Depth-related enzymic activities in muscle,brain and heart of deep-living pelagic marine teleosts

The activities [units^-1 wet weight tissue] of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvate kinase (PK), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) in white skeletal muscle, brain and heart of 24 pelagic teleost fishes were determined. In addition, for several of the foregoing species, citrate synthase (CS) activities were examined in white skeletal muscle. In muscle, the activities of all these enzymes decrease exponentially with increasing minimum depth of occurrence of the species; this decrease closely parallels the decrease in respiratory rate found previously for these same species. The decline in enzymic activity with increasing minimum depth of occurrence is much greater than the decline in body protein content of the whole fishes, suggesting a disproportionately rapid fall in enzyme concentration in comparison to contractile and structural protein concentrations. The similar reductions in activities of both glycolytic (LDH and PK) and citric acid cycle (CS, MDH and IDH) enzymes with depth indicate that both standard and active metabolisms of deeper-dwelling species are reduced relative to shallower-dwelling forms. There is no suggestion of increased anaerobic capacity with depth or in relation to species, occurrence in the oxygen minimum layer. In brain and heart, there is no significant decrease in enzymic activity with increasing minimum depth of occurrence. These two tissues have similar capacities for metabolism in most fishes, when comparisons are based on enzymic activity per gram wet weight of tissue.     

Metabolic cold adaptation in Antarctic fishes: evidence from enzymatic activities of brain

To evaluate the concept of metabolic cold adaptation (MCA) in fishes, we compared - in brain, red muscle, and white muscle of Antarctic notothenioid fishes and tropical/subtropical fishes - the activities of two enzymes of ATP-generating pathways, citrate synthase (CS), an indicator of citric acid cycle activity (aerobic metabolism), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an indicator of potential for ATP production through anaerobic glycolysis. Brain was chosen because, unlike locomotory muscle, its metabolic activity is not likely to be influenced by a species' level of activity or nutritional status, so MCA should be readily observed if present. CS and LDH activities in brain exhibited a high level of MCA, but compensation to temperature was not complete (48% for CS; 46% for LDH). CS and LDH activities in red and white muscle varied widely among species, according to the general level of locomotory activity. The 'mode of life'-related enzymatic activities in locomotory muscle show that study of MCA at the level of whole organism metabolism is fraught with difficulties and experimental ambiguities. In contrast, the low variation among species within each group in enzymatic activities in brain, and the large differences between groups in CS and LDH activity, show that brain is an excellent study system for evaluating metabolic compensation to temperature.     

Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase activities in gills of marine teleost fishes: Changes with depth,size and locomotory activity level

Activities of the primary enzyme responsible for monovalent ion regulation, Na⁺-K⁺-adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase), were measured in gills of marine teleost fishes with different depths of occurrence (0 to 4800 m), body weights (a range of five orders of magnitude), and locomotory capacities. Specimens were collected off the coasts of California and Oregon in 1983–1989, and at the Galápagos Spreading Center and 13°N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent sites in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Except for two hydrothermal vent fishes, deep-sea species had much lower Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities g^–1 gill filament than shallow-living species, indicating that osmoregulatory costs, like total metabolic rate, are greatly reduced in most deep-living fishes. Within a species, the total branchial Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity per individual was dependent on size; the average allometric scaling exponent was 0.83. Using published values for oxygen consumption rates, and the total branchial Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities as an index of osmoregulatory costs, we estimated the maximal cost (as percent of ATP turnover) for osmoregulation in ten teleosts. Osmoregulatory costs averaged about 10% of total ATP turnover among these species, and maximal costs were no greater than about 20%. The percent costs of osmoregulation did not differ between shallow- and deep-living fishes. The reduced total ATP expenditure for osmoregulation in deep-living fishes is proposed to result from the sluggish locomotory habits of these fishes, not from selection for reduced osmotic coastper se. Thus, the reduced swimming abilities of these fishes lead to lower rates of water flow over the gills and less blood flow through the gills due to reduced demands for oxygen. Consequently, passive flux of water and ions through the gills is much lower than in more active fishes, and osmotic costs are thereby minimized. The relatively high activities of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in gills of the two hydrothermal vent fishes suggest that these fishes may be more active and have higher metabolic rates than other deep-sea fishes.     

Metabolism,enzymic activities and cold adaptation in Antarctic mesopelagic fishes

Several species of Antarctic mesopelagic fishes that have different minimal depths of occurrence but the same environmental temperature were collected in November–December 1983 and in March 1986 between 0 and 1 000 m in the open water near the marginal ice zone in the vicinity of 60°S 40°W (1983) and 65°S 46°W (1986), and oxygen consumption rate (V _{O 2}) and the activity of two metabolic enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, an indicator of the anaerobic potential of locomotory muscle) and citrate synthase (CS, an indicator of citric acid cycle activity or aerobic potential), were determined. In four dominant species, whole-individual oxygen-consumption rate (y, ml O₂ individual^–1 h^–1) varied with weight (X, g) according to the equation y=aX ^b, with b values falling between 0.889 and 1.029. The relation of weight-specific LDH activity (y, U g^–1 wet wt) with weight (x, g) was also described by the equation y=aX ^b, with b values varying between 0.229 and 1.025. Weight-specific CS activity declined with weight, with b values from-0.031 to-0.369. V _{2 O}, LDH activity and CS activity all declined markedly with increased species' minimum depth of occurrence (the depth below which 90% of a species' population lives). Comparisons with previous studies on ecologically equivalent species of the California Borderland indicate that depth-related decreases in metabolism are the result of adapted traits of deeper-living species, not declining temperature within the water column. The metabolic rate of Antarctic mesopelagic fishes is approximately twice that of California species at equivalent temperatures; similar rates were found at the normal habitat temperatures of the two groups. Thus, a well-developed compensation for temperature is present in the Antarctic fishes: cold adaptation. Differences in enzymic activity among species, and among different sized individuals of a species are related to differences in metabolic rate and locomotory capacity. Enzymic indices can be used to estimate metabolic rates and evaluate ecological parameters such as predatory strategies and niche separation.     

Metabolic enzyme activities in shallow- and deep-water chondrichthyans: implications for metabolic and locomotor capacity

Biochemical indices of white (WM) and red muscle (RM) aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacity were measured in 14 species of benthic and benthopelagic chondrichthyans from a depth of ~90 to 2,200 m to evaluate the relationship between metabolic capacity and depth of occurrence, phylogeny, and locomotor mode. Maximal activities of the enzymes citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and pyruvate kinase (PK) were analyzed in muscle tissue at 10 °C. These were combined with previously published elasmobranch data in order to represent a comprehensive range of depths, phylogeny, and locomotor modes (i.e., benthic, benthopelagic, pelagic). Significant decreases in WM PK and LDH activities and a lack of significant trends in RM enzyme activities with increasing median depth of occurrence (MDO) indicate a depth-related reduction in both burst-locomotor and metabolic capacity. These trends are consistent with the “visual-interactions hypothesis.” Phylogeny and locomotor mode had little influence on enzyme activities compared to MDO, and the present study suggests similar activities in co-occurring demersal sharks and rays. Overall, the present study indicates low metabolic capacities in deep-sea chondrichthyans, which is important to consider when managing deep-sea fisheries.     

Biochemical indices of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in muscle tissues of California elasmobranch fishes differing in typical activity level

Biochemical indices of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacity were measured in white myotomal muscle of eight marine elasmobranch fish species representing a broad range of locomotor performance, and in red myotomal muscle and heart of three of those species. The objectives were to determine if metabolic capacities vary with typical fish activity level, to compare the endothermic mako shark with ectothermic pelagic sharks, and to compare elasmobranchs with teleosts in order to test the hypothesis that elasmobranchs have lower aerobic capacities, metabolic rates, and swimming speeds. In white myotomal muscle, activities of the enzymes citrate synthase (an index of aerobic capacity), pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, an index of anaerobic capacity) covaried with typical activity level, and the ability to tolerate intracellular acidification (nonbicarbonate buffering capacity) corresponded with LDH activity. Enzyme activities in red muscle and heart did not show a consistent pattern with respect to fish activity. In comparison with ectothermic sharks, the mako shark had greater aerobic and anaerobic capacities in white muscle, but no significant differences were found in red muscle or heart. This pattern has also been found in teleosts. Thus, endothermic fishes elevate the temperature of red muscle, a tissue specialized for high aerobic performance, whereas white muscle biochemical characteristics are adjusted to support high rates of contraction both aerobically and anaerobically. Muscle enzymic activities of elasmobranchs and teleosts with comparable locomotor habits are similar, thus refuting the hypothesis that elasmobranchs are sluggish, with lower metabolic capacities than teleosts.     

Depth zonation and metabolic adaptation in Dover sole,Microstomus pacificus,and other deep-living flatfishes: factors that affect the sole

Flatfishes of Monterey Bay, central California, undergo species replacements with increasing depth along a transect from 100 m on the continental shelf down to a depth of 1400 m on the continental slope. The Dover sole, Microstomus pacificus, differs from the other local flatfish species by undergoing an extensive ontogenetic vertical migration, occupying all depth zones at different life stages, and having its maximum spawning biomass in the oxygen minimum zone between 600 and 1000 m. Size-activity relationships and depth-activity relationships for the glycolytic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and for two enzymes associated with aerobic metabolism, malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase (CS), were examined in white-muscle tissue of shallow-living, deep-living and ontogenetically-migrating species. Scaling coefficients (b) for weight-specific enzyme activity (log activity)=a+b (log wet weight), varied in sign as well as magnitude for fishes living at different depths. In the shallow-living California halibut Paralichthys californicus, LDH scaled positively (0.39) and CS scaled negatively (-0.15) with size, a pattern observed previously for most shallow-water fish species. The permanently deep-living species, the deepsea sole Embassichthys bathybius, differed in that both LDH and CS scaled strongly negative (-2.0 and-1.5, respectively). For the ontogenetically migrating Dover sole Microstomus pacificus, there was a shelf-slope transition. For the shelf specimens (200 m), LDH scaled positive (0.11) and CS negative (-0.29) and for the slope specimens (400 m), LDH scaled negative (-0.65) and CS strongly negative (-0.63). Rex sole, Glyptocephalus zachirus, showed a similar shelf-slope transition. Intraspecific depth-enzyme activity differences were not incremental, but changed abruptly between the continental shelf stations (100 to 200 m) and the continental slope (400 to 1400 m). Based on comparisons with laboratory-maintained individuals, the decline in the metabolic capacity of the white muscle of Dover sole is a phenotypic response to the low food and oxygen conditions of the continental slope. Contrary to expectation, anaerobic capacity (LDH activity) decreased in response to low oxygen conditions, suggesting that in a permanently hypoxic environment such as the oxygen minimum zone the metabolic strategy may be to not incur an oxygen debt that would be difficult to pay back.     

The effect of pressure on muscle lactate dehydrogenase activity of some deep-sea and shallow-water fishes

The activity of crude muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of several species of bathypelagic and shallow-water fishes has been measured at pressures between 1 and 578 atm and at temperatures of 15° and 25°C. No relationship has been found between the effect of pressure on enzyme activity and the hydrostatic pressure of the organism's environment. Applied hydrostatic pressure reduced activity at both temperatures. The decrease at 25°C was double the decrease at 15°C in LDH from shallow-water fishes. However, enzymes from 2 bathypelagic fishes showed approximately the same reduction at both temperatures. Thus, the interaction of temperature and pressure was less in deep-sea than in shallow-water fish LDH. Decreasing temperature and increasing pressure would both reduce the activity of LDH. That is, deep-sea conditions are noncompensatory in this instance. It is possible that the dissociation of the effects of temperature and pressure could be an adaptive feature of deep-sea life.This paper is a portion of a thesis submitted to the Graduate School, University of Georgia, in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Science.     

Parasitism and ecological relationships among deep-sea benthic fishes

We have studied the metazoan parasite fauna of 52 species of deep-living benthic fishes from depths of 53 to 5000m off the New York Bight (39–49°N; 70–72°W). 17144 parasites were recovered from 1712 fishes. The infestation rate was 80%, with an average of 12.5 worms per host. Percentage occurrence by group among all fishes was Monogenea 12.9%, Digenea 48%, Cestoda 22.1%, Nematoda 54.5%, Acanthocephala 3.8%, and Copepoda 4.5%. Differing composition of the parasite fauna in different fish species reflects differences in diet. Specialized feeders are rather distinct; generalized feeders, which predominate, show overlaps in parasite fauna. In individual species, changes in diet with growth are reflected in changes in the parasite fauna. Infestation rate is directly related to abundance of the free-living fauna; hence, fish from within the submarine canyon are more heavily infested than those living without. Although it contains fewer families and genera than shallow faunas, the deep-sea parasite fauna is not extremely unusual in terms of its abundance, diversity, or host specificity. At the greatest depths, parasite abundance and diversity dramatically decline.     

Protein composition of white skeletal muscle from mesopelagic fishes having different water and protein contents

The consequences for white skeletal muscle of the whole body variation in water and protein content were examined in 11 mesopelagic fishes taken off the coast of Oregon, USA, in 1983. For such muscles, water content varied from 71 to 91% of muscle wet weight, and protein content ranged from 56 to 141 mg g^-1 muscle wet weight, depending on the species. Dilution by increased water content did not account for the decrease in protein content. Total muscle protein was partitioned into soluble (myogen or sarcoplasmic) and insoluble (myofibrillar) components. Both the myogen and myofibrillar components are reduced in muscle with decreased protein content. The activities (units g^-1 wet wt) of white muscle L-lactate dehydrogenase and L-malate dehydrogenase are higher in fishes undergoing diel vertical migration to surface waters than in fishes that either do not migrate or do not migrate to surface waters. The differences in enzyme activities are not due to a general dilution of muscle protein. The actin content of white skeletal muscle was maintained at a relatively constant level in all 11 species examined and was similar to actin levels observed previously in the white skeletal muscle of scombrids and demersal fishes. This conservation of actin content requires species with a reduced muscle protein content to maintain a significant fraction of their total protein as actin. The specific activities of the myofibrillar Mg²⁺–Ca²⁺-activated adenosine triphosphatases of the mesopelagic species are similar in all 11 species studied. Thus, the ratios of proteins in the isolated myofibrils are probably similar. These results suggest that, in species with decreased muscle protein, there is an increase in the non-myofibrillar form of actin.     

Effects of nutrition and temperature on metabolic enzyme activities in larval and juvenile red drum,Sciaenops ocellatus,and lane snapper,Lutjanus synagris

The metabolic enzyme activities were determined in larvae of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, and lane snapper, Lutjanus synagris, to determine the effect of temperature and nutrition on metabolic enzyme activities and to evaluate if metabolic enzyme activities are useful in assessing the feeding condition of larval fish. During experiments conducted during the spring of 1990, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in both red drum and lane snapper were approximately an order of magnitude lower than values typical for adult fish; LDH and citrate synthase (CS) activities increased during early developmental stages, but nutritional effects were apparent. Clear differences (up to 4-fold) between well-fed and starving fish were evident in both LDH and CS activity in red drum. Differences between well-fed and poorly fed larvae were evident until 9 d after hatching. Lane snapper larvae reared at a 25°C had significantly lower LDH activities than larvae reared at 28°C.     

Feeding strategies of some demersal fishes of the continental slope and rise off the Mid-Atlantic Coast of the USA

Stomach contents of 729 fishes comprising 16 species were examined from the continental slope and rise off the Middle Atlantic States of the USA. Two main feeding modes among demersal deep-sea fishes were evident: those feeding primarily on pelagic food items, and those feeding on benthic invertebrates. Both pelagic and benthic predators were euryphagous. Most pelagic predators also fed on the epibenthos. These findings support Dayton and Hessler's (1972) suggestion that benthic predators should have a generalized diet which may be responsible for the high diversity found in the deep-sea infauna. The mesopelagic fauna is an important food source for some demersal fishes on the continental slope. Pelagic prey, which are also important to ecologically dominant demersal fishes on the lower slope and continental rise, may be nutritionally supported by suspended particulate organic matter in a nepheloid layer close to the bottom, and they may exist in much higher concentrations than in the bathypelagic zone above.Virginia Institute of Marine Science Contribution No. 835.     

Metabolic and molecular stress responses of the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata during long-term exposure to increasing temperatures

Tolerance to a changing climate regime and persistence in the natural environment depends on the limited capacity to acclimate to changing temperatures. The present study aimed to identify and characterize thermal limits of the Mediterranean fish Sparus aurata as well as the processes providing heat protection during exposure to high temperatures. Processes studied included heat shock protein expression, protein kinase activity and metabolic adjustments. Molecular responses were addressed through the expression of Hsp70 and Hsp90 and the phosphorylation of stress-activated protein kinases, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and cJun-N-terminal kinases (JNKs). Thermal impacts on metabolic capacities were assessed by studying the maximum activities of citrate synthase (CS), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) as well as pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH). The expression of Hsp70 and hsp90 was activated when the fish were exposed to temperatures beyond 20°C. Increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNKs indicated the parallel activation of MAPK signaling cascades and the potential involvement of MAPKs in the induction of Hsp genes. Exposure to extreme temperatures beyond 24°C caused an increase in the enzymatic activity of PK and LDH indicating an enhanced glycolytic potential.     

不同耐铝型小麦品种苹果酸分泌差异与有机酸代谢关系研究

铝胁迫下不同耐铝型植物有机酸分泌存在显著差异,有机酸主要在三羧酸循环途径中产生,但目前有机酸分泌差异与有机酸代谢关系还不是很清楚。以耐铝型小麦Triticum aestivum L.品种ET8和铝敏感型小麦品种ES8为材料,研究了铝胁迫对不同耐铝小麦品种根内源苹果酸含量及磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸脱氢酶（PEPC）,柠檬酸合成酶（CS）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）等酶活性的影响。结果表明：铝处理（0、25、50、100μmol.L-1）对内源苹果酸含量无显著影响,相同处理条件下ET8和ES8间亦无显著差异,分别为每根尖（0.48±0.01）、（0.46±0.03）、（0.57±0.02）、（0.52±0.02）nmol和（0.45±0.02）、（0.51±0.09）、（0.51±0.11）、（0.54±0.04）nmol;同无铝处理相比,50或100μmol.L-1铝处理显著促进ET8和ES8根尖细胞PEPC活性升高,但各铝浓度处理对CS和MDH活性无显著影响;相同处理条件下ET8和ES8根尖细胞PEPC,CS和MDH 3种酶活性均无显著差异。综上所述,铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种根苹果酸分泌差异与内源苹果酸含量及有机酸代谢无关。     

Recherches sur la situation trophique d'un groupe d'organismes pélagiques (Euphausiacea). VI. Conclusions sur le rôle des euphausiacés dans les circuits trophiques de l'océan Pacifique intertropical

The role of euphausiids in the food webs of the Intertropical Pacific Ocean is defined through analysis of their nutrition, vertical distributions and migrations, and their utilization by pelagic predators. It is suggested that the abundance of the group, the extensive vertical migrations of many species and the fact that feeding takes place mainly in subsurface layers, result in a leading role of euphausiids in energy transfer between different bathymetric levels. For night-time feeding predators, they represent a noticeable food source only in the 0 to 300 m water layer, as 97% of the euphausiid biomass concentrates in this layer at night. In the daytime, only the smaller specimens (chiefly genus Stylocheiron), accounting for 10 to 15% of the whole biomass of the group, remain available for epipelagic (0 to 400 m) predators, larger individuals dwelling deeper. Euphausiids account for 8 to 10% of the food ingested by micronektonic fishes, but the species are not the same for different categories of fishes. Migrating fishes caught by pelagic trawls, more or less connected with the deep scattering layer, feed on migrating species in subsurface layers at night as well as in deeper layers during the daytime, and on non-migrating species inhabiting shallower and intermediate layers. On the other hand, fishes which comprise the prey of large long-line tunas, which are not caught by trawls because they are fast swimmers, feed almost solely on species which remain above 400 m in the daytime. These results suggest a certain degree of independance between the trophic webs which concern, on the one hand, epipelagic ichthyofauna (including tuna), and, on the other hand, migrating and deep-living faunas. Migrating populations are able to feed at night upon subsurface organisms, a part of this resource being then transmitted during the day to the deep-living fauna; but the epipelagic ichthyofauna, with a feeding activity restricted to light hours, has few possibilities to benefit from the migrating or deepliving biomass. Therefore, energy transfers seem to be intense only from subsurface (0 to 400 m) to deeper layers. From a more general point of view, these investigations suggest that, in the pelagic system, vertical distributions and migrations, and feeding rhythms, are the main factors determining the structure of the food webs.     

Metabolism of shallow and deep-sea benthic crustaceans and echinoderms in Hawaii

Little is known about the metabolism of deep-living, benthic invertebrates, despite its importance in estimating energy flow through individuals and populations. To evaluate the effects of depth and broad taxonomic group/locomotory mode, we measured the respiration rates of 25 species of benthic decapod crustaceans and 18 species of echinoderms from the littoral zone to the deep slope of Hawaii. Specimens were collected by hand, trap, or submersible and maintained in the laboratory at temperatures close to ambient temperatures recorded at the time of collection. After acclimatization to laboratory conditions, oxygen consumption was measured for each individual in closed chambers. Overall, crustaceans had higher metabolic rates than echinoderms, and within the crustaceans, caridean shrimps had higher rates than crabs and lobsters. These differences are probably related to locomotory mode and general levels of activity. At in situ environmental temperatures, metabolic rates of deeper-living invertebrates are much lower than those of shallower living species, but this decline is explained by changes in temperature. When the data were compared with similar data sets collected off California and in the Mediterranean, Hawaiian crabs, lobsters, and echinoderms had lower metabolic rates than similar species in the other regions after adjustments for temperature were made. Some of these differences could be methodological. Regional food web models should use broad taxonomic groupings and region-specific data when possible.     

Right tools for the task: intraspecific modality in the swimming behaviour of coral reef fishes

Understanding the movement patterns of fishes in the wild requires an awareness of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors underlying their behaviour. Using field observations, we explored whether eight species of coral reef fish display modality in their swimming behaviour, which is a convergence in fin use patterns among and within species when they conduct daily activities (e.g. feeding, travelling, chasing). While a range of different fins were used during steady swimming by each species, most fishes converged towards median-paired fin use (e.g. pelvics, pectorals) when undertaking searching and feeding. Conversely, all species adopted caudal fin use during high-speed activities such as chasing. Such modality in fin use was relatively conserved across juvenile and adult conspecifics and transcended differences in phylogenetic history and trophic preferences, suggesting that overarching constraints underpin patterns of fish swimming behaviour in complex habitats.     

Comparative studies on the metabolism of shallow-water and deep-sea marine fishes. I. White-muscle metabolism in shallow-water fishes

Maximal rates of oxygen consumption in vitro have been measured under standardized conditions at three test temperatures (5°, 15°, and 25°C) on minced preparations of white muscle from 39 species of shallow-water marine teleost fishes. These fishes came from four different geographic areas, two with cool average water-temperatures (near 15°C: coastal southern California, Galápagos Islands) and two with warm average water-temperatures (near 25°C: Hawaiian Islands; Bermuda). The group includes species covering much of the range of variation to be found among the teleosts with respect to five additional variables: phylogenetic position, type of environment, body weight, activity level, and growth stage. The purpose of the work is to provide part of a base line of tissue-metabolism data on shallow-water fishes for comparison with similar results from deep-sea species. Major conclusions from statistical analyses of the results are: four groups of shapes of oxygen-uptake rate versus temperature curves exist: normal, flat, dipped and peaked. Over 50% of curves are normal. Intra-group differences, contributing significantly to the total variance of the results at given test temperatures, are: cool versus warm average environmental temperatures primarily for epipelagic species; epipelagic versus non-epipelagic environments; very active species versus all others; juvenile stages versus adults. In each case, the subgroup first mentioned shows higher muscle oxygen-uptake rates than the other subgroup. Variables not contributing significantly to the total variance are phylogenetic position and body weight. Physiological and ecological implications of these results are discussed.     

Der einfluß der temperatur auf thermostabilität,isoenzym-muster und reaktionskinetik der laktat-dehydrogenase aus fischen

Methodological problems complicate investigations on thermostability of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). It is difficult to demonstrate a correlation between adaptation-temperature (AT) and LDH thermostability. Heat-inactivation characteristics change completely if diluted or undiluted tissue extracts are heated. In purified LDH (purchased from Boehringer, Mannheim, FRG), additions such as casein, bovine-serum albumin, NADH and pyruvate — even in small concentrations — can alter considerably the degree of heat resistance. It LDH activity is measured as a function of experimental temperature (ET) according to the composition of the actual test mixture (e.g. altered pyruvate concentration), a different temperature optimum is found. If tissue extracts containing unpurified enzymes are used, the accompanying substances act on the enzyme and modify its properties. Thus, possible influence of AT on enzyme properties can be concealed (suppressed, over-emphasized). In Idus idus acclimated to 10° or 20°C, brain, gill, gut and white dorsal muscle reveal identical LDH-isoenzyme patterns. However, liver-LDH shows a pattern dependent on the AT. A total of 11 bands with LDH activity were found. In 10°C fishes, the Isoenzymes 1, 3, 6 and 7 are especially active. However, 20°C fishes show marked activity of Isoenzymes 5 and 8, and a reduced activity of Isoenzyme 7. According to their electrophoretic mobility, the particular isoenzymes of LDH of white dorsal muscle of I. idus or Rhodeus amarus can be clearly distinguished. The ATs 10° or 20°C do not influence the dependence of reaction order on ET: this is not true for the velocity constant.     

野生与养殖长吻鮠血液及不同器官同工酶的比较

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (PAGE Electrophoresis) ,对野生及养殖长吻心脏、肾脏、肌肉、肝脏四个器官及血液的LDH(EC .1.1.1.2 7)、POD(EC .1.1.1.1)、EST(EC .3.1.1.1)、MDH(EC .1.1.1.37)同工酶所获电泳图谱进行对比分析 ,发现以上各酶在不同组织器官中均表现出组织特异性 ;野生和养殖四种同工酶也存在差异 ;LDH同工酶电泳带分为L1、L2 、L3 三个区 ,其中L2 区为 5条基本酶带 ,a4 和b4 表现一定的祖征性 ;EST同工酶呈多态性 ,较为复杂 ;对于POD和MDH同工酶而言 ,野生与养殖间差异较大 ,反映有氧代谢的状况 .因此认为这四种同工酶可以做为种质资源鉴定、生化遗传分析、系统分类及新陈代谢动态等方面研究的重要参考指标 .图 4参 13