陵山区人均农村居民点面积,提高对建设用地的利用强度,加大对土地的资金投入和人力资源投入,进一步挖掘北部丘陵山区的土地利用潜力,提高土地利用的强度,是葛仙山镇提高土地集约利用总体水平的首要任务。同时,还需加强葛仙山镇村镇土地整理的力度,多途径挖掘土地利用潜力,扩大人均耕地面积,提高土地的可持续利用程度。     

运用聚类分析划分农业生态类型区

科学地划分农业生态类型区对于分类指导农业生产、合理利用农业资源具有重大的现实意义。本文通过相关分析,选择了包括自然本底、经济条件、生态环境和生态经济效益在内的26个指标,采用聚类分析的方法,把全省划分为四个生态类型区,即山区林地生态区(Ⅰ)、盆地丘陵生态区(Ⅱ)、水网平原生态区(Ⅲ)和沿海岛屿生态区(Ⅳ)。在分区的基础上,分别对各生态类型区进行了综合评述。     

新疆植被遥感绿度指数与水、热关系的动态相关分析

基于1982-2003年间GIMMS发布的NOAA /AVHRR遥感数据和新疆自治区53个地面国家标准站点的气象数据,研究新疆归一化植被指数(NDVI)动态变化及其与气候的时空关系.结果表明,22 a间新疆植被NDVI年际变化总体上呈显著增长趋势,年平均增长率为0.59%,显著增长区域位于准噶尔盆地南缘和塔里木盆地西南缘;生长季、夏季和秋季NDVI与同季降水相关显著,春季、秋季NDVI与同季温度相关显著;NDVI与温度呈显著正相关的区域主要分布于阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山等山区,与降水呈显著正相关的区域分布于平原、低山带和绿洲.     

江西省农村居民点时空特征及其影响因素研究

利用2005、2010、2015年江西省农村居民点矢量数据,借助网格统计、样带分析及地理探测器等方法,结合网格和县域2种尺度,刻画了农村居民点数量及规模的时空格局特征;并利用地理探测器定量识别县域层面农村居民点用地面积的影响因素。研究表明,江西省农村居民点数量多、规模小,呈现出在大尺度空间离散而在局部区域集聚的特征,农村居民点数量和面积均具有北多南少的空间分异特征,城市周边、平原地区、中心村镇等是农村居民点高度集聚和扩张的主要区域。在乡村人口持续向城镇转移背景下,农村居民点斑块数量和面积不降反增,细碎化特征更为突出,空间变化上以围绕城镇与交通线的居民点扩张和土地整治及生态移民导致的居民点收缩并存。在农业发展及人口增长、县域经济发展及投资带动、地形制约3类因素综合作用下,形成了江西省农村居民点用地面积格局。     

辽北四位一体庭院生态系统冬季增温保温效应研究

观测表明，辽北庭院生态系统中日光温室、养猪暖舍、厕所、沼气池四位一体模式具有较好的增温保温效应，效果明显优于单一日光温室，可创造良好的养殖业环境，保证模式中沼气池在冬季良好运行。     

Putting Density Back into the Habitat‐Quality Equation: Case Study of an Open‐Nesting Forest Bird

Abstract: Ecological traps and other cases of apparently maladaptive habitat selection cast doubt on the relevance of density as an indicator of habitat quality. Nevertheless, the prevalence of these phenomena remains poorly known, and density may still reflect habitat quality in most systems. We examined the relationship between density and two other parameters of habitat quality in an open‐nesting passerine species: the Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla). We hypothesized that the average individual bird makes a good decision when selecting its breeding territory and that territory spacing reflects site productivity or predation risk. Therefore, we predicted that density would be positively correlated with productivity (number of young fledged per unit area). Because individual performance is sensitive to events partly determined by chance, such as nest predation, we further predicted density would be weakly correlated or uncorrelated with the proportion of territories fledging young. We collected data in 23 study sites (25 ha each), 16 of which were located in untreated mature northern hardwood forest and seven in stands partially harvested (treated) 1–7 years prior to the survey. Density explained most of the variability in productivity (R²= 0.73), and there was no apparent decoupling between density and productivity in treated plots. In contrast, there was no significant relationship between density and the proportion of territories fledging ≥1 young over the entire breeding season. These results suggest that density reflects habitat quality at the plot scale in this study system. To our knowledge this is one of the few studies testing the value of territory density as an indicator of habitat quality in an open‐nesting bird species on the basis of a relatively large number of sizeable study plots.     

Forest fragmentation in the Himalaya: A Central Himalayan case study

Administrative divisions in the Great Southern Watershed of the Himalaya are diverse in terms of population density and forest cover. This study analyzed the spatial patterns of different attributes in the different Indian states and Himalayan kingdoms, and explored the extent and patterns of forest fragmentation in a Himalayan landscape as a case study. Of the total landscape in the case study area (3167 km²), 41% was fragmented. Homogenous landscape (59%) includes either continuous natural vegetation or a village landscape. Presence of two forest patches (38% of the total fragmented area) at a unit scale of about 0.5 km² (525 × 525 m) was the most commonly occurring pattern but, in some parts, up to 13 patches were observed. Fragmentation of vegetation was visible even at smaller scales of landscape analysis. At a scale of 75 × 75 m, land division into three patches was observed. With an increase in the unit area of landscape analysis the number of patches per unit land area and the total fragmented area also increased. The forests that escaped fragmentation were either inaccessible to humans or had rigorous legal protection. Anthropogenic activities appeared to be one of the factors responsible for fragmentation but, natural factors also contributed.     

Use of Market Data to Assess Bushmeat Hunting Sustainability in Equatorial Guinea

Abstract: Finding an adequate measure of hunting sustainability for tropical forests has proved difficult. Many researchers have used urban bushmeat market surveys as indicators of hunting volumes and composition, but no analysis has been done of the reliability of market data in reflecting village offtake. We used data from urban markets and the villages that supply these markets to examine changes in the volume and composition of traded bushmeat between the village and the market (trade filters) in Equatorial Guinea. We collected data with market surveys and hunter offtake diaries. The trade filters varied depending on village remoteness and the monopoly power of traders. In a village with limited market access, species that maximized trader profits were most likely to be traded. In a village with greater market access, species for which hunters gained the greatest income per carcass were more likely to be traded. The probability of particular species being sold to market also depended on the capture method and season. Larger, more vulnerable species were more likely to be supplied from less‐accessible catchments, whereas there was no effect of forest cover or human population density on probability of being sold. This suggests that the composition of bushmeat offtake in an area may be driven more by urban demand than the geographic characteristics of that area. In one market, traders may have reached the limit of their geographical exploitation range, and hunting pressure within that range may be increasing. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to model the trade filters that bias market data, which opens the way to developing more robust market‐based sustainability indices for the bushmeat trade.     

Habitat fragmentation and effects of herbivore (howler monkey) abundances on bird species richness

Habitat fragmentation can alter herbivore abundances, potentially causing changes in the plant community that can propagate through the food web and eventually influence other important taxonomic groups such as birds. Here we test the relationship between the density of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) and bird species richness on a large set of recently isolated land-bridge islands in Lago Guri, Venezuela (n = 29 islands). Several of these islands host relict populations of howler monkeys at densities up to more than 30 times greater than those on the mainland. These "hyperabundant" herbivores previously have been shown to have a strong positive influence on aboveground plant productivity. We predicted that this should lead to a positive, indirect effect of howler monkey density on bird species richness. After accounting for passive sampling (the tendency for species richness to be positively associated with island area, regardless of differences in habitat quality) we found a significant positive correlation between howler monkey density and bird species richness. A path analysis incorporating data on tree growth rates from a subset of islands (n = 9) supported the hypothesis that the effect of howler monkeys on the resident bird communities is indirect and is mediated through changes in plant productivity and habitat quality. These results highlight the potential for disparate taxonomic groups to be related through indirect interactions and trophic cascades.     

Local disturbance cycles and the maintenance of heterogeneity across scales in marine metapopulations

In marine systems, the occurrence and implications of disturbance-recovery cycles have been revealed at the landscape level, but only in demographically open or closed systems where landscape-level dynamics are assumed to have no feedback effect on regional dynamics. We present a mussel metapopulation model to elucidate the role of landscape-level disturbance cycles for regional response of mussel populations to onshore productivity and larval transport. Landscape dynamics are generated through spatially explicit rules, and each landscape is connected to its neighbor through unidirectional larval dispersal. The role of landscape disturbance cycles in the regional system behavior is elucidated (1) in demographically open vs. demographically coupled systems, in relation to (2) onshore reproductive output and (3) the temporal scale of landscape disturbance dynamics. By controlling for spatial structure at the landscape and metapopulation levels, we first demonstrate the interaction between landscape and oceanographic connectivity. The temporal scale of disturbance cycles, as controlled by mussel colonization rate, plays a critical role in the regional behavior of the system. Indeed, fast disturbance cycles are responsible for regional synchrony in relation to onshore reproductive output. Slow disturbance cycles, however, lead to increased robustness to changes in productivity and to demographic coupling. These testable predictions indicate that the occurrence and temporal scale of local disturbance-recovery dynamics can drive large-scale variability in demographically open systems, and the response of metapopulations to changes in nearshore productivity.     

Using a biogeochemistry model in simulating forests productivity responses to climatic change and [CO2] increase: example of Pinus halepensis in Provence (south-east France)

Tree-ring chronologies provide long-term records of growth in natural environmental conditions and may be used to evaluate the impacts of climatic change and [CO₂] increase on forest productivity. This study focuses on 21 Pinus halepensis forest stands in calcareous Provence (in the south-east France). Changes in productivity are simulated using the global biogeochemistry model BIOME3, that we have adapted to run with chronological data. Tree-ring data (width and density) were used to estimate, for each stand, an observed series of changes in productivity. Simulated and observed productivity changes are then compared to validate the chronological biogeochemistry model BIOME3C. Variations in productivity were well reconstructed at 15 sites. After this validation, BIOME3C was used to simulate forest productivity changes for a 2×CO₂ scenario. The 2×CO₂ climate used as input was obtained using results from Météo-France’s ARPEGE atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), downscaled to local meteorological stations. Productivity increases moderately for all stands (from 17 to 24%) when climatic changes alone were taken into account. The main factor responsible for this increase is a reduction in summer drought severity. Productivity increases highly for all stands (from 72 to 86%) when the physiological fertilising effect of the [CO₂] increase is considered separately. When both climatic changes and the [CO₂] increase were taken into account, productivity increases highly, from 107% (for Moustier) to 141% (for La Ciotat). The direct fertilising effect of [CO₂] increase has a greater influence on the forest stands productivity than the indirect climatic changes effect. These results also exhibit the importance of the synergy between the effects of climate change and [CO₂] increase, as the increase in productivity resulting from the combined effects are more than the sum of the individual CO₂ and climate effects. Although the detected effects of global change during the 20th century were slight, acceleration of these changes is likely to lead to great changes in the future productivity of P. halepensis forests.     

改善农村环境发展生态农业

天津市津南区传字营村以家庭为开展种，养，加和庭院经济为基础的一体化生态农业建设，以沼气综合利用为纽带，创建了养猪（牛）－沼气－种菜（果）－养鱼良性循环的生态农业新模式，通过推广和采用无公害水稻栽培管理技术、良种化和保护害虫天敌等生物防治措施，取得了明显的重庆，经济和社会效益。     

中国土地生产力变化的情景分析

中国土地生产力变化态势是当前国内外学术界、决策界关注的焦点问题之一.介绍了土地生产力估算系统(ESLP)的原理与功能模块并利用该系统研究了中国土地生产力的变化态势.ESLP是在气温、降水、辐射水平、土壤质地等自然因素控制下,受土地利用方向与强度影响的,考虑土地系统不同的投入水平和管理措施的区域土地生产力估算系统.ESLP关注土地生产力变化的时空动态,能表达出不同投入管理水平下土地生产力的时空变化.文章应用ESLP研究了1988年和2000年中国土地生产力变化及其空间分异特征,将估算结果与1988年和2000年全国分县粮食产量数据的比较与验证表明,基于ESLP估算的各县土地生产力与各县粮食总产量具有很高的相关性,在一定程度上反映一个区域的粮食生产能力.在此基础上,应用ESLP预测了2010与2020年在气候变化情景下土地生产力的变化,预测结果显示,虽然局部地区土地生产力有小幅减少趋势,但从全国来看,土地生产力增长趋势明显.平均来看,2010年比2000年增长4.4%,而到2020年,土地生产力的增长幅度达到10.7%.不过在各个农业生态分区上,不同年份土地生产力变化差异较大,在2010年和2020年长江中下游区土地生产力均呈一定幅度的下降,而甘新区和西藏区只在2010年土地生产力有小幅下降.该研究结论对我国编制土地利用规划与粮食生产方面的决策具有重要的参考价值.