天津地区表层土壤和河流沉积物中甾烷与五环三萜烷的分布特征及污染源分析

分析了天津地区表层土壤和具有代表性的河流沉积物中甾烷和五环三萜烷系列化合物的组成与分布特征，讨论了这类化合物的来源及环境意义。分析表明，在天津地区不同环境功能区表层土壤和河流沉积物中均检测到了甾烷和五环三萜烷系列化合物，但样品之间其含量存在明显的差别；表层土壤与河流沉积物中甾烷、五环三萜烷化合物的组成与石油中的基本一致，样品间这类化合物在饱和烃中的相对含量与正烷烃CPI之间有较好的负相关关系，表明它们主要来源于石油及副产品，可以根据样品中甾、萜化合物与正构烷烃的比值来反映饱和烃中石油烃污染源的贡献。论文根据样品中甾烷、五环三萜烷化合物与正构烷烃的比值，并结合正烷烃CPI参数初步分析了天津地区不同环境功能区表层土壤和河流沉积物中饱和烃污染物的污染源。     

胶州湾滩涂养殖区沉积物脂肪烃的特征参数

本文研究了胶州湾滩涂养殖区沉积物中脂肪烃组成特征、特征参数及其来源解析.采集了9个站位的养殖区表层沉积物样品,经正己烷/二氯甲烷(体积比,1∶1)混合溶剂超声提取,旋转蒸发、净化浓缩后进行GC-MS检测分析.结果表明,各站位沉积物正构烷烃峰型十分相似,呈双峰态分布,显示了陆源与海源双重贡献特征.前峰型为主、陆/水生类脂物比值TAR均值为0.60、C31/C19均值为0.63,同时表明海相来源贡献大于陆相来源.奇偶优势指数OEP、Pr/Ph比值较低,均值分别为1.67、0.70,与C30βα莫烷/C30αβ藿烷、Ts/Tm、C29甾烷αββ/(αββ+ααα)一致,表明研究区沉积物有机质成熟度较高.结合碳优势指数CPI、短链/长链比L/H、∑n-Alk/C16、C29甾烷20S/(20S+20R)、C31藿烷22S/(22S+22R)、C32藿烷22S/(22S+22R)多个特征参数综合分析,证实了滩涂养殖区内存在石油及其衍生品的污染.较高的Ts/Tm值反映了研究区为强还原沉积环境,与Pr/Ph指示的沉积环境一致.     

烃类污染物在大气气溶胶源解析方面的应用

分析了国内外的资料,并结合几年来对北京地区的研究成果,讨论了饱和烃、多环芳烃等有机污染物在源解析方面的应用。利用饱和烃进行源解析主要依靠正构烷烃的分布特征和主峰碳、CPI、OEP等参数,以及姥鲛烷和植烷的Pr/Ph、Pr/C17、Ph/C18比值;甾烷及萜烷等环状化合物,性质非常稳定,可以作为化石燃料燃烧的有机示踪物。通常情况下,不同来源的多环芳烃,Ant/Phe、Flua/Pyr、BaA/Chr等比值有一定的差别;因此这些比值也可以作为重要的诊断参数。     

天津地区表层土中饱和烃的组成与分布特征

为揭示天津地区不同环境功能区表层土壤中饱和烃污染特征及其来源,分析了该地区几个具代表性的环境功能区表层土(0～25cm)中饱和烃化合物的组成和分布特征,重点讨论了正构烷烃和甾、萜烷烃类化合物的组成、分布及环境意义,比较了不同层次(亚层)(0～5cm,5～10cm,10～15cm,15～20cm,20～25cm)中这些化合物及相关的地球化学参数的变化规律。结果表明,不同采样点以及同一采样点的不同亚层之间正构烷烃的组成特征存在不同程度的差别,而甾、萜烷烃类化合物组成与分布特征均较为接近。正构烷烃以及甾、萜类地球化学参数综合分析揭示,不同采样点之间正构烷烃的来源多样,中低分子量的正构烷烃主要来源于石油等化石燃料,高分子量正构烷烃主要来源于高等植物蜡的分解产物,但甾、萜烷烃类化合物的来源是一致的,且主要来源于石油烃污染。不同采样点表层土中饱和烃的来源及污染程度均存在一定的差别,市区、油田附近、经济开发区以及近郊区受石油源影响较重,北部山区污染较轻,且主要来源于高等植物的降解。除个别采样点外,同一采样点不同亚层之间饱和烃的组成特征基本一致,表明污染源是一致的,主要来源由表层污染物往下迁移所致。     

北京地区表层土中饱和烃组成特征及成因分析

根据北京地区不同环境功能区62个样品检测结果,分析了研究区表层土壤中饱和烃类化合物的化学组成及其分布特征,并对其来源进行了讨论。结果表明：（1）北京地区表层土壤中分布有多种类型的烃类污染物,已检测到的饱和烃化合物主要包括正构烷烃、无环类异戊间二烯烷烃、单甲基取代支链烷烃（异构与反异构烷烃）、烷基环己烷和甾、萜烷类等系列化合物中的数百种单体化合物;（2）不同环境功能区,同一地区土地使用情况不同或周围环境不同的土壤样品中饱和烃的质量分数和组成特征均存在较大的差别,其中正构烷烃的质量分数为0.25~4.72μg.g-1;（3）随着距离城中心的距离减小,表土中饱和烃质量分数增高,南部地区饱和烃的质量分数高于北部地区;（4）表层土壤中饱和烃的来源比较复杂,主要来自于化石燃料及木材的不完全燃烧产物,部分地区有少量矿物油及其衍生物的输入。     

汕头湿地示范区红树林底栖动物体中石油烃组成特征分析

采集了汕头湿地示范区三种红树林常见底栖动物蟹类和螺类,采用有机溶剂超声提取,氧化铝硅胶层析柱净化,气相色谱仪分析的方法,分析了蟹和螺样品石油烃的组成、来源和降解,结果显示,蟹和螺样品都具有很宽的正构烷烃范围,分别是nC13-nC40和nC13-nC36;未分离复杂化合物(UCM)含量范围蟹是10.49μg·g-1-27.40μg·g-1,螺是17.16μg·g-1-41.37μ·g-1;碳优势指数(CPI)值范围蟹为2.70-7.93,螺为1.84-5.56;nC17/Pr比值范围蟹是0.81-2.74,螺是1.57-2.48;nC18/Ph比值范围蟹为0.60-3.65,螺为0.92-1.30,表明螺类体内石油烃兼具有石油源与生源烃的特征,蟹类则具明显高等植物蜡源特征;蟹类和螺类体内都累积了UCM,且螺类累积量高于蟹类累积量;蟹类和螺类体内的正构烷烃都已产生了降解和代谢,且蟹类降解和代谢正构烷烃的速率明显高于螺类.     

胶州湾南部溢油海域表层沉积物油指纹特征参数变化

2013年11月22日青岛黄潍输油管道发生了泄漏爆炸事故,为研究溢油在真实海洋环境中的风化过程提供了可能.本文以2015—2017年青岛胶州湾南部近岸海域的4次调查沉积物样品为对象,采用GC/MS等分析手段,研究了溢油海域表层沉积物中生物标志物的分布特征和特征比值的波动规律,分析了沉积物有机质影响的可能来源.结果表明,溢油海域表层沉积物各站位不同碳数的三环萜烷类和不同立体构型的藿烷类,胆甾烷、甲基胆甾烷和乙基胆甾烷均有检出,Ts/Tm比值较低,可能与生物降解作用有关,比值C31αβ(S/(S+R))、C29甾ααα(S/(S+R))均接近于0.6,指示该区域受到石油输入的影响;溢油海域沉积物各站位甾烷、萜烷特征参数比值分布模式基本一致,表明调查海域有机质组成具有一致性,甾烷、萜烷类特征参数比值随着时间的变化呈现不同规律性的变化,表明溢油污染的海域沉积物受石油污染控制已经较弱,主要受海洋环境有机质输入等自然因素的影响.调查海域沉积物甾烷类物质主要来源于高等植物、浮游生物和藻类共同输入的混源有机质.     

长岛岸滩及岩石附着油污指纹特征比对

选择长岛典型的两个旅游景点的岩石和岸滩附着的8个溢油样品,对样品中的饱和烷烃、萜烷、甾烷及多环芳烃化合物的分布特征及典型生物标志物诊断比值进行了比对分析.t检验结果表明,置信度为95%时,8个油样的生物标志物诊断比值指标均不能够完全匹配,不可判定其来自同一油源.九丈崖溢油样品之间差异性高于月牙湾.可见,长岛九丈崖岩石和月牙湾岸滩附着溢油样品之间具有较大相似度,但指纹特征各不相同,部分样品差别较大,具有混合油的指纹特征,为多次溢油的混合油样.     

黄渤海表层沉积物中正构烷烃和甾醇的分布及来源研究

在黄海、渤海湾和莱州湾采集64个表层沉积物样品,分析正构烷烃(C15～C33)和甾醇(菜子甾醇、菜油甾醇、谷甾醇和豆甾醇)的质量分数和分子组合特征,探讨其来源,比较物质来源的空间差异。结果表明:(1)黄海表层沉积物中类脂生物标志物主要呈现陆源和海源共同影响的特征,其中北黄海以陆源输入为主,高碳数正构烷烃(>C24)具有明显的奇碳优势,陆源高等植物的贡献较大;南黄海陆源输入与海洋自身贡献相当;渤海湾与莱州湾接受来自河流的大量陆源物质;(2)来源于陆源高等植物的甾醇(包括菜油甾醇、谷甾醇和豆甾醇)在黄海表层沉积物中的质量分数远小于渤海湾和莱州湾,但指示硅藻来源的菜子甾醇在整个研究区域均具有较高的质量分数。     

渤海中部油气开采区石油烃环境质量评价及源解析

对渤海中部油气开采区表层沉积物中的石油烃含量进行了环境质量评价,分析了正构烷烃和多环芳烃分子组成特征,并对其来源进行了解析.结果表明,石油类浓度为12.5—860μg·g~(-1)之间,污染指数为0.61—41.97;随着与采油平台距离的增加,平台周边海域石油烃含量和污染水平呈现降低的趋势;沉积物沉积时为缺氧还原的沉积环境.正构烷烃的分布特征和甾萜烷生物标志化合物表明,源自大陆高等植物和海洋浮游生物的烷烃共存于渤海近代沉积物中,石油类产品和化石燃料燃烧产物对其贡献不能忽视;石油平台站位PAHs主要来自石油的直接输入,其它站位主要来自燃烧源.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.