Sb(Ⅲ)在蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿表面的吸附:pH值和离子强度的影响

研究蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿在不同pH值与离子强度的条件下对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附及解吸行为.结果表明,随pH值的升高,Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附减弱,离子强度对Sb(Ⅲ)在三种矿物表面的吸附影响较弱,而矿物表面吸附的Sb(Ⅲ)不易解吸.三种矿物对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附能力差别较大,蒙脱土的吸附量远大于针铁矿和高岭土,针铁矿的吸附量稍高于高岭土.     

纳米有机蒙脱土对六六六(HCHs)的吸附解吸特性

研究了α-、γ-、δ-HCH在纳米有机蒙脱土中的吸附/解吸行为及体系中Ca2+浓度变化对吸附解吸的影响.结果表明,24 h吸附/解吸均达到完全平衡,吸附动力学符合伪二级动力学方程.等温吸附实验表明,吸附机理复杂,为多分子层吸附,不能简单地采用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型拟合;吸附等温线受体系中Ca2+浓度变化影响.解吸实验表明,HCHs初始浓度增加,纳米有机蒙脱土对HCHs的保持量呈上升趋势,对δ异构体的保持量最稳定;解吸滞后系数H小于0.7,吸附属于不可逆吸附,H也随Ca2+浓度变化而变化,但是3种异构体H的变化并不遵循单一的线性规律.     

pH值对有机蒙脱土吸附苯酚的影响

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)改性的蒙脱土来处理含酚废水，了解pH值对有机蒙脱土吸附苯酚的影响．结果表明：不论是酸性还是碱性含酚水溶液，加入有机蒙脱土后其pH值都趋向中性，因此，有机蒙脱土对酸碱具有良好的缓冲能力．在相同pH条件下，吸附在有机蒙脱土上苯酚的数量随着其改性量的提高而增加．在碱性条件下，被有机蒙脱土吸附的苯酚可以发生解吸，pH值愈高，有机蒙脱土吸附的苯酚数量愈少，因此，吸附在有机蒙脱上上的苯酚在碱性条件下是不稳定的．通过碱再生有机蒙脱土又能吸附水溶液中的苯酚，但是其吸附苯酚的能力有所下降．     

海泡石黏土矿物对Cu2+的吸附动力学研究

研究分析了海泡石黏土矿物对铜离子的吸附性能和动力学特征,结果表明,海泡石黏土矿物对Cu~(2 )吸附的最佳pH值为6.0左右,随着pH值的增大,吸附作用减弱;在[Cu~(2 )]=100mg·l~(-1),溶液pH值为6,吸附时间为2h时,添加0.1 g海泡石,海泡石对Cu~(2 )的吸附去除率仅为39.5%,当海泡石用量提高至0.4 g时,其对Cu~(2 )的吸附去除率提高到94.8%;实验结果同样显示,18min内有90%的Cu~(2 )被海泡石吸附,随着吸附时间的增加,吸附作用趋于稳定,2h可达到吸附平衡。该吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程.同时,分别采用拟一级模型和拟二级模型考察了吸附动力学,并计算了这些动力学模型的速率常数.实验数据和拟二级模型计算结果之间有较好的相关性.     

水中苯酚和三氯乙烯在改性蒙脱土上单层和多层吸附及吸附模型的应用

研究了将单层Langmuir模型(MLM)和Freundlich经验模型(EFM)应用于单层或多层溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTAB)-蒙脱土对单溶质水溶液中溶质苯酚或三氯乙烯的吸附作用.MLM和EFM中各溶质的参数由单溶质吸附等温线拟合算出,并应用于双溶质吸附模型中.应用基于单溶质MLM的Langmuir扩展模型(ELM)和基于单溶质EFM的理想溶液吸附理论(IAST)预测了CTAB-蒙脱土对苯酚和三氯乙烯双溶质系统的吸附作用.结果表明,描述单溶质在CTAB-蒙脱土上的吸附作用时,EFM要好于MLM;描述双溶质在CTAB-蒙脱土上的吸附作用时,IAST要好于ELM。     

磺胺嘧啶和磺胺噻唑在土壤中的吸附行为

采用批平衡实验方法研究磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)和磺胺噻唑(STZ)在五种典型土壤及一种泥炭中的吸附行为.结果表明:(1)SDZ和STZ在土壤及泥炭中的吸附量随溶液pH值的升高而减小,与溶液中SDZ和STZ阳离子的含量呈正相关.(2)SDZ和STZ的吸附均可采用Freundlich和Langmuir模型进行拟合,最大吸附量(Qm)的大小依次为:泥炭土>黑土>棕壤≥灰褐土>红壤≥灰漠土.除红壤和灰漠土外,Freundlich吸附系数(K)的大小次序和(Qm)基本相同.SDZ和STZ的(Qm)与土壤有机质的含量和土壤粉粒的含量呈显著正相关.因此,SDZ和STZ更容易吸附在有机质的含量比较高的泥炭土和黑土中.     

菲与吡啶在沉积物及粘土矿物上的吸附行为

研究了菲和吡啶在天然沉积物及粘土矿物(高岭土、蒙脱土)上的吸附行为.结果表明,含有天然有机质的沉积物对菲的吸附最为显著,而高岭土和蒙脱土对菲也能发生一定程度的吸附.菲在3种吸附剂上的吸附行为比较符合线性模型,Kd分别为594.7L·kg-1(沉积物),405.OL·kg-1(高岭土)和286.7L·kg-1(蒙脱土).吡啶在3种吸附剂上吸附的Kd明显低于菲,在沉积物、高岭土和蒙脱土颗粒上分别为1.18,9.03和0.94 L·kg-1.CEC较大的沉积物和蒙脱土上吡啶的吸附量更低,这可能是背景溶液中Na+向此两种吸附剂表面大量聚集所致.总体上溶液pH值对于菲在3种吸附剂上的吸附影响较小,而对于吡啶而言,酸性和碱性条件均较中性条件更有利于其在粘土矿物上的吸附,其在沉积物上的吸附则随溶液pH值的增大而降低.     

精喹禾灵在高岭土和蒙脱石中的吸附行为

采用批量平衡实验,研究了精喹禾灵在蒙脱石和高岭土中的吸附行为及作用机理.结果表明,精喹禾灵在这两种供试黏土矿物中的吸附过程分为快速吸附、慢速吸附和吸附平衡3个阶段,吸附平衡时间都约为12 h;Langmuir模型能较好地描述其在两种供试黏土矿物中的吸附行为;蒙脱石和高岭土对精喹禾灵的最大吸附容量的关系为蒙脱石>高岭土;傅立叶变换红外光谱以及X-射线衍射分析显示,在吸附过程中精喹禾灵分子进入了蒙脱石层间,而未进入到高岭土层间;蒙脱石主要是通过其层间结构对精喹禾灵进行吸附,而高岭土则主要是通过硅氧外表面发生吸附,其吸附作用力主要是氢键.     

蒙脱土协同新生MnO_2对甲基橙模拟废水的脱色研究

研究了蒙脱土协同新生MnO2对甲基橙的吸附脱色性能,结果表明:蒙脱土能够明显地改善新生MnO2在水中的分散性与吸附性,大大提高了新生MnO2对甲基橙的吸附能力,脱色率的提高是二者协同作用的结果.该复合吸附剂具有较快的吸附速度,吸附动力学数据能很好地符合Lagergren二级速率方程.溶液pH值是影响染料脱色的最主要因素,在pH 7及常温条件下,当新生MnO2/蒙脱土的比例为40 mg/1.0g, 甲基橙的浓度为20 mg·l-1, 吸附50 min时,甲基橙的去除率可达96.5%.     

壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附动力学及解吸性能

采用溶液插层法制备了壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物,以此复合物为活性红染料RR136的吸附剂,考察了复合物中壳聚糖与蒙脱土的摩尔比、染料溶液pH和浓度、温度及吸附剂用量等因素对吸附动力学行为的影响.运用红外光谱和扫描电镜对吸附RR136前后的吸附剂进行了表征,探讨了染料分子与吸附剂之间的相互作用,研究了吸附剂的再生性能.结果表明,壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对RR136的吸附更符合拟二级动力学方程,RR136在该复合物上的吸附速率受颗粒外扩散过程的控制.连续进行15次吸附/再生循环后,吸附剂的吸附容量和再生率分别为266.27 mg·g-1和60.5%,表明插层复合物吸附剂具有较好的再生重复使用潜力.     

Removal of sulfadiazine from aqueous solution on kaolinite

The adsorption of sulfadiazine onto kaolinite clay as an alternative adsorbent was examined in aqueous solution, hnpacts of the contact time, pH, temperature, ionic strength and coexistent surfactants on the adsorption process were evaluated. The pH significantly influenced the adsorption process, with adsorption being promoted at lower pH due to the cation exchange mechanism. Decreasing ionic strength in the solution was favorable for adsorption, and the addition of cationic and anionic surfactants had negative effects on the adsorption capacity of sulfadiazine on kaolinite. Kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium adsorption was well described by both Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich （DR） models. According to the DR model, the adsorption mechanism was determined by cationic exchange and weak physical forces. The thermodynamic study showed that sulfadiazine adsorption onto kaolinite was a sponta- neous and endothermic reaction.     

Removal of C.I. acid brown 75 from aqueous solution by kaolinite

The adsorption of acid brown 75 onto kaolinite in aqueous solution was studied with respect to the pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration, and operating temperature. Desorption of dye from dye-saturated kaolinite was observed. Experimental data indicated that the adsorption capacity of kaolinite for the dye was higher in acidic rather than in basic solution. The maximum adsorption capacity of kaolinite towards the dye was found to be 96.5 mg g^?1 (pH 1.0). At the optimal adsorption condition, the dye removal ratio was 95.5%. Dye-saturated kaolinite could desorb at aqueous NaOH, the desorption ratio of dye was 78.8%. The linear Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models are well fitting to represent the experimental data.     

Soil eaten by chacma baboons adsorbs polar plant secondary metabolites representative of those found in their diet

Geophagy, the deliberate consumption of earth materials, is common among humans and animals. However, its etiology and function(s) remain poorly understood. The major hypotheses about its adaptive functions are the supplementation of essential elements and the protection against temporary and chronic gastrointestinal (GI) distress. Because much less work has been done on the protection hypothesis, we investigated whether soil eaten by baboons protected their GI tract from plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) and described best laboratory practices for doing so. We tested a soil that baboons eat/preferred, a soil that baboons never eat/non-preferred, and two clay minerals, montmorillonite a 2:1 clay and kaolinite a 1:1 clay. These were processed using a technique that simulated physiological digestion. The phytochemical concentration of 10 compounds representative of three biosynthetic classes of compounds found in the baboon diet was then assessed with and without earth materials using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC–DAD). The preferred soil was white, contained 1% halite, 45% illite/mica, 14% kaolinite, and 0.8% sand; the non-preferred soil was pink, contained 1% goethite and 1% hematite but no halite, 40% illite/mica, 19% kaolinite, and 3% sand. Polar phenolics and alkaloids were generally adsorbed at levels 10× higher than less polar terpenes. In terms of PSM adsorption, the montmorillonite was more effective than the kaolinite, which was more effective than the non-preferred soil, which was more effective than the preferred soil. Our findings suggest that HPLC–DAD is best practice for the assessment of PSM adsorption of earth materials due to its reproducibility and accuracy. Further, soil selection was not based on adsorption of PSMs, but on other criteria such as color, mouth feel, and taste. However, the consumption of earth containing clay minerals could be an effective strategy for protecting the GI tract from PSMs.     

可变电荷土壤和矿物表面Cu^2＋吸附过程中H^＋释放动力学

本文以硝酸根离子选择电极为参比电极,低阻ｐＨ玻璃电极为指示电极,研究了红壤和高岭石体系Ｃｕ＾２＋吸附过程中ｐＨ的变化情况,并通过红壤和高岭石的酸碱滴定曲线求得了不同反应时间Ｈ＾＋释放的绝对量,即Ｈ＾＋释放动力学。结果表明,Ｃｕ＾２＋吸附过程中Ｈ＋释放大部分在反应刚开始时进行,反应进行５ｍｉｎ后,两种Ｃｕ＾２＋起始反应浓度的高岭石和红壤体系Ｈ＋分别释放了９２％和８２％以上。Ｃｕ＾２＋起始反应浓度愈大     

钾改性蒙脱石磁性微球对铯的吸附性能

本研究以钙基蒙脱石(Ca-MMT)为原料,通过K⁺作用制得改性蒙脱石粉(K-MMT),经海藻酸钠交联作用,将改性蒙脱石与永磁体(BaFe₁₂O₁₉)结合,制成钾改性蒙脱石磁性微球(KMBC).对比了Ca-MMT、K-MMT、KMBC对Cs+的吸附差异,并通过SEM-EDS、FTIR、XRD、XPS分析了K-MMT的微观结构及理化性质.试验结果表明,K⁺对蒙脱石的改性以离子交换为主,改性后晶体层间距变小,吸附量K-MMT>KMBC>Ca-MMT,分别为57.08、45.13、45.05 mg·g^-1;K-MMT对Cs⁺的吸附属于吸热反应,反应在2 h内可达到平衡,35℃时KMBC的最大吸附量为136.08 mg·g^-1;随着pH的增加,KMBC对Cs+的吸附量呈先增大后减小的趋势;吸附机理主要包括离子交换和内层扩散.     

Prediction of Cd toxicity to Daphnia magna in the mixture of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and kaolinite

In this study, we investigated cadmium toxicity created by adsorption kinetics in several mixtures containing two types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNT and NH₂-MWCNT) and natural kaolinite. Characteristics of two types of MWCNTs were measured by zeta potential and ATR FT-IR graphs and TEM images. The solution of CNTs and kaolinite was tested to study Cd adsorption kinetics and mechanisms of differentiation-associated toxicity using Daphnia magna in a binary system (Cd–MWCNTs and Cd–kaolinite) and a ternary system (Cd–MWCNTs–kaolinite). In the binary system, Cd removal efficiency was nearly 100% and 40% for MWCNTs and kaolinite because of surface charge, respectively, with increasing sorbent concentration. In the ternary system, the trend of adsorption rate was similar to that of binary system. In comparison with percent mortality in the binary system, the solution in the ternary system showed higher toxicity due to the interaction of MWCNTs–kaolinite coagulated particles, thereby decreasing Cd adsorption onto CNTs and kaolinites. Overall, kaolinite can affect the adsorption process of Cd on MWCNTs in negative ways, depending on adsorption state. In conclusion, our studies suggest that kaolinite differs with adsorption ability of Cd by MWCNTs, and toxicity is likely to be produced by multivariable regression in the adsorption state.

     

Adsorption of sulfonamides on lake sediments

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one class of the most widely used antibiotics around the world. Their fate and transport in the aquatic environment is of great concern. In this study, adsorption of four SAs—sulfadiazine (SD), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and sulfamethazine (SM2)—in single-solute and multi-solute systems on sediments of Dianchi (DC) Lake and Taihu (TH) Lake, China was investigated with batch experiments. In the single-solute adsorption system, the Langmuir model and the dual-mode model described the adsorption process better than the Freundlich model. Model fitness was better on DC sediment than on TH sediment. The order of adsorption capacity approximately followed a decreasing order of SDM>SD>SM2>SMZ on both sediments, which was likely attributed to the distinctly different water solubility of the four SAs. In the multi-solute system, the order of adsorption capacity was SM2>SDM>SD>SMZ, which was probably related to the compound speciation caused by the pH values of the experimental solution. In the multi-solute system, both competitive and cooperative adsorption played important roles in the adsorption of sulfonamides on sediments.     

南方土壤酸沉降敏感性研究Ⅷ.盐基离子淋溶的多因素分析

在模拟酸雨条件下土壤盐基离子淋溶特性研究的基础上,采用生成分分析及多元回归分析方法研究了土壤盐基淋溶的影响因子．结果表明,通过主成分分析方法可将选取的15个原始变量综合成为2个主成分,为进一步分析盐基释放量与土壤理化性质之间的关系提供了方便．影响盐基释放量的主要因子有土壤原始pH值、可交换性盐基含量、蒙脱石含量、活性氧化物、1.4nm矿物等,它们表现出效应,而高岭石和可交换性铝含量表现出负效应．利用主成分分析的结果进行多元回归分析,可得到土壤累积盐基释放量与2个主成分之间的回归方程．     

Retention of 137cesium in acid sulphate soils of South Central Thailand

Adsorption and desorption of ¹³⁷Cs by acid sulphate soils from the Nakhon Nayok province, South Central Plain of Thailand located near the Ongkarak Nuclear Research Center (ONRC) were investigated using a batch equilibration technique. The influence of added limestone (12 and 18 tons ha^-1) on ¹³⁷Cs adsorption-desorption was studied. Based on Freundlich isotherms, both adsorption and desorption of ¹³⁷Cs were nonlinear. A large portion (98.26-99.97%) of added ¹³⁷Cs (3.7 × 10³-7.03 × 10⁵ Bq l^-1) was sorbed by the soils with or without added lime. The higher lime treatments, however, favoured stronger adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs as compared with soil with no lime, which was supported by higher K_ads values. The addition of lime, the cation exchange capacity and pH of the soil increased and hence favoured the stronger adsorption of ¹³⁷Cs. Acid sulphate soils with a high clay content, medium to high organic matter, high CEC, and predominant clay types consisting of a mixture of illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite were the main soil factors contributing to the high ¹³⁷Cs adsorption capacity. Competing cations such as NH₄⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ had little influence on ¹³⁷Cs adsorption as compared with liming, where a significant positive correlation between K_ads and soil pH was observed. The ¹³⁷Cs adsorption-desorption characteristics of the acid sulphate soils studied exhibited a very strong irreversible sorption pattern. Only a small portion (0.09-0.58%) of ¹³⁷Cs adsorbed at the highest added initial ¹³⁷Cs concentration was desorbed by four successive soil extractions. Results clearly demonstrated that Nakhon Nayok province acid sulphate soils have a high ¹³⁷Cs adsorption capacity, which limits the ¹³⁷Cs bioavailability.