石油烃类污染土壤的生物修复技术研究进展

介绍了治理石油烃类污染土壤的各种生物修复技术——原位处理法、异位处理法(现场处理法、预制床法、堆制处理法、生物反应器、厌氧生物处理法)及植物修复技术的原理、研究、应用的最新进展；分析了生物修复技术的影响因素及未来的发展趋势。     

石油烃污染土壤联合修复技术研究进展

随着石油的开采和使用,土壤石油烃污染的问题已经十分严峻,研究绿色、高效、低成本的修复技术对于污染土壤修复具有重要意义.通过总结了物理、化学和生物修复技术对石油烃污染土壤的修复效果、影响因素以及优缺点,并针对以上技术的局限性,归纳整理电动-化学氧化、电动-微生物修复、表面活性剂淋洗-生物修复、预氧化-生物修复、植物-微生...     

不同生物质炭对辽河油田石油污染土壤总烃及各组分修复效果研究

中国东北油田开采区大量土地质量下降,石油污染治理与修复已经引起高度重视。通过对比各生物质炭理化性质差异及其对辽河油田石油污染土壤的修复效果,在修复石油污染土壤的同时,推进东北地区农业资源综合利用,对石油污染修复具有实际意义,对制备改性生物炭具有指导作用。以玉米(Zea mays)秸秆、芦苇(Phragmites australis)秸秆和松针(Pinusarmandi)为生物质材料在300℃条件下制备生物炭,测定其产率、灰分、pH值,并利用BET、能谱分析、扫描电镜和红外光谱等技术对不同生物质炭进行性质表征,通过40d的石油污染土壤修复试验对比不同生物质炭对总石油烃及各组分烃类的修复效率。结果表明,各生物质炭物化性状存在明显差异,松针生物炭扫描电镜呈层状结构,玉米秸秆生物炭具有孔状轮廓但孔隙内部覆有碎片,芦苇秸秆生物炭孔隙结构清晰且具有深度,比表面积为93.47 m~2·g~(-1)。经不同生物质炭40 d修复后,不同处理总石油烃及各组分烃类去除效果:芦苇秸秆生物炭玉米秸秆生物炭松针生物炭CK(对照组)。所有处理组中石油烃各组分的去除效果:饱和烃芳香烃非烃类物质,各组分烃类呈现不同降解规律。生物炭可提高石油污染土壤中总石油烃及各组分烃类物质的去除效果,其中芦苇秸秆生物炭对石油污染土壤的修复效率最高。     

生物刺激法对石油污染荒漠土的修复效应

利用生物法修复有机物污染土壤是一种低成本、无二次污染物产生的绿色修复方法,受到国内外学者的极大关注.目前,国内对石油污染土壤生物修复技术的研究工作集中于中东部地区,对干旱区石油污染土壤修复工作非常欠缺.本研究以干旱区石油污染荒漠土为研究对象,通过投加不同水平的营养元素,以刺激土壤微生物活性,探讨生物刺激法修复干旱区石油污染土壤的可行性及修复效果,为建立面向干旱区的石油污染土壤生物修复技术提供科学依据和技术支撑.1材料与方法1.1土壤来源实验土样采自克拉玛依油田采油过程中污染的表层20 cm荒漠土.土壤基本理化性质为:pH 7.4,土壤有机质、总氮、总磷含量分别为1.3%、0.02%、0.03%.砂粒(0.05—2 mm)、粉粒(0.05—0.02 mm)、黏粒(<0.002 mm)含量分别为     

土壤有机污染物生物修复技术研究进展

现代农业的发展改变了自然界的原有状况,为追求高产而大量使用的化肥、农药导致土壤有机物污染日趋严重。此外,工业生产、石油开采、交通运输、畜禽养殖及居民生活等也产生了大量有机污染物,使土壤有机物污染进一步加剧,土壤有机物污染的修复日益迫切。土壤污染修复是指通过物理的、化学的和生物的方法,吸收、降解、转移和转化土壤中的污染物,使污染物浓度降低到可以接受的水平,或将有毒有害的污染物转化为无害物质的过程。包括污染土壤的物理修复技术、化学修复技术以及生物修复技术3种方式。在污染土壤修复技术中,生物修复技术因其安全、无二次污染及修复成本低等优点而受到越来越多的关注。因污染物修复主体的不同,有机污染物污染土壤生物修复技术可分为植物修复技术、动物修复技术、微生物修复技术及其联合修复技术。污染土壤微生物修复技术是土壤污染生物修复的重要技术之一,是最具应用和发展前景的生物修复环保技术。文章重点阐述了国内外有机污染物污染土壤的生物修复技术及其原理、取得的研究进展及存在的优缺点,并对污染土壤的动物修复技术研究进行了初步展望,可为土壤有机污染物的生物修复研究提供参考。     

生物修复技术研究进展

生物修复在治理受有毒有害有机物污染的环境的作用日益突出，因而生物修复的研究愈加受到重视。文中对生物修复的发展情况进行了综述，涉及生物通气法、生物注射法、污染地下水及其上部污染土壤的生物修复系统、地耕处理、植物生物修复、堆肥法、生物反应器和厌氧处理等方面．同时就遗传工程微生物系统等方面研究对发展生物修复技术的意义作了展望．     

土壤重金属污染生物修复的研究进展

土壤重金属污染的生物修复是污染整治的重要手段之一 ,是目前世界范围内的研究热点 ,亦是目前仅见的土壤污染治理的环境友好技术。主要评述了重金属污染土壤的植物修复的原理、类型与技术 ,植物修复的优点 ,微生物修复等进展情况。并对今后的研究重点进行了简要的讨论     

基于化学氧化法修复石油烃污染土壤研究进展

石油作为现代工业的血液，被广泛应用于各行各业.但是，其带来的环境污染问题不容忽视，尤其是泄漏等生产事故诱发的土壤污染.化学氧化法因具有修复效能高、成本低及操作便利等优势，常用于石油烃污染土壤修复.本文重点综述了基于过氧化氢和过硫酸盐的高级氧化技术修复石油烃污染土壤过程中常用的活化剂、强化措施、关键影响因素及其效能；汇总了其他氧化剂在修复石油烃污染土壤方面的效果；分析了不同高级氧化技术应用于石油烃污染土壤修复的优缺点；展望了化学氧化法修复石油烃污染土壤未来的发展方向与挑战.     

土壤重金属污染生物修复的研究进展

土壤重金属污染的生物修复是污染整治的重要手段之一，是目前世界范围内的研究热点。亦是目前仅见的土壤污染治理的环境友好技术，主要评述了重金属污染土壤的植物修复的原理、类型与技术植物修复的优点，微生物修复等进展情况。并对今珀的研究重点进行了简要的讨论。     

土壤原位修复技术研究与应用进展

土壤原位修复技术是指不经挖掘,直接在污染场地就地修复污染土壤的土壤修复技术,具有投资低,对周边环境影响小的特点,是土壤修复的研究热点。土壤原位修复技术主要有淋洗,气相抽提（SVE）,多相抽提（MPVE）,气相喷射（IAS）,生物降解,原位化学氧化（ISCO）,原位化学还原,污染物固定,植物修复等。淋洗法主要用于治理高渗透性土壤中的重金属和难挥发降解的有机物。土壤气相抽提和喷射技术适用于处理土壤中的易挥发污染物,并有常与加热技术,生物处理技术等联用,可以起到促进污染物挥发,增氧促分解的作用。多相抽提法主要用于治理存在大量非水相流体的污染场地,可将土壤中有机相污染物直接抽出。生物降解有生物好氧降解、生物厌氧降解、生物还原降解多种,降解方式由污染物种类和地质条件决定。化学方法可将污染物氧化或还原为低毒无毒物质,周期一般较短。固定污染物可以直接加入药剂反应生成沉淀,也可制造合适条件使微生物生成可沉淀重金属的离子。植物修复主要用于富集重金属,成本低廉,但富集了重金属的植物体的有效利用尚待进一步研究。土壤原位修复需要因地制宜,灵活结合工期、污染情况、地质条件、地面设施等,得出最经济实用的修复方法,并在辅助提高技术上展开更多研究,使原位修复技术更经济有效。     

Impacts of crude oil on the germination and growth of cress seeds (Lepidium sp.) after bioremediation of agricultural soil polluted with crude petroleum using "adapted" Pseudomonas putida

The impacts of crude oil on the germination, growth and morphology of cress seeds (Lepidium sp.) after bioremediation of agricultural soil polluted with crude petroleum using "adapted" Pseudomonas putida (PP) were examined for 15 days. At day 15 there was 100% germination in the untreated control samples, the mean height of the seedlings was 75.8 +/- 2.6 mm and all appeared to have grown morphologically normal. In the experimental samples treated with oil and PP inoculation, there was 98% germination and the seedlings reached a height of 63.8 +/- 6.9 mm; again, morphologically the seedlings appeared normal. However, in the control samples treated with oil but without PP inoculation, there was 31-38% germination and seedling heights of 34.2 +/- 11.4-42.3 +/- 8.5 mm with abnormal morphology. Treatment of oil-impacted agricultural soil with PP as a bioremediation agent does produce soil which is capable of growing larger and healthier plants than where bioremediation has not taken place.     

添加不同营养助剂对石油污染土壤生物修复的影响

实验室条件下研究NPK复合肥、诺沃肥和腐殖酸三种物质不同配比添加对石油污染土壤的生物修复效果.在60d的修复实验中,定期取样测定土壤含油量、总异养菌数、石油烃降解菌数和脱氢酶活性,并采用PCR-DGGE技术研究修复过程中微生物多样性变化.结果表明,NPK肥的添加和NPK肥-诺沃肥-腐殖酸复合添加能够提高土壤中微生物的数量、微生物多样性和脱氢酶活性.在含油量为84600mg.kg-1的土壤中,添加营养助剂的处理60d后石油烃降解率为31.3%—39.5%,不添加营养助剂的石油烃降解率仅为3.5%.NPK肥-诺沃肥-腐殖酸复合添加对石油烃的降解率要高于NPK肥的单独添加(高8%),其原因可能是诺沃肥-腐殖酸能够有效提高土著微生物的活性,增加微生物的多样性,增强石油烃的降解.     

Investigation of bioremediation potential of zymogenous bacteria and fungi for crude oil degradation

Bioremediation potential of bacteria and fungi isolated from sludge samples has been investigated (Danube alluvium, Pančevo, Serbia). Total isolated microorganisms were divided into three parts. One part was added with actidione antifungicide. The second part was added with streptomycin antibiotic. The third part was without additives. Paraffinic type of crude oil was a substrate for assessment of bioremediation potential. The simulated oil biodegradation lasted 30, 60 and 90 days. Parallel with that, the experiments with blind trial were conducted. Extracts were isolated from the samples with chloroform in a separate funnel. They were assayed for the group composition (alkanes, aromatics, alcohols and fatty acids) by column chromatography. Alkane fraction was analysed by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The most intense oil degradation was achieved in the experiments with bacteria, somewhat weaker with consortium of fungi and bacteria, and the weakest bioremediation potential in these experiments was shown by fungi.     

Strengthening effects of ammonia nitrogen on the harmless biological treatment of oily sludge

To improve the efficiency of oil degradation and strengthen the harmless treatment of oily sludge, three dominant strains identified as Chryseomicrobium sp. YL2, Gordonia sp. YL3 and Acinetobacter sp. YL5 were isolated from soil near a refinery, and the effects on the bioremediation of the oily sludge from the refinery were investigated. The results showed that the efficiency of oil degradation increased by 31.5% compared with the control when the dominant strains were added to the treatment of oily sludge. Furthermore, the dominant strains could use oil as a carbon source for heterotrophic nitrification–aerobic denitrification. The addition of ammonia nitrogen resulted in a large number of remaining microbes and heightened dehydrogenase activity in the oily sludge, further accelerating oil degradation, mainly for C₁₁ to C₂₅ saturated hydrocarbons, and the oil degradation efficiency increased by 40.8%. After 120 days of bioremediation, the biotoxicity of oily sludge, which was expressed by the equivalent phenol concentration, decreased by 40.0% compared with that of the control, indicating that the addition of ammonia nitrogen enhanced the biodegradation of oil. This method can be used to strengthen the harmless treatment of oily sludge in practical engineering applications.     

原油污染土壤的生物法修复效果研究

对原油污染土壤进行生物法修复试验,结果表明,当土壤中含油量分别为5%,10%,20%和45%时,生物降解20d后石油去除率分别达到44.8%,49.9%,47.2%和49.6%;55d后去除率分别达到80.9%,83.6%,87.8%和87.1%;150d后,石油去除率分别达到91.7%,92.6%,91.3%和90.6%.从GC和GC-MS分析结果看,土壤经修复处理后,各种油成分都出现了明显的降解,其中C28以上的分子链基本消失;从脱氢酶分析结果看,微生物活性起初有所上升,后来随着含油量的降低而下降.     

Effect of Diesel Fuel on Growth of Selected Plant Species

Diesel oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with an average carbon number of C8–C26. The majority of components consist of alkanes, both straight chained and branched and aromatic compounds including mono-, di- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Regardless of this complexity, diesel oil can be readily degraded by a number of soil microorganisms making it a likely candidate for bioremediation. The concept of using plants to enhance bioremediation, termed phytoremediation, is a relatively new area of scientific interest. It is particularly applicable to diesel oil contamination as diesel oil generally contaminates the top few metres of soil (surface soil) and contamination is not uniform throughout the site. By encouraging plants to grow on diesel oil contaminated soil, conditions are improved for the microbial degradation of the contaminant. During this study, establishing plants on diesel oil contaminated soil proved difficult. Diesel oil is phytotoxic to plants at relatively low concentrations. At concentrations below this phytotoxic level, the development of plants grown in diesel oil contaminated soil differs greatly from plants grown in uncontaminated soil. Tolerance of plants to diesel oil and ability to germinate in diesel oil contaminated soil varied greatly between plant species as well as within plant species. The broadest differences in germination were seen within the grasses with certain species thriving in low levels of contamination (e.g. Creeping bent) while others were intolerant of diesel oil contamination (e.g. Rough meadow grass). The herbs, legumes and commercial crops screened appeared to be largely unaffected by low levels of diesel oil contamination (25g dieselkg^–1). At the higher level of contamination (50g dieselkg^–1), half of the twenty two plants species screened failed to reach a germination rate equal to 50% of the control rate. Two species of grass failed to germinate at all at this contamination level. Plant species that successfully germinated and grew were studied further to determine the effect of diesel oil contamination on the later stages of plant development. This work investigates the effect of diesel oil on plant growth and development.     

Degradation of methyl-phenanthrene isomers during bioremediation of soil contaminated by residual fuel oil

Phenanthrene and methyl-phenanthrenes are major aromatic pollutants originating in particular from fuel oil. Phenanthrene is usually degraded faster than methyl-phenanthrenes under geological and environmental conditions. Here, we report a preferential and accelerated biodegradation of methyl-phenanthrenes versus phenanthrene in soil contaminated by fuel oil. The polluted soil was mixed with sawdust and sand to form a homogenized biopile. The biopile was continuously sprayed with microbial consortia isolated from crude oil?Ccontaminated soil and treated by biosurfactants and nutritive substances for biostimulation. During a 6-month bioremediation experiment, a steady increase in the relative abundance of phenanthrene compared to methyl-phenathrenes was observed by gas chromatography?Cmass spectrometry. The increase was the highest for trimethyl-phenanthrenes, with a phenanthrene/trimethyl-phenanthrenes ratio increasing from 0.42 to 2.45. By contrast, the control, non-stimulated samples showed a ratio decrease from 0.85 to 0.11. Moreover, the results showed that the level of degradability depends on the number of methyl groups.     

Inorganic nutrient utilisation by "adapted" Pseudomonas putida strain used in the bioremediation of agricultural soil polluted with crude petroleum

Garden soil samples polluted with crude petroleum were bioremediated by inorganic nutrient monitoring with appropriate adjustment and inoculation with crude oil-adapted strain of Pseudomonasputida (PP) isolated from oil-impacted soils. Soil samples without PP inoculation served as the control samples to compare the abilities of the native soil microflora with the adapted PP strain in biodegrading crude oil pollutant. In the experimental samples, oil concentration and all the inorganic nutrient sources tested decreased more rapidly with a proportional increase in the population densities of both PP and the native soil microflora than were observed in the control samples. This trend was particularly strong for PO4(3-) and NO3- which eventually became limiting both in all the experimental samples and in some control samples. Inoculation of crude oil-impacted agricultural soils by oil -adapted PP strain with nutrient monitoring and adjustment can be effective as bioremediation methods of agricultural land upon pollution with petroleum or petroleum products.     

Combined use of earthworm (Alma millsoni) and bacterium (Bacillus sp.) improved the bioremediation of spent engine oil contaminated soil

This study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the combined use of earthworm (Alma millsoni) and bacterium (Bacillus sp.) in the bioremediation of spent engine oil (SEO) contaminated soils. A. millisoni were collected from the Botanical Garden of University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The stock culture of hydrocarbonoclastic Bacillus sp. was used for the bioremediation study. A set-up of eight pots containing 1000?g soil sample and 20?g of cow dung were mixed with 100, 75, 50 and 0?mL SEO respectively. Each of the set up was subjected to bioremediation agents; A. millisoni alone, Bacillus sp alone, A. millisoni and Bacillus sp, no treatment (control) in duplicate. Treatment of 100?ml SEO contaminated soil with combined A. millisoni and Bacillus sp resulted in significantly (P? bacterium > vermi-remediating agents. Earthworms exposed to 100?mLSEO-contaminated soil had higher CAT, SOD, and GPx activities compared to the control. Findings indicated that A. millisoni with Bacillus sp. can synergistically improve bioremediation of SEO contaminated soils.