转基因作物对鱼类的生态毒理效应研究综述

转基因作物潜在的健康和环境风险一直以来颇受争议，转基因作物加工成动物饲料后可能会诱导动物产生免疫应激反应，影响动物的生长发育、繁殖等。鱼类是水生脊椎动物的代表，已广泛应用于水环境的监测，但目前转基因作物对鱼类的饲用安全性研究还相对较少。文章基于转基因作物作为鱼饲料原料对鱼类生态毒理学效应的研究现状，综述了转基因作物对鱼的生长表现、生理生化、脏器功能及发育、组织病理以及行为活动等方面的生态毒理学效应，分析了当前研究中存在的问题，并对今后的研究趋势进行了探讨。     

转基因作物对土壤生物的影响

综述了转基因作物根系分泌物和转基因作物残茬对土壤微生物和土壤动物的影响，主要表现在3方面：(1)对某些微生物和土壤动物有毒害作用；(2)为特定的微生物和土壤生物提供营养；(3)对土壤生物可能产生长期累积影响，但对此尚无定论。     

转基因作物对土壤生物的影响

综述了转基因作物根系分泌物和转基因作物残茬对土壤微生物和土壤动物的影响,主要表现在3方面:(1)对某些微生物和土壤动物有毒害作用;(2)为特定的微生物和土壤生物提供营养;(3)对土壤生物可能产生长期累积影响,但对此尚无定论。     

我国主要农作物转基因逃逸生态风险的初步评价

转基因逃逸是伴随着工程作物释放的一种风险。本文首先分析了转基因逃逸的途径,并讨论了影响转基因逃逸的因素,对我国主要窕作物中逃风险进行了初步评价,一些空物中存在较大的转基因逃逸风险,最后探讨了避免和减少逃逸风险的措施。     

北京市海淀区市售西红柿的转基因检测

随着转基因作物商品化的迅猛发展 ,转基因作物作为食品的安全性问题也愈来愈受到人们的关注 ,有关转基因食品安全性问题的报道也愈来愈多 .在其安全性问题没有达到一致认同时 ,许多国家都要求对转基因食品要加贴标签说明 .目前 ,我国在转基因作物商品化方面已处于国际领先地位 ,在我国已获准进入商品化生产的转基因农产品已有六种 ,其中包括耐贮存西红柿和抗花叶病毒的西红柿 .这些已经商品化的转基因西红柿使用的启动子、终止子及标记基因分别为 3 5Ｓ ,ＮＯＳ ,ｎｔｐⅡ (覃文 ,董杰等 ,食品中转基因成分的检测 .食品科学 ,2 0 0 1 ,2 2 (…     

转基因作物在生产中的应用及某些潜在问题

１９９７年,经修饰的活生物体,尤其是转基因作物,得到了突飞猛进的发展,但同时转基因作物在商品化过程中也出现了一系列问题,对转基因生物潜在风险一直有不同的观点,本文就上述几方面问题作一综述．１１９９７年全球转基因作物的进展转基因生物目前在国际、国内的书...     

转Cry1Ie基因玉米和转CP4-剧SPS基因大豆对斑马鱼的生态毒性

为评估转Cry1Ie基因抗虫玉米和转CP4-EPSPS基因耐除草剂大豆对鱼类的生态毒理效应,以斑马鱼(Danio rerro)为受试动物,配制4种分别含有转基因玉米、转基因大豆以及相应非转基因亲本的试验饲料,并以商业饲料为对照,通过98 d喂养实验,调查斑马鱼的摄食、生长、繁殖和抗氧化酶活性,分析不同喂养阶段斑马鱼的组织病理和敏感蛋白mRNA表达水平.结果 表明:抗虫转基因玉米和耐除草剂转基因大豆对斑马鱼的生长表现、肝脏、肠道和性腺的组织病理、产卵量和受精卵孵化率均无显著影响.转基因大豆组斑马鱼肝脏中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于非转基因大豆组和商业饲料组,且雄鱼显著高于雌鱼(P＜0.05).斑马鱼脏器组织中敏感蛋白mRNA的表达水平,没有随时间呈现明显的规律性变化,喂养时间与组别和性别之间存在显著的交互作用.试验饲料组斑马鱼的生长表现、肝脏中SOD活性以及mRNA表达量与商业饲料组相比有显著差异,可能与饲料的适口性和营养成分上的差异有关.总体上看,转Cry1Ie基因抗虫玉米和转CP4-EPSPS基因耐除草剂大豆对斑马鱼没有明显的生态毒性效应.     

卤虫属在水生生态毒理学中的研究进展

在环境问题日益突出的今天,生态毒理学研究对于生态系统健康发展与生态系统服务功能的提升至关重要。水生生态毒理学作为生态毒理学研究重点领域之一,正逐渐成为科研人员的关注点。目前,水生生态毒理学主要研究环境中的有毒有害物质对水生生物的毒性效应及其对生态系统的影响。作为生态毒理学研究中常用的实验动物,卤虫属动物已被广泛应用于污染物暴露、环境因子干扰、食物链传递和生态风险评价等方面。虽然,卤虫在多个研究领域都有应用,但是,由于生态毒理学发展还不完善,特别是研究人员前期对环境毒理学与生态毒理学两者界定不清,目前尚无卤虫在水生生态毒理学研究中的综合论述。本文精准检索搜集了在生态毒理学领域中卤虫研究的相关文献,深入阅读,从物种特征、优缺点与应用范围;孵化饲养标准与质量控制;实验类型与暴露方式;主要关注指标与研究目的;存在问题与展望5个方面展开论述,对卤虫在水生生态毒理学中的研究进展进行了综合概括。     

我国主要农作物转基因逃逸生态风险的初步评价

转基因逃逸是伴随着工程作物释放的一种风险。本文首先分析了转基因逃逸的途径,并讨论了影响转基因逃逸的因素,对我国主要农作物中逃逸风险进行了初步评价,一些农作物中存在较大的转基因逃逸风险,最后探讨了避免和减小逃逸风险的措施。     

新兴海洋生态毒理学模式生物——海洋青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)

海洋污染日益加剧,适用于海洋生态毒理学研究的鱼类模型的建立意义重大。海洋青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)在培养条件、生理和分子信息等方面的优势使其正成为海洋生态毒理学研究领域的代表性潜在模式生物。阐述了海洋青鳉鱼在海洋生态毒理学研究中的优势,系统介绍了海洋青鳉鱼在毒理学研究中的应用现状,并着重介绍了其在分子毒理学中的应用,最后对海洋青鳉鱼在海洋生态毒理学中的研究方向进行了展望。     

纳米零价铁在环境中的毒性研究进展

纳米零价铁(nZVI)作为一种高效的环境修复材料,被广泛应用在土壤和地下水的修复等环境领域。但研究发现,大量进入环境中的nZVI可能会对生物体和生态系统产生严重危害,如和nZVI接触后,会造成小鼠器官受到损伤,杨树幼苗生长减缓,大肠杆菌等微生物的细胞膜破裂等不利作用出现。此外,nZVI还会改变环境中的氧化还原电位和溶解氧等指标,而且毒性效应容易受到外界条件的干扰。虽然目前对nZVI的致毒机制还不完全明确,但学者们提出了多种可能的假设,主流的观点是铁离子的释放、氧化损伤和基因损伤等。本文综述了国内外对nZVI毒性的最新研究成果,以期为nZVI的使用和毒性研究提供参考。     

Fungal toxicity with special reference to mycotoxins

Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites formed by consecutive series of enzyme-catalysed reactions from a few biochemically simple intermediates of primary metabolism. These mycotoxins can enter the human and animal food chain by direct or indirect contamination. Mycotoxins are equally harmful to animal and human beings. Realizing the importance of mycotoxins to the health of man and animals there have been concentrated efforts to develop highly sensitive analytical methods for detection and proper determination of mycotoxins in food, mixed feeds and feed ingredients, animal tissue, blood, urine and milk. Most of the mycotoxins are identified and most current research on it is concentrated on increasing sensitivity accuracy and reproducibility and above all to decrease the time of determination. A detailed review of mycotoxin and their detection is summarised in the paper.     

用Excel2000线性规划最低成本法设计饲料配方

利用Excel2000电子数据表格软件提供的线性规划对畜禽的饲料配方寻求最优解，具有科学、运算速度快、增减原料随意和数据修改容易等优点，可以省去手工计算饲料配方的繁琐，与研制出来的专家系统饲料配方软件及相关计算机设计饲料配方的程序相比，该方法无须要求使用者首先购买这些软件和程序，只要用户购买电脑并安装上Excel7000电子数据表格软件后即可运用线性规划设计饲料配方。     

Modelling the outcrossing between genetically modified and conventional maize with equation discovery

Many studies explore the feasibility of co-existence between genetically modified (GM) and conventional (non-GM) crops. An important research topic in these studies is the process of outcrossing, i.e., the process of gene flow via pollen flow from GM to non-GM crops. In this paper, we address a new modelling approach to define the environmentally driven processes of outcrossing for maize from existing empirical datasets. In particular, we use equation discovery methodology that combines background knowledge and empirical data from several studies. We induce models that predict the degree of outcrossing rate between the donor (GM) and the recipient (non-GM) maize field from the distance between the fields and the local wind characteristics (speed, direction and duration). This results in highly accurate models, for which both variables (distance and wind) are essential and of roughly equal importance.     

臭氧污染胁迫对农作物生长与产量的影响

对国内外近地层大气的臭氧污染现状进行讨论，综述臭氧对农作物生长的影响。作物受O3伤害最典型的症状为叶片上散布棕色或黄褐色的细密点状斑、坏死斑。在O3的胁迫下，作物呼吸作用增强，光合作用受抑制。O3对叶片膜保护系统、气孔开度、氮代谢、糖类、脂类和其它物质的代谢也有影响。O3对农作物产生危害的同时，也往往导致农作物产量下降。     

纳米银对鱼类的毒性效应研究进展

纳米银作为一种新兴的纳米材料,由于其独特的抗菌性能而被广泛应用于各种商业化产品中。广泛的应用增加了它进入环境尤其是水环境的机率,从而对鱼类等水生生物产生潜在毒性效应。因此,近年来陆续开展了关于纳米银对鱼类的毒理学研究。本文根据国内外文献查阅及分析,综述了纳米银的制备、特性、应用、释放情况以及近几年来纳米银对鱼类的毒理学研究进展,对今后进一步开展相关研究工作提供参考。     

A simulation study of the medium-term effects of field patterns on cross-pollination rates in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Gene flow between cultivars within a landscape may lead to impurities that reduce harvest value. In OSR, as for most crops, impurity rates are expected to depend on the spatial distribution of crops over the landscape. However, in contrast to other well-studied crops such as maize, OSR crops generate seed banks in European agro-ecosystems. Gene flow is thus a spatio-temporal process which depends on cropping systems. We therefore aimed at identifying spatial variables that have an effect on regional or local harvest impurities, taking account of the time since the introduction of OSR crops in the regions and of cropping system. Gene flow was simulated over 36 field patterns cultivated with either 15% or 30% of OSR fields, among which 10% or 50% were GM, for three contrasted cropping systems, with the GeneSys software already used for EU co-existence studies. Through regression analyses, we determined spatial and agronomic factors that most affected harvest impurity rates of non-GM OSR after one or seven years of OSR cultivation. The cropping system was the main factor explaining regional harvest impurity rates. Its importance increased after six years of OSR cultivation. For a given cropping system, the regional impurity rate after one year increased linearly with the current proportion of GM crop. In contrast, impurity rates after six years largely depended on the proportions of OSR crop (GM or not) in the two preceding years. During the first year of OSR cultivation, local impurity rates were mostly explained by the distance to the closest GM field. After six years, these rates were mostly explained by the density of GM volunteers in the analysed field and, to a lesser degree, to that of volunteers in neighbour non-OSR fields. Cropping systems were most important in determining impurity rates and the way impurity rates related to regional or local factors. Determination of isolation distances to ensure harvest purity should thus consider past history of OSR cultivation in the area and, in particular, how current or future cropping systems will manage volunteers. Regression quantiles were fitted to the simulated data to determine regional rules (i.e. the maximum regional area of GM OSR and isolation distances between GM and non-GM crops) as a function of the risk accepted by the decision-maker (i.e. the % of situations exceeding harvest impurity thresholds), the cropping system and the volunteer infestation.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in food and feed in the Lithuanian market

Foods and feeds were analyzed during the period of 2007–2014 employing validated and accredited methods based on gas chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Sampling has been carried out in-line with national monitoring programs as well as during import controls into Lithuania. Food samples such as eggs, milk, beef, pork, poultry, fats of plant and animal origin, fish, cod liver, and feed samples such as premixes, feeds of plant origin, compound feed, mineral feed, vegetable oil, and fish meals were analyzed. Most of the samples exhibited concentrations below maximum limits, except cod liver. Health impacts were assessed in respect to human daily intakes. Data between groups are compared.     

Maximum feasible distance of windborne cross-pollination in Brassica napus: A ‘mass budget’ model

A theory of gene dispersal by wind pollination can make an important contribution to understanding the viability and evolution of important plant groups in the Earth's changing landscape and it can be applied to evaluate concerns about the spread of engineered genes from genetically modified (GM) crops into conventional varieties via windborne pollen. Here, we present a model of cross-pollination between plant populations due to the wind. We perform a ‘mass budget’ of pollen by accounting for the number of pollen grains from release in the source population, dispersal from the source to the sink population by the wind, and deposition on receptive surfaces in the sink population. Our model can be parameterised for any wind-pollinated species, but we apply it to Brassica napus (oilseed rape or canola) to investigate the threat posed by wind pollination to GM confinement in agriculture. Specifically, we calculate the maximum feasible distance at which a particular level of windborne gene dispersal could be attained. This is equivalent to the separation distance between populations or fields required to achieve a given threshold of gene dispersal or adventitious GM presence. As required, model predictions of the upper bounds on levels of wind-mediated gene dispersal exceed observations from a wide range of published studies. For a level of gene dispersal below 0.9%, which is the EU threshold for GM adventitious presence, we predict that the maximum feasible distance for agricultural fields of B. napus is 1000 m, regardless of field shape and direction of prevailing winds. For fields closer than 1000 m, our model results do not necessarily imply that the 0.9% threshold is likely to be breached, because in this instance we have conservatively set the values of parameters where current knowledge is limited. We also predict that gene dispersal is reduced by 50% when the lag in peak flowering between the source and sink populations is 13 days, and reduced by 90% when the lag is 24 days. We identify further measurements necessary to improve the accuracy of the model predictions.