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1.
New repellent semiochemicals for three species of
<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendroctonus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary. Nine compounds identified from captured
volatiles of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae,
the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae, and the
spruce beetle, D. rufipennis, that elicited antennal responses
in males and females of one or more of these species were
tested in the field to determine behavioural activity.
1-Octen-3-ol, found in the volatiles of females of all three
species decreased the response of male and female coastal
and male interior D. pseudotsugae and both sexes of D. ponderosae
to their aggregation pheromones. Acetophenone,
identified in the volatiles of females of all three species,
significantly decreased the response of interior female
D. pseudotsugae. trans-Verbenol, a potent aggregation
pheromone of D. ponderosae, decreased the response of both
sexes of D. pseudotsugae, while 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-
one (MCH), the antiaggregation pheromone of D. pseudotsugae
and D. rufipennis decreased the response of both sexes
of D. ponderosae. While it has been demonstrated that semiochemical
mediated interspecific communication occurs
among bark beetles infesting the same host, this study
demonstrates that beetles can perceive signals emitted by
heterospecifics attacking nonhosts and can potentially use
them to avoid attacking the wrong species of conifer. 相似文献
2.
Recent research has revealed extensive pheromonal parsimony within the large beetle family Cerambycidae, with closely related species producing the same or very similar pheromone components. This article summarizes research that evaluated attraction of cerambycids to individual pheromone components, blends of pheromone components, and combinations of pheromones with host plant volatiles. Field bioassays were carried out, in collaboration with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and the USDA Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey program, in 10–25 counties of Pennsylvania over 3 years. A total of 15,438 cerambycids of 134 species were captured, including two exotic species. Semiochemical lures attracted significant numbers of beetles in species of the subfamilies Cerambycinae, Lamiinae, and Spondylidinae, but were not attractive to species in the Lepturinae, Parandrinae, and Prioninae. These experiments reconfirmed the behavioral roles of semiochemicals for a number of species that have been studied previously, and yielded new information about semiochemistry of several species. The host plant volatile α-pinene enhanced attraction of species that were conifer specialists, whereas ethanol enhanced attraction of some species of hardwood specialists. The data suggest that species which share dominant pheromone components avoid cross attraction by differing in seasonal activity period, and by antagonistic effects of minor pheromone components on attraction of heterospecifics. This study further supports the concept that with careful choice of components, multiple pheromones can be deployed as single blends, and paired with host plant volatiles, to maximize the number and taxonomic diversity of cerambycid beetles that are attracted to a single lure, so that the number of different lures that must be deployed can be minimized. 相似文献
3.
John H. Borden Ian M. Wilson Regine Gries Leslie J. Chong Harold D. Pierce Jr. Gerhard Gries 《Chemoecology》1998,8(2):69-75
Summary. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis of the Porapak Q-captured volatiles from the
bark of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx., revealed four compounds that consistently elicited antennal responses by mountain pine beetles (MPBs), Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. One of these, 1-hexanol, disrupted the capture of MPBs in multiple-funnel traps baited with the aggregation pheromones
trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin and the host kairomone myrcene, a blend of semiochemicals that mediates the secondary attraction response in which
beetles mass attack and kill living pines. The other three EAD-active aspen bark volatiles, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and
nonanal, were inactive alone, but in binary and ternary combinations contributed to a disruptive effect in an additive and
redundant manner when all four aspen bark volatiles were tested in all possible binary and ternary blends. The best ternary
blend and the quarternary blend achieved ≥ 80% disruption. The quarternary blend enhanced the disruptive effect of the antiaggregation
pheromone verbenone in traps, raising the disruptive effect to 98%, and also enhanced the inhibition of attack on attractant-baited
lodgepole pines. This is the first demonstration of specific compounds from the bark of angiosperm trees that disrupt the
secondary attraction response of sympatric coniferophagous bark beetles. The results support the hypothesis that such bark
beetles are adapted to recognize and avoid non-host angiosperm trees by responding to a broad spectrum of volatiles that can
act in various blends with equal effect.
Received 27 October 1997; accepted 20 February 1998. 相似文献
4.
Summary. Research on insect migration has justifiably emphasized females – the so-called “oogenesis-flight syndrome”– since it is
the females that place the eggs into new habitats. The large and small milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus fasciatus and Lygaeus kalmii, respectively, have featured prominently in studies of insect migration and sequestration of host plant toxins for chemical
defense. Here we report that males of these species, and males of another well-studied lygaeine (Neacoryphus bicrucis), produce pheromones in glands usually considered to serve only a defensive role in Heteroptera (the metathoracic scent glands),
and that these pheromones are exploited by a tachinid parasitoid as a host-finding kairomone. The pheromones are mixtures
of C6 and C8 saturated and unsaturated esters reminiscent of lepidopteran pheromones, and the key compound of the O. fasciatus pheromone has now been correctly identified as (E)-2,7-octadienyl acetate. It is proposed that the concept of the oogenesis-flight syndrome for these kinds of insects should
accommodate the role of males in the migration process. The hypothesis is presented that male-produced pheromones play a significant
role in guiding colonization of new habitats in many heteropteran species. In addition, data are presented suggesting that
there is a trade-off between the amount of pheromone produced by colonizing males and the host breadth of the species.
Received 21 December 1998; accepted 15 February 1999. 相似文献
5.
Summary. Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws. (Pinaceae), forests in Arizona have suffered from a nine-year period of drought and bark beetle, Ips lecontei Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), outbreaks. Abiotic and biotic stress in ponderosa pine results in the induced synthesis
of certain monoterpenes that may in turn affect bark beetle behavior and survival. In this study, we investigate whether induced
monoterpene production could result in a different monoterpene composition that remains stored in the needles or the trunk
resin of the tree. Needle and resin samples in addition to trunk cores were collected from ponderosa pines at three locations
in Arizona. Ungulate browsing induced a significant increase in limonene (P=0.010) and in chemodiversity (P=0.009), a measure
of the evenness of distribution among the monoterpenes present in needles. We compared the level of ‘stress’ of the trees
by measuring the thickness of annual rings in living trees and those that were killed by bark beetles. Where drought occurred,
the spacing of annual rings from the last 10 years of trees killed by bark beetles was significantly smaller (P=0.020) compared
to living trees. There was no difference in the monoterpene composition between the core sections of closest spacing of annual
rings (stressed years) compared to the sections of widest spacing, which indicates that monoterpenes are distributed evenly
throughout the extended resin system. In the area where the degree of drought was less overall, none of the individual monoterpenes
present in the resin was related to bark beetle killed trees. However, about half the living pines had resin in which one
of the major monoterpenes (α-pinene, Δ3-carene, and limonene) was absent, and these trees had a lower monoterpene chemodiversity compared to trees killed by bark
beetles. Trees with these three major monoterpenes, corresponding to the average relative proportion in living pines at that
location, may sustain higher selection and colonization by bark beetles. 相似文献
6.
Toshiharu Akino 《Chemoecology》2002,12(2):83-89
Summary. The myrmecophilous beetles, Zyras comes (Staphylinidae) and Diaritiger fossulatus (Pselaphidae) are guests of the black shining ant Lasius fuliginosus. Host worker ants never attacked these beetles, and often gave regurgitant to Z. comes following tactile communication with the beetle. By contrast, the workers from colonies without the myrmecophiles showed
hostile responses towards Z. comes before tactile contact, but were not aware of D. fossulatus until contact. In L. fuliginosus, workers within a colony shared profiles, but the profiles differed among colonies. GC analyses showed that both Z. comes and D. fossulatus beetles had the same hydrocarbons as L. fuliginosus, and the profiles were more similar to those of the host colony workers than the foreign workers. Both Z. comes and D. fossulatus appear to imitate the hydrocarbon profile of their host workers, allowing integrating into the host nest. A Y-maze bioassay
indicated that Z. comes can follow the trail pheromone of L. fuliginosus. This suggests that Z. comes may detect other chemical signals of L. fuliginosus to keep closer interactions with the workers.
Received 22 June 2001; accepted 12 November 2001. 相似文献
7.
Sex pheromones are used by a wide variety of species in terrestrial ecosystems. Much less is known about these pheromones
in aquatic systems e.g., for diving beetles. To test the use of pheromones and visual signals for mate finding by the diving
beetle Rhantus suturalis (MacLeay 1825), behavioral experiments were performed using three different types of vessels containing conspecific. In experiments
with non-permeable glass flasks, which did not allow the diffusion of chemical substances, males and females did not stimulate
any reaction by conspecific of either sex. In experiments with opaque but water permeable vessels, and in experiments with
vessels made of finely woven steel, which allowed the perception of chemical as well as optical cues, male diving beetles
were significantly attracted to females. Females were attracted to other females only in the last experiment, when simultaneously
perceiving chemical and optical cues. These results indicate that R. suturalis females release sex pheromones to attract mating partners, which is the first experimental demonstration of pheromones in
the Dytiscidae. 相似文献
8.
Summary. Host selection in tree-killing bark beetles
(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is mediated by a complex of semiochemical
cues. Using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic
detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric
analyses, we conducted a comparative study of the electrophysiological
responses of four species of tree-killing bark
beetles, the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae,
Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins,
the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis Kirby, and the western balsam
bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to volatiles
captured by aeration of 1) bole and foliage of four sympatric
species of conifers, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii
(Mirb.) Franco, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia
Engelm., interior spruce, Picea engelmannii x glauca, and
interior fir, Abies lasiocarpa x bifolia, and 2) con- and
heterospecific beetles at three stages of attack. We identified
13 monoterpenes in the conifers and nine compounds in the
volatiles of beetles that elicited antennal responses. There
was no qualitative difference in the terpene constitution of
the four species of conifers and very little difference across
beetle species in their antennal response to compounds from
conifers or beetles. The lack of species-specific major or
minor components in conifers suggests that beetles would
need to detect differences in the ratios of different compounds
in conifers to discriminate among them. Attraction to
hosts and avoidance of nonhost conifers may be accentuated
by perception of compounds emitted by con- and heterospecific
beetles, respectively. The 22 compounds identified
are candidate semiochemicals with potential behavioural
roles in host location and discrimination. 相似文献
9.
Summary. Using Porapak Q traps, we collected the bark volatiles of six angiosperm trees native to British Columbia: black cottonwood,
Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray (Salicaceae), trembling aspen, P. tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae), paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh. (Betulaceae), bigleaf maple, Acer macrophyllum Pursh (Aceraceae), red alder, Alnus rubra Bong. (Betulaceae), and Sitka alder, A. viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) á. L?ve & D. L?ve (Betulaceae). Utilising coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analysis, the
captured volatiles were assayed for antennal responses in five species of coniferophagous bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae),
sympatric with most or all of the angiosperm trees: the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis (Kirby), the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, and the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say). The identities of 25 antennally-active compounds were determined by coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic
analysis, and co-chromatographic comparisons with authentic chemicals. The compounds identified were: hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, heptanal, α-pinene, frontalin, benzaldehyde, β-pinene, 2-hydroxycyclohexanone, 3-carene, limonene,
β-phellandrene, benzyl alcohol, (E)-ocimene, salicylaldehyde, conophthorin, guaiacol, nonanal, methyl salicylate, 4-allylanisole, decanal, thymol methyl ether,
(E)-nerolidol, and dendrolasin. A number of these compounds are known semiochemicals that are active in the behaviour of other
organisms, including bark beetles, suggesting a high degree of semiochemical parsimony. Antennally-active compounds ranged
from seven in A. viridis to 17 in P. trichocarpa. The fewest number of compounds (9) were detected by I. pini and the largest number (24) were detected by D. pseudotsugae. Six compounds excited the antennae of all five species of bark beetles. The large number of antennally-active compounds
detected in common by numerous bark beetles and present in common in numerous nonhost trees supports the hypothesis of olfaction-based
recognition and avoidance of nonhost angiosperm trees during the process of host selection by coniferophagous bark beetles.
Received 13 December 1999; accepted 14 March 2000 相似文献
10.
A new type of dispenser for slow-release of sex pheromones and other semiochemicals was developed based on sol–gel polymers
that can be useful for monitoring, mass trapping, and mating disruption in integrated pest management (IPM). Sol–gel matrices
exhibit glass characteristics and allow control of the degree of cross-linking during the polymerization process in order
to provide an optimal release rate for a particular pheromone. The advantages of sol–gel (silica) matrixes include keeping
the added molecules chemically stable and enabling the sol–gel material to be applied in any desired thickness and pheromone
quantity, and thereby readily modify release rates. In addition, sol–gels are primarily silica and water that are common in
the environment and therefore safe for field dispensing. We developed a method for the entrapment of pheromones in sol–gel
matrices that allowed release at an almost constant rate over many days in the field. For example, 2.5 mg (E)-5-decenyl acetate pheromone of peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella, entrapped in various sol–gel formulations released 14–45 μg/day for up to 28 days. The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) pheromone in sol–gels was used in field tests to capture more codling moth males than unbaited control traps. We describe
how the method may be modified to entrap other types of pheromones by making sol–gels with different pore sizes. 相似文献
11.
Outbreaks of bark beetles in forests can result in substantial economic losses. Understanding the factors that influence the development and spread of bark beetle outbreaks is crucial for forest management and for predicting outbreak risks, especially with the expected global warming. Although much research has been done on the ecology and phenology of bark beetles, the complex interplay between beetles, host trees, beetle antagonists and forest management makes predicting beetle population development especially difficult. Using the recent infestations of the European Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus L. Col. Scol.) in the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany) as a case study, we developed a spatially explicit agent-based simulation model (SAMBIA) that takes into account individual trees and beetles. This model primarily provides a tool for analysing and understanding the spatial and temporal aspects of bark beetles outbreaks at the stand scale. Furthermore, the model should allow an estimation of the effectiveness of concurrent impacts of both antagonists and management to confine outbreak dynamics in practice. We also used the model to predict outbreak probabilities in various settings. The simulation results indicated a distinct threshold behaviour of the system in response to pressure by antagonists or management of the bark beetle population. Despite the different scenarios considered, we were able to extract from the simulations a simple rule of thumb for the successful control of an outbreak: if roughly 80% of individual beetles are killed by antagonists or foresters, outbreaks will rarely take place. Our model allows the core dynamics of this complex system to be reduced to this inherent common denominator. 相似文献
12.
Olle Anderbrant Donald S. Matteson C. Rikard Unelius Philip S. Pharazyn Ellen M. Santangelo Fredrik Schlyter Göran Birgersson 《Chemoecology》2010,20(3):179-187
Stereoisomers of 4-methyl-3-heptanol (MH) are pheromone components of several Scolytus bark beetles. The elm bark beetle Scolytus laevis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) has in previous studies been caught in traps baited with commercial MH containing all four stereoisomers,
but the lure has been considered a weak attractant. In this study, we addressed the question whether stereospecific responses
by S. laevis to stereoisomers of MH might contribute to its niche separation from other sympatric Scolytus species. Using GC–MS, we analyzed extracts of hindguts and abdomens from male and female S. laevis and the sympatric S. triarmatus. We also tested all four MH-stereoisomers individually and in combinations in the field to determine their role for S. laevis. All four stereoisomers were synthesized via a boronic ester method with 1,2-dicyclohexylethanediol as chiral director. In
addition, the (3S,4R)-stereoisomer of MH was prepared through enantioselective, lipase-mediated transesterification of a mixture of the four stereoisomers
of MH. Females of both species contained small amounts of syn-MH, and males contained trace amounts of anti-MH. The anti stereoisomer
(3R,4S)-MH was attractive to male and female S. laevis, whereas the syn stereoisomer (3S,4S)-MH acted as an inhibitor or deterrent and reduced the catch when added to the attractive isomer. The syn isomer is the main
aggregation pheromone component of the larger and sympatric S. scolytus and possibly also of S. triarmatus. The avoidance response of S. laevis to the (3S,4S)-stereoisomer may reduce interspecific competition for host trees. 相似文献
13.
Deepa S. Pureswaran Regine Gries John H. Borden Harold D. Pierce Jr. 《Chemoecology》2000,10(4):153-168
Summary. The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), often co-exist in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. Intra- and interspecific semiochemical communication occurs in both species and their complete semiochemical repertoire
and precise dynamics of pheromone production have not been elucidated. Porapak-Q extracts of captured volatiles from beetles
of each species aerated at different attack phases (freshly emerged, pioneer sex alone in the log and both sexes paired in
new galleries), followed by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectroscopic analyses
identified 17 compounds (seven compounds common to both species, six present in D. ponderosae and four present in I. pini) that excited the antennae of either or both species. Seven compounds for D. ponderosae and nine for I. pini had not been assessed for behavioural activity. In field trapping experiments, 2-phenylethanol produced by both species inhibited
the response of D. ponderosae to its aggregation pheromones. exo- and endo-Brevicomin produced by D. ponderosae significantly decreased the response of I. pini to its aggregation pheromone ipsdienol. Nonanal, a ubiquitous compound found in the volatiles of lodgepole pine, various
nonhosts and in both beetle species deterred the response of I. pini to ipsdienol. The occurrence of cis-verbenol, trans-verbenol and verbenone in emergent I. pini, and verbenone and 2-phenylethanol in emergent D. ponderosae suggests that these compounds may inhibit aggregation and induce dispersal following emergence. Termination of aggregation
in D. ponderosae appears to depend on the production of frontalin in combination with changes in the relative ratios of verbenone, exo-brevicomin, trans-verbenol and 2-phenylethanol. In I. pini, the cessation of ipsdienol production by males is probably the main factor in terminating aggregation.
Received 16 November 1999; accepted 7 August 2000 相似文献
14.
Summary. Several species of the flea beetles genus Longitarsus are able to sequester pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from their host plants. In five Longitarsus species we compare the concentration of PAs present in their host plants belonging to the Asteraceae or Boraginaceae with
those found in the beetles. To get an estimate of the intrapopulation variability, three samples of five beetles each and
five individual plants were analyzed for each comparison. A strong intrapopulation variability could be detected both among
plant and beetle samples. The total concentration found in the beetles varied strongly between species. The local host plant
and its phenology influence the concentrations present in the beetles as evidenced in comparisons of a single beetle species
from two different hosts and of one beetle species collected at the same site at different times of the year. In addition,
different beetle species apparently vary in their capacity to sequester the alkaloids, at the lowest extreme the mean PA concentration
in the beetles (0.034 μg PA/mg dry weight) was 1/30 of the mean concentration found in the plant leaves (L. aeruginosus from Eupatorium cannabinum), at the highest extreme (2.098 μg PA/mg dw) the concentration in the beetles was a 1000 fold higher than in the plant leaves
(L. nasturtii from Symphytum officinale). The highest mean concentration found in the beetles was 3.446 μg/mg dw (L. exoletus from Cynoglossum officinale). The absolute concentrations found in the beetles are comparable to other insects which have been shown to be effectively
defended against their potential predators.
Received 22 June 1999; accepted 25 August 1999 相似文献
15.
Summary. The formicine ant Paratrechina longicornis is known for its extremely opportunistic foraging behaviour. Only a single trail pheromone source, the rectum, was previously
described from this ant. Our detailed examination of this ant’s chemical communication system revealed the presence of at
least four sources of pheromones. Rectum, poison sac, and Dufour gland contain orientation components with decreasing effectiveness
and persistence (in the sequence mentioned) as well as attractants with increasing effectiveness. Furthermore, the mandibular
gland contains repellents, and a releaser of defensive behaviour. This set of various signals of different strength and persistence
allows an extraordinary degree of flexibility and efficiency in the collective behaviour of P. longicornis, especially food exploitation, and thus may contribute to this insect’s overall ecological success. 相似文献
16.
Foragers can improve search efficiency, and ultimately fitness, by using social information: cues and signals produced by
other animals that indicate food location or quality. Social information use has been well studied in predator–prey systems,
but its functioning within a trophic level remains poorly understood. Eavesdropping, use of signals by unintended recipients,
is of particular interest because eavesdroppers may exert selective pressure on signaling systems. We provide the most complete
study to date of eavesdropping between two competing social insect species by determining the glandular source and composition
of a recruitment pheromone, and by examining reciprocal heterospecific responses to this signal. We tested eavesdropping between
Trigona hyalinata and Trigona spinipes, two stingless bee species that compete for floral resources, exhibit a clear dominance hierarchy and recruit nestmates to
high-quality food sources via pheromone trails. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of T. hyalinata recruitment pheromone revealed six carboxylic esters, the most common of which is octyl octanoate, the major component of
T. spinipes recruitment pheromone. We demonstrate heterospecific detection of recruitment pheromones, which can influence heterospecific
and conspecific scout orientation. Unexpectedly, the dominant T. hyalinata avoided T. spinipes pheromone in preference tests, while the subordinate T. spinipes showed neither attraction to nor avoidance of T. hyalinata pheromone. We suggest that stingless bees may seek to avoid conflict through their eavesdropping behavior, incorporating
expected costs associated with a choice into the decision-making process. 相似文献
17.
Electrophysiological responses of four fungivorous coleoptera to volatiles of Trametes versicolor: implications for host selection 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Fungi of the genus Trametes are known as important wood decomposers and are colonized by various species of Coleoptera and other arthropods. The aim
of the present study was to investigate the importance of volatile chemical compounds as key attraction factors in recognition
and host selection by species of Erotylidae (Dacne bipustulata, Tritoma bipustulata) as well as Cisidae (Sulcacis affinis) and Tenebrionidae (Diaperis boleti). Volatiles from freshly collected Trametes versicolor were collected by headspace sampling technique and identified by combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). To
evaluate the biological significance of the volatiles we performed behavioural tests and recorded antennal responses of the
fungus-inhabiting species by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). The scent of T. versicolor was found to be dominated by sesquiterpenes; in GC-EAD 6 of these compounds elicited reproducible antennal signals in the
tested species. Highly significant attraction effects to the fungus, the obtained odour samples and previously described fungal
C8-compounds were observed in behavioural tests. The possibility to detect these chemical compounds as a key cue for host selection
implicate that beetles are able to discriminate between fungi of different age as well as different stages of colonization. 相似文献
18.
Hiroe Yasui Toshiharu Akino Midori Fukaya Sadao Wakamura Hiroshi Ono 《Chemoecology》2008,18(4):233-242
Summary. We conducted a series of experiments with the white-spotted longicorn beetle Anoplophora malasiaca (Thomson), and its host plant, Citrus unshiu, to examine the origin of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SHCs; including β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, α-farnesene,
and several unidentified compounds) that are contained in the elytra of the beetles and act as an attractant. In the laboratory,
mechanically wounded citrus branches, as well as those fed upon by A. malasiaca, attracted males more frequently than intact branches. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) and subsequent analyses by gas
chromatography (GC) analyses detected measurable SHCs from the air around both mechanically wounded and beetle-infested branches,
as well as trace amounts from intact branches. The SHCs were also detected for a certain time from beetles that had fed on
the citrus branches, but the amounts decreased rapidly after they were removed from the host. This decrease generally corresponded
with a reduction of attractiveness of the beetles in a behavioural assay. Isolated females acquired the SHCs after exposure
to, but not upon contact with, other females that had fed on C. unshiu branches. We hypothesize that the citrus SHCs are adsorbed in, retained on, and released from the wax layer of the beetle
elytra. Since these compounds are released from branches when beetles feed, they may indirectly signal the presence of beetles
to others in the field. The high response rate to SHCs by males is likely representing mate searching behavior. The SHCs act
as kairomones with a releaser effect in the communication system of A. malasiaca.
Hiroe Yasui, Toshiharu Akino, Midori Fukaya: These authors contributed equally to this article. 相似文献
19.
Duccio Lambardi Francesca R. Dani Stefano Turillazzi Jacobus J. Boomsma 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(6):843-851
Some social parasites of insect societies are known to use brute force when usurping a host colony, but most use more subtle
forms of chemical cheating either by expressing as few recognition cues as possible to avoid being recognized or by producing
similar recognition cues to the host to achieve positive discrimination. The former “chemical insignificance” strategy represents
a more general adaptive syndrome than the latter “chemical mimicry” strategy and is expected to be characteristic of early
evolutionary stages of social parasitism. We tested this hypothesis by experimentally analyzing the efficiency by which Acromyrmex echinatior leaf-cutting ants recognize intruding workers of the incipient social parasite Acromyrmex insinuator. The results were consistent with the parasite being “chemically insignificant” and not with the “chemical mimicry” hypothesis.
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles showed that social parasite workers produce
significantly fewer hydrocarbons overall and that their typical profiles have very low amounts of hydrocarbons in the “normal”
C29–C35 range but large quantities of unusually heavy C43–C45 hydrocarbons. This suggests that the C29–C35 hydrocarbons are
instrumental in normal host nestmate recognition and that the C43–C45 compounds, all of which are dienes and thus more fluid
than the corresponding saturated compounds, may reinforce “chemical insignificance” by blurring any remaining variation in
recognition cues. 相似文献
20.
Summary. We investigated the hypothesis that aggregation signals produced by male webbing clothes moths (WCM), Tineola bisselliella (Hum.) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), and close-range male attractant signals produced by females have a pheromonal basis, at least
in part. Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses of bioactive methanolic
extracts of male WCM disclosed three candidate pheromone components: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (16:Ester), (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (Z9—16:Ester), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (18:Ester). In bioassay experiments in a large Plexiglas™ arena, a blend of
synthetic 16:Ester plus Z9—16:Ester was attractive to male and virgin (but not mated) female WCM; the 18:Ester was inactive.
GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extracts from female WCM revealed (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienal (E2Z13—18:Ald) and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienol (E2Z13—18:OH) as candidate sex pheromone components. In arena bioassay experiments, 1—5 female equivalents of synthetic E2Z13—18:Ald (0.2 ng) and E2Z13—18:OH (0.1 ng) were more attractive to male WCM than were two virgin female WCM. We anticipate that the combination of
aggregation and sex pheromones, male-produced sonic aggregation signals, and habitat-derived semiochemicals will be highly
effective in attracting male and female WCM to commercial traps.
Received 12 January 2001; accepted 8 June 2001. 相似文献