低温生物膜和活性污泥的生物活性比较

通过 (5± 1)℃下生物膜系统 (BF)和活性污泥系统 (AS)处理生活污水长达 8个多月的运行 ,对比研究了两系统的生物活性 .结果表明 ,活性污泥不仅生物活性较高 ,而且具有更有利的传质条件 .在水力停留时间HRT =8h的条件下 ,生物膜和活性污泥胞外分泌物中的还原糖含量分别为 1.75 %及 1.9% ,挥发性污泥组分 (VSS)中的ATP含量分别为 1.0 8mg/ g及 1.4 3mg/g ;电镜检测结果表明 ,生物膜结构致密 ,而活性污泥疏松多孔有利于物质传递 .图 5表 2参 14     

群体感应信号分子对Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1生物膜结构及产电性能的影响

电活性生物膜(EAB)是微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)的重要组成部分.为揭示群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)信号分子在MFC中对EAB的响应机制,在MFC阳极室接种铜绿假单胞菌,添加两种QS信号分子(N-丁酰基高丝氨酸内酯C4-HSL和喹诺酮PQS),观察其对阳极生物膜形态、结构及MFC产电性能的影响.结果显示:添加终浓度为10μmol/L N-丁酰基高丝氨酸内酯、喹诺酮的MFC的驯化启动期分别比对照组缩短了290.33 h、169.9h,最高输出电压分别提高了18.18%、22.73%,MFC运行后期传质电阻分别减小了9.77Ω、15.15Ω,绿脓素含量分别提高了20.27%、24.32%;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)照片显示添加两种信号分子生物膜的生物量均多于对照组;激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)照片显示添加QS信号分子可以明显增大阳极生物膜的厚度并改善活死细胞比例.本研究表明添加QS信号分子显著促进了产电菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1在MFC阳极表面的成膜速率,强化了其生物活性,提高了EAB与电极间的电子传递效率及MFC的产电性能.(图9参21)     

生物栅净化系统生物膜微生物群落结构动态的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

用ERIC-PCR指纹图谱技术分析富营养化水体生物栅处理系统中2个工况7个净化池在不同监测时期微生物群落结构动态变化与主要污染物降解效果变化的关系.结果表明,采用生物栅技术的2～7号净化池的CODCr、总氮、氨氮、总磷的去除率较对照池分别提高了13.3%～58.6%、23.6%～65.8%、15.5%～72.9%和16.8%～76.9%,表明生物栅技术在污染物去除方面起到了重要作用.随着系统的运行微生物多样性指数逐渐增大,工况1第1次和第2次生物膜样品的微生物多样性指数分别为1.77～1.91和1.96～2.35.设置凤眼莲的3个净化池填料生物膜微生物种类较未设置植物的净化池丰富.在工况2中,HRT为7.5h的3号、5号和7号反应池填料生物膜ERIC-PCR指纹图条带数比HRT为4h的2号、4号和6号要多,而根系生物膜上的微生物群落结构受HRT的影响小.研究表明,随着系统的运行,系统中微生物种群多样性指数增加,系统逐渐进入良好的稳定状态.图5表5参9     

漆酶对水中氯酚类物质的去除

利用漆酶对2,5-二氯苯酚(2,5-DCP)、2,6-二氯苯酚(2,6-DCP)、2,4,5-三氯苯酚(2,4,5-TCP)、2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-TCP)等4种物质进行去除研究,考察了温度、时间、pH及漆酶添加量对去除效果的影响,并基于最佳条件下的去除效果,探讨了底物结构对漆酶转化氯酚类物质的影响.结果表明,温度升高,去除率呈先升高后降低再升高的现象;pH增大,去除率有增加的趋势;漆酶添加量在一定范围内与去除率呈正相关,当添加量高于20%后,去除率降低;在较短时间(0.5 h)内,漆酶对4种氯酚类物质的去除均能达到较好的效果.最佳条件下,漆酶对2,5-DCP、2,6-DCP、2,4,5-TCP和2,4,6-TCP的去除率分别为86.2%、45.3%、98.7%、84.8%;氯原子取代位置与取代数目相比对去除效果具有更重要的影响.     

紫外-发光二极管光催化降解气相甲硫醚的影响因素

采用主波长367 nm的紫外-发光二极管(UV-LED)作激发光源,Degussa P25-TiO2薄膜作催化剂,在平板反应器中模拟了低浓度(8.3mg.m-3)典型恶臭气体甲硫醚(DMS)的光催化降解过程;研究了催化剂负载量、光照强度、温度、相对湿度、体积流速对DMS光催化降解过程的影响规律.甲硫醚的去除效率和反应速率随着催化剂负载量的增加(5.0—36.0μg.cm-2)而增大,其最大去除率可达到97.6%.在本实验条件下,室温21.6℃、相对湿度47.5%要比低温12.1℃、低相对湿度10.9%—29.8%更有利于反应的进行;DMS的反应速率随着体积流速的增大呈现先增大后稳定的趋势,当流速小于3.4×10-7m.3s-1时,反应受传质控制,流速大于6.8×10-7m.3s-1时,反应受反应速率控制,流速在3.4×10-7—6.8×10-7m.3s-1之间时为过渡态.     

海绵铁填料对城市内河污染物质去除

通过水质监测和微生物高通量测序,开展了海绵铁填料对城市内河污染物质去除效果的现场试验研究.结果表明,试验进水COD、NH_3-N、TN和TP分别为16—75 mg·L~(-1)、1.24—9.73 mg·L~(-1)、0.21—22.12 mg·L~(-1)和0.23—1.17 mg·L~(-1),各项水质指标均属于地表水环境质量劣Ⅴ类标准;在经历不同HRT(3—24 h)后,试验出水的COD、NH_3-N、TN和TP的浓度分别降至1—47 mg·L~(-1)、0.01—4.86 mg·L~(-1)、1.1—20.34 mg·L~(-1)和0.03—0.55 mg·L~(-1).当HRT为24 h和12 h时,出水为Ⅱ—Ⅳ类水质,而当HRT为6 h和3 h时,出水水质介于为Ⅱ—劣Ⅴ类之间.其中,HRT为24 h时,COD、TN和TP的去除率最高,分别达到75.86%、90.76%和87.47%,而NH_3-N的去除率在HRT为6 h时最高,为99.29%.微生物群落结构分析显示,海绵铁填料生物膜上的微生物物种丰富度和群落多样性均高于原水,且群落结构较原水更为稳定.随着反应器内部溶解氧的升高,物种丰富度和群落多样性也逐渐增加.     

表流湿地不同植物配置对富营养化循环水体的净化效果

通过构建不同植物配置的表流湿地,研究了表流湿地不同植物配置对富营养化循环水体的净化效果。结果表明,在水力负荷为1.46 m.d-1、平均水力停留时间为24 h条件下,表流湿地整体对TP、TN、CODCr及TSS的单位面积去除速率分别为13.26、57.766、2.44、70.72 mg.m-2.d-1;凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)对TP、TN的单位面积去除速率最高,分别为12.82和62.95 mg.m-2.d-1,荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)和水芹(Oenanthe javanica)最低,不同植物配置条件下水体进、出水中TP、TN浓度呈指数相关;供试植物对CODCr的单位面积去除速率随时间延长呈整体下降趋势,荇菜对CODCr的单位面积去除速率最高(P<0.05),为67.14 mg.m-2.d-1,菖蒲(Acoruscalamus)最低(45.43 mg.m-2.d-1);大薸(Pistia stratiotes)和黑三棱(Sparganium stoloniferum)对TSS的单位面积去除速率最低(P<0.05),且不同时间变化幅度较小(22.96～33.95 ...     

给水管网流速对水质和生物膜种群结构的影响

为了解析水流流速对给水管网的影响,采用给水管网模拟系统,动态监测28 d内的水质,对第28日的生物膜进行生物量测定和16S r DNA测序;并利用统计分析方法解析主体水水质和生物膜之间的相互关系.结果显示:在流速为0.5 m/s时,主体水中总有机碳(TOC)最为丰富(5.26±0.17 mg/L),悬浮细菌总数(n)最多[lg(n+1/m L~(-1))=4.79±0.02],综合水质为最差(3.69),而且生物膜细菌总数(n)最大[lg(n+1/cm~(-2))=5.48±0.06];Pearson相关分析显示,不同流速下生物膜细菌总数与主体水水质指标中的电导率(R=0.73,P0.01)、浊度(R=0.87,P0.001)、TOC(R=0.94,P0.001)和细菌总数(R=0.92,P0.001)成正相关,与余氯(R=-0.68,P0.05)成负相关;在低流速(0.1 m/s)和高流速(2.5 m/s)条件下生物膜多样性较高,而在0.5 m/s流速下,生物膜细菌种群多样性处于最低水平;变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在生物膜的群落结构中占主导地位.本研究表明给水管网流速影响水质和生物膜种群结构,水质与生物膜种群结构存在相互关系,结果可为管网生物膜的研究提供理论依据.     

生物还原-化学沉淀去除烟气SO2中Na2SO3和硫化物的研究

利用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)和金属离子沉淀剂对烟气SO2进行生物还原-化学沉淀去除,考察了碳源类型、乙酸(碳源)浓度、沉淀剂投加量和反应时间对SO2-3去除的影响,研究表明,沉淀剂的加入导致SRB转化产生的S2-能很快生成硫化物沉淀,其它副反应被抑制.乙酸C原子/SO2-3的浓度比为1时,SO2-3去除最大.随着沉淀剂投加量的增加,SO2-3去除率增大.ZnCl2生化反应培养14d后,SO2-3去除趋于完全.FeCl2生化反应培养7d后,SO2-3去除趋于完全.     

无色硫细菌氧化SRB还原硫酸盐产物硫化氢生成单质硫

以人工合成含硫化物废水作为进水 ,采用以陶粒为填料、小试规模的逆流式和顺流式好氧CSB(无色硫细菌 )生物膜反应器 ,在常温 ( 1 7℃～2 2℃ )、HRT为 2 6min、进水pH为 7.0和对反应器中pH不进行控制的条件下 ,研究了利用CSB将水中硫化物转化成单质硫的可行性及条件。实验表明 :为达到硫的最大回收率 ,在硫化物低负荷(NS <6 .1kg/ (m3 ·d) )时建议采用顺流式 ,高负荷 (NS>6 .1kg/ (m3 ·d) )时采用逆流式 ;反应器内的最佳DO值与进水硫化物容积负荷呈线性关系 ,出水pH值和出水pH值的升高值与硫的回收率呈线性关系。此外还研究了反冲洗对生物脱硫效果的影响及尾气中H2 S的生物去除     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.