东北漫岗区村落的分布特征分析

对黑龙江省绥化市的6个村落、九三垦区鹤山农场的8个村落和嫩江县双山镇的蔡窑村进行实地考察。依据鹤山农场1980-1995年气温、日照时数、风速、降水量和≥5级风日数的气象资料，同时考虑到地形、土壤等因素，分析了东北漫岗区村落分布的特征，即：日照和太阳辐射影响了村落分布的坡向，就不同坡向而言，村落分布数量大小顺序为：东南坡、西南坡、东北坡、西北坡；风影响室温，并可能对房屋造成破坏，故大部分村落分布在坡中部以下；降水量和土壤特性决定了村落的分布下限；地理环境因素和人的选择性、能动性共同决定了东北漫岗区村落呈狭长形沿坡分布。     

不同地貌类型区自然村落生态系统的比较分析

本文运用调查方法,定量分析不同地貌类型区(山区丘陵、山前平原、低平原和滨海平原)表征村落生态系统结构和功能的几个指标的变化。结果表明:1.平原地带的庭院面积大于丘陵山区,主要是由于地形及土地利用政策的影响;2.庭院经济收入取决于庭院面积与经营程度;3.村落规模、密度的变化与农田生产力变化一致;4.适当增加村落密度,控制村落规模,有利于缩短耕作半径,提高劳动生产率。     

滨海盐沼及其植物群落的分布与多样性

滨海盐沼是广泛存在于世界中、高纬度地区的一种湿地生态系统,具有抵御风暴潮灾害、净化污染物和为珍稀濒危生物提供适宜生境等重要的生态和经济价值。滨海盐沼因随高程变化而急剧变化的环境梯度和植物带状分布现象而为生态学者阐释自然界物种的分布机制提供了理想系统。主要概述了滨海盐沼的定义、特点、类型、全球分布以及潮汐作用、土壤盐度等环境因子特征;阐述了不同尺度下滨海盐沼的植物群落分布和多样性特征。在滨海盐沼植物群落的分布特征上,重点阐述了中尺度下的植物带状分布,即植物群落往往在白海向陆渐高的不同高程梯度上表现出显著的分带分布,不同植物各自占据该梯度上的一定区域。通常认为,带状分布是植物竞争和物理性胁迫共同调控的结果,但其在不同地理区域的普适性仍存争议。滨海植物群落多样性往往较低,在中、小尺度上盐沼植物多样性受控于盐度、潮汐等物理性胁迫、植物间相互作用等因子的作用;在大尺度上盐沼植物多样性可能随纬度增大而增加。系统深入地认识滨海盐沼植物群落生态格局和过程,将为气候变化、生物入侵等人类影响下的滨海盐沼生态系统的管理和恢复提供有益经验。     

岷江上游典型村落资源利用与影响动因分析

从耕地占有数量及利用效率、土地资源构成、村落农业生产技术以及村落布局4个方面,研究岷江上游4个典型村落农业资源利用变化特点,认为农业资源禀赋条件、科技进步程度、民族文化和历史因素、制度政策、市场因子以及生态环境状况是形成村落资源利用的基本动因。     

干旱区绿洲城市生态系统服务价值空间自相关格局分析与模拟

基于1995—2015年乌鲁木齐土地利用遥感解译数据,运用CA-Markov模型模拟预测2025年土地利用变化并进行生态系统服务价值(ESV)评估,应用格网分析、空间自相关、Getis-Ord热点区分析等空间统计方法,进一步分析生态系统服务价值与土地利用空间格局的分布特征,讨论两者空间自相关关系及年际变化的冷热点空间分布变化原因。结果表明,近30 a研究区各土地利用类型的生态系统服务价值呈波动变化态势,但总体上表现为减少趋势,主要原因在于耕地、林草地提供的生态系统服务价值减少。生态系统服务价值空间分布格局差异明显,高值区域多年来主要分布在乌鲁木齐县林地面积较多的地区,低值区域集中分布于乌鲁木齐中心四区(天山区、沙依巴克区、水磨沟区、头屯河区)的周边区域。研究区生态系统服务价值具有显著的空间正自相关性与空间聚集特征,高-高、低-低聚集分布分别与生态系统服务价值高值、低值区域高度重合。生态系统服务价值热冷点区呈逐年增加趋势,热点区增加与近年来乌鲁木齐大力推行生态保护及修复等措施有极大关联,冷点区增加与城市建成区无序扩张及土地开发等一系列人类活动有密切关系。     

生态系统多稳态研究进展

阐述了生态系统多稳态的定义及其生态学意义,总结了生态系统的多稳态现象的不同产生机制,综述了多稳态的存在性及稳态转换的研究现状,探讨了未来的理论及应用研究前景.多稳态指的是在相同条件下,系统可以存在结构和功能截然不同的稳定状态.不同的稳态对应于不同的生态系统结构和功能,并且可产生不同的生态系统服务价值.系统的稳态不仅仅包括稳定的点吸引子,也可能是周期吸引子或者混沌吸引子.多稳态现象广泛存在于多种生态系统(海洋生态系统、湿地生态系统、干旱生态系统等)中.较强的正反馈作用是系统产生多稳态的主要原因.生态系统中的正反馈循环主要包括易化作用、过度开发以及冰盖反射等.大量的理论研究证实多稳态是系统中的一个普遍现象,但从实验角度的研究成果较少.生态系统的不同稳态有不同的吸引域,吸引域之间存在阈值.当干扰强度大于恢复力时,系统有可能越过阈值发生稳态转换.生态系统发生转换的预警指标包括方差的增加、干扰后的恢复速率以及偏度的变化.多稳态的未来研究重点在于:(1)多稳态产生机制研究;(2)生态系统中多稳态的存在性检验;(3)生态系统恢复力及预警指标的定量评价研究;(4)多稳态理论在生态系统修复实践中的应用.     

岷江上游典型村落资源利用与影响动因分析

从耕地占有数量及利用效率、土地资源构成、村落农业生产技术以及村落布局4个方面，研究岷江上游4个典型村落农业资源利用变化特点，认为农业资源禀赋条件、科技进步程度、民族文化和历史因素、制度政策、市场因子以及生态环境状况是形成村落资源利用的基本动因。     

基于地理探测器的中国陆地生态系统土壤有机碳空间异质性影响因子分析

中国陆地生态系统土壤有机碳库对全球生态系统碳平衡具有显著影响。为揭示土壤碳库空间分布的潜在主控因子并为今后建立碳库空间分布模型提供依据,利用地理探测器对中国陆地生态系统表层土壤(0—20 cm)有机碳密度的影响因子(气温、降水量、DEM、NDVI、陆地生态系统类型、人口密度)进行空间分异性探测和定量归因。结果表明:自然因素是全国和区域尺度陆地生态系统表层土壤有机碳密度的主要因素,而人为因素影响较小。全国尺度各影响因子按解释程度大小排序分别为:温度(0.22)>NDVI(0.16)>DEM(0.12)>陆地生态系统类型(0.09)>降水量(0.06)>人口密度(0.04);自然因素中的气候因素是中国陆地生态系统表层土壤有机碳密度空间分异性的主要影响因子,温度与降水量交互作用的解释程度为0.37,其中温度的作用尤为重要;气温因子与土壤有机碳密度在相对寒冷的地区(均温<15℃)呈负相关,但在更热的地区则呈正相关,意味着生态系统碳平衡对未来气候变暖可能表现出异质性的响应特征;强烈的因子互作效应表明,中国陆地生态系统表层土壤有机碳空间分异性是由多种因子共同作用影响而非单一因素决定;中国六大分区(东北、华北、华东、西北、中南、西南)陆地生态系统表层土壤有机碳密度的各影响因子解释程度存在差异,体现出土壤有机碳密度的主控因子的空间异质性。     

张承地区生态系统服务及其区域关联分析

区域生态系统服务及其辐射效应评估能够揭示研究区域生态-经济-社会耦合系统的整体性和关联性特征。基于张承地区2013年遥感影像和生态服务价值化方法,评估分析了该区域地表覆被组成、关键生态系统服务及其对北京市的辐射效益。结果发现,张承地区约97%地表覆被为林草地和农田,是发挥生态屏障功能的主体;该地区自然生态系统可提供的关键生态系统服务价值为1 895亿元·a-1,高值区分布在林草植被集中的承德市以及张家口市的东南部地区;张承地区每年约有21%关键生态系统服务以水和风为介质辐射到北京市,其中,怀来、赤城、宣化、涿鹿、崇礼和沽源等县与北京市的生态系统服务关联度较高,是北京市外来生态系统服务的主要输入区。该研究对于揭示京津冀区域生态系统整体性以及科学构建区域生态修复与合作机制具有一定的参考价值。     

土地生态系统健康研究的主要内容及面临的问题

生态系统健康研究是资源环境可持续利用研究中的一个热点。在归纳土地生态系统具有尺度的宏观性、对象的地域性、空间的开放性和动态性、问题的复杂性等特征的基础上，提出了开展土地生态系统健康研究的内容应包括土地生态系统健康的机理、评价和管理等三个主要方面。结合我国的土地资源状况，指出我国开展土地生态系统健康研究面临着包括人口密度过大，土地资源压力大；我国地域辽阔，气候类型多样，社会经济区域发展不均衡，全国各地土地生态系统的区域分异性很强等主要问题。     

福州市郊泉头村沼气生态工程建设及其效益分析

应用生态学和系统论的原理，把可利用的生物物质通过沼气厌氧发酵形成良性生态循环系统。这样既解决了农村能源，保护了森林资源和植被，又解决了环境保护等问题。同时，把种植业和养殖业有机地结合起来，取得了综合效益。福州市郊泉头村生态工程建设从１９８６年起经过８年的试点，采用了沼气多级发酵工艺，成功地建造了沼气生态系统工程，促进了生产的发展，１９９３年产值达６８００万元，人均产值９３４００元，成为福州市重点商品猪基地之一和菜篮子工程项目。     

Restoration of badlands and natural capital: an application in Saldaña (Palencia,northern Spain)

The environment provides many necessary services for a plethora of human activities related to that are being acknowledged as our ecosystems degrade; therefore, ecosystem-based solutions are becoming increasingly more important. Hydrologic restorations (HRs) apply this type of ecosystem approach; there are multiple examples around the Mediterranean area executed since the beginning of the twentieth century. One good example of these restoration-type solutions can be seen in the badlands of Saldaña (Palencia, Spain). This case has been particularly successful in stopping gully erosion from badlands. Despite its importance for the well-being of the inhabitants of Saldaña and surroundings, the economic effects of these services which were put into place by this HR have never been assessed. In the present study, four different and compatible ecosystem restored services have been valued in monetary terms. For their aggregation, an innovative approach has been taken using the analytic hierarchy process methodology, so the weight of each ecosystem service (ES) can be determined. The economic flow of these ESs has been calculated in terms of annual income and updated values, from which natural capital increase in the population of Saldaña can be assessed. After analysing the results, it can be concluded that the village has earned more than seven million euros, which, in turn, generates important benefits to its inhabitants.     

岩溶生态系统的土壤

岩溶生态系统的土壤是岩溶地区岩石、大气、水、生物等四大圈层相互作用的产物，成土速率较慢，土壤剖面和空间分布受地貌演化阶段和岩溶双层空间结构的控制。在碳酸盐岩的差异侵蚀和土壤丧失的作用下，岩溶生态系统的土壤逐渐向裂隙和低洼部位退缩，形成景观中的土壤资源斑块，成为岩溶生态系统的养分库、水库和种子库，这种自然演替形成的小尺度上的土壤斑块和生境异质性对于维持岩溶景观的健康状况是非常重要的。今后的研究应着重从岩溶表层生态系统的运行过程中来把握岩溶生态系统土壤的动态特征和相互间的反馈关系。     

Effect of Small‐Scale Heterogeneity of Prey and Hunter Distributions on the Sustainability of Bushmeat Hunting

Abstract: Bushmeat is the main source of protein and the most important source of income for rural people in the Congo Basin, but intensive hunting of bushmeat species is also a major concern for conservationists. Although spatial heterogeneity in hunting effort and in prey populations at the landscape level plays a key role in the sustainability of hunted populations, the role of small‐scale heterogeneity within a village hunting territory in the sustainability of hunting has remained understudied. We built a spatially explicit multiagent model to capture the dynamics of a system in which hunters and preys interact within a village hunting territory. We examined the case of hunting of bay duikers (Cephalophus dorsalis) in the village of Ntsiété, northeastern Gabon. The impact of hunting on prey populations depended on the spatial heterogeneity of hunting and prey distribution at small scales within a hunting area. Within a village territory, the existence of areas hunted throughout the year, areas hunted only during certain seasons, and unhunted areas contributed to the sustainability of the system. Prey abundance and offtake per hunter were particularly sensitive to the frequency and length of hunting sessions and to the number of hunters sharing an area. Some biological parameters of the prey species, such as dispersal rate and territory size, determined their spatial distribution in a hunting area, which in turn influenced the sustainability of hunting. Detailed knowledge of species ecology and behavior, and of hunting practices are crucial to understanding the distribution of potential sinks and sources in space and time. Given the recognized failure of simple biological models to assess maximum sustainable yields, multiagent models provide an innovative path toward new approaches for the assessment of hunting sustainability, provided further research is conducted to increase knowledge of prey species’ and hunter behavior.     

南海市乡镇企业环境污染事故的特征研究

对南海市１９９１～１９９５年５年间乡镇企业发生的环境污染事故作了统计，分析了它们的发生规律、主要受害对象以及行业分布规律。     

Correlates of bushmeat hunting among remote rural households in Gabon, Central Africa

Hunted wild animals (i.e., bushmeat) are a main source of protein for many rural populations in the tropics, and the unsustainable harvest of these animals puts both human food security and ecosystem functioning at risk. To understand the correlates of bushmeat consumption, we surveyed 1219 households in 121 rural villages near three newly established national parks in Gabon. Through the surveys we gathered information on bushmeat consumption, income, and material assests. In addition, we quantified land cover in a 5-km radius around the village center and distance of the village center to the nearest park boundary. Bushmeat was not a source of income for most households, but it was the primary animal protein consumed. Ninety-seven percent of households consumed bushmeat at least once during a survey period of 12 days. Income or wealth, land cover, distance of village to the nearest park boundary, and level of education of the head of the household were among the factors that significantly related to the likelihood of consuming any of the 10 most commonly consumed species of bushmeat. Household size was the predictor most strongly associated with quantities of bushmeat consumed and was negatively related to consumption. Total bushmeat consumption per adult male equivalent increased as household wealth increased and decreased as distance of villages to park boundaries increased. Bushmeat consumption at the household level was not related to unit values (i.e., price estimates for a good that typically does not have a market value; estimates derived from willingness to sell or trade the good for items of known price) of bushmeat or the price of chicken and fish as potential substitutes. The median consumption of bushmeat at the village level, however, was negatively related to village mean unit values of bushmeat across all species. Our results suggest that a lack of alternative protein sources motivated even the wealthiest among surveyed households to consume bushmeat. Providing affordable, alternative protein sources to all households would likely reduce unsustainable levels of bushmeat consumption in rural Gabon.     

Host-plant genotypic diversity mediates the distribution of an ecosystem engineer

Ecosystem engineers affect ecological communities by physically modifying the environment. Understanding the factors determining the distribution of engineers offers a powerful predictive tool for community ecology. In this study, we examine whether the goldenrod bunch gall midge (Rhopalomyia solidaginis) functions as an ecosystem engineer in an old-field ecosystem by altering the composition of arthropod species associated with a dominant host plant, Solidago altissima. We also examine the suite of factors that could affect the distribution and abundance of this ecosystem engineer. The presence of bunch galls increased species richness and altered the structure of associated arthropod communities. The best predictors of gall abundance were host-plant genotype and plot-level genotypic diversity. We found positive, nonadditive effects of genotypic diversity on gall abundance. Our results indicate that incorporating a genetic component in studies of ecosystem engineers can help predict their distribution and abundance, and ultimately their effects on biodiversity.     

浙江省萧山市山一村生态良性循环与系统管理研究 Ⅵ.山地生态系统动态模拟

本文在林地植物区系组成、植被类型、森林资源、土壤养分调查的基础上,对山地土壤矿化过程、树木生长过程和山地生态系统进行了动态模拟,预测了该村山地土壤含氮量、落叶层重、草本层生物量、灌木层生物量、乔木生物量,山地土壤可利用氮量、氮矿化速率、系统氮变化量、系统生物与净增长量的年变化趋势,为该村林地的规划、开发利用和管理提供了科学依据。