夏、秋季长江口外海域沉积物-水界面溶解无机碳的交换通量

沉积物-海水界面是海洋中溶解无机碳(DIC)转移和储存的重要场所，长江口外海域拥有特定的沉积物-水界面交换的空间格局，研究其沉积物-水界面DIC的交换过程对于碳的循环和转化具有重要意义.本研究于2021年8月和2021年10月在长江口外海域采集沉积物样品及原位底层海水，通过实验室模拟培养法计算了该海域沉积物-水界面DIC的交换通量，并研究了沉积物间隙水-上覆水的DIC浓度差、温度、盐度和pH对DIC交换通量的影响.结果表明，夏季和秋季研究海域沉积物-水界面DIC交换通量平均值分别为(432.45±190.78)μmol·m^-2·h^-1和(223.05±110.39)μmol·m^-2·h^-1.夏季交换通量高于秋季，DIC扩散方向均由沉积物向上覆水释放，表明沉积物表现为DIC的“源”.此外，交换通量会随着DIC浓度差或温度升高而升高，随着盐度或pH升高而降低.     

巢湖流域十五里河水体与表层沉积物生物可利用磷(BAP)研究

研究了巢湖十五里河水体与表层沉积物的氮磷分布,并采用传统化学分析法和梯度扩散膜技术(DGT)分析了沉积物中生物可利用磷(BAP)含量。结果表明,十五里河水体正磷酸盐(DIP)和总磷(TP)浓度自上游至下游呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且一直保持在富营养化水平〔ρ(DIP)≥0.343 mg·L-1,ρ(TP)≥0.676 mg·L-1〕,上游的污水汇入是导致水体磷浓度急剧升高的主要原因,中游污染源少而使磷浓度下降,下游农业面源与支流的汇入又使磷浓度有所增加。沉积物中4种BAP含量由高到低依次为藻类可利用磷(AAP)含量、NaHCO3提取磷(Olsen-P)含量、水溶性磷(WSP)含量和易解吸磷(RDP)含量,其中沉积物w(AAP)和w(Olsen-P)与沉积物w(TP)之间呈显著正相关(P0.01)。中下游河段沉积物孔隙水中磷具有向水体迁移的趋势,说明这些沉积物磷有自孔隙水向上覆水扩散的潜在风险。十五里河BAP含量检测结果表明,DGT技术与传统化学方法检测结果相关性显著,因此DGT技术可作为今后十五里河BAP分析研究的重要工具。     

南四湖表层沉积物重金属的赋存形态及底部界面扩散通量的估算

采用"SOFIE"模拟装置,研究了南四湖污染程度不同的两个湖区(南阳湖及独山湖区)表层沉积物中重金属元素的形态组成,间隙水及界面上覆水中重金属浓度的变化特征.结果表明,南阳湖区沉积物间隙水及界面上覆水中Cr,Cu,Ni,Zn和Pb的浓度均高于独山湖区,这与沉积物中重金属元素的有效结合态含量变化一致,主要与人为污染有关.南阳湖及独山湖区沉积物-水界面±0.5 cm范围内重金属元素具有较高的浓度梯度,间隙水中Fe与Mn浓度明显高于界面上覆水;Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb的浓度均低于界面上覆水;独山湖区沉积物间隙水中Cr浓度与界面上覆水相似,而南阳湖区沉积物间隙水中Cr浓度略高于界面上覆水.采用Fick第一定律,计算得到南阳湖及独山湖区沉积物-水界面附近Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb的扩散通量,分别为-0.23,-1.47,-2.57,-0.04 mmol.m-.2d-1和-0.34,-0.67,-0.48,-0.01 mmol.m-.2d-1,沉积物表现为重金属元素的"汇";而Cr的扩散通量分别为0.03 mmol.m-.2d-1和-0.02 mmol.m-.2d-1,说明污染较重的南阳湖区沉积物中Cr已表现出向上覆水体扩散的特征.     

滇池福保湾沉积物-水界面微量重金属扩散通量估算

对滇池福保湾沉积物间隙水及近界面上覆水中溶解性重金属含量进行分析,并根据Fick定律计算出沉积物-水界面微量重金属扩散通量.结果表明,福保湾水体中重金属含量的平均值(以μg·1-1计)分别为:Fe 25.53,Cu 30.58,Zn 221.67,Ni 15.93,Co 1.91,Cd 1.12,Cr 19.26,Pb 31.08,As 9.41,符合国家Ⅱ类地表水质标准.沉积物-上覆水界面附近水体微量重金属浓度一般都明显高于孔隙水的相应浓度(As除外),根据Fick扩散定律计算出沉积物对上覆水中重金属的年吸附量(以kg计)分别为:Fe 3.48,Cu 8.70,Zn 70.66,Ni 4.52,Co 0.16,Cd 0.31,Cr 1.55,Pb 12.03,As 0.38.     

沉积物间隙水溶解态磷和铁（Ⅱ）高分辨同步分析方法的研究

沉积物具有高度的空间异质性,尤其在沉积物-水界面附近的微环境中,溶质在微小尺度上可能存在强烈的浓度梯度分布,需要借助高分辨的获取技术才能表征。本研究发展了一种沉积物微界面溶解态反应性磷（Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus,DRP）和溶解态铁（Ⅱ）的同步分析方法。利用分辨率为4 mm、平衡时间仅为2 d的微型间隙水平衡装置（Peeper装置）获取微量间隙水（～100μL·样品-1）,采用384微孔板微量比色法分别测定同一间隙水样品中的DRP和溶解态铁（Ⅱ）的质量浓度,单一指标所消耗的间隙水体积由5 mL减少到仅～40μL,检出限分别为0.009和0.017 mg·L-1,精密度为1%～7%,均与常规方法相近。将该分析方法应用到太湖两个湖区的沉积物中,同步获得的微界面溶解态磷和铁（Ⅱ）的分布较好地反映了两者的关系。     

沉水植物对水-沉积物界面各形态氮含量的影响

在室内模拟条件下研究沉水植物对水-沉积物界面的上覆水、不同层次的间隙水和沉积物中不同形态氮含量的影响.结果表明:总体上,上覆水和间隙水中不同形态氮含量的顺序为有机氮＞氨氮＞硝态氮;沉积物中可交换态无机氮以氨氮为主,沉水植物的存在并没有改变这一格局.不同处理不同层次的间隙水中,各形态氮含量均为下层＞中层＞上层,但沉积物中氨氮和硝态氮含量变化规律不明显.水-沉积物界面氨氮和硝态氮含量呈现明显季节性变化.总之,水-沉积物界面氨氮是沉积物向上覆水扩散的主要氮组分,沉水植物降低了氨氮和硝态氮的扩散通量.     

流速对雨水管道中沉积物-水界面磷的释放及其释放速率的影响

通过实验室模拟研究了进水流速对雨水管道中沉积物-水界面间磷释放规律的影响,得出不同流速条件下沉积物-水界面磷交换的平衡时间,拟合出上覆水磷的平均浓度和沉积物中磷最大累积释放量与流速的关系曲线,并采用连续函数计算方法通过现场采样和实验分析进行不同流速下雨水管道沉积物-水界面磷交换速率的研究,最后根据实验得出的交换速率值,以一条雨水管线为例估算了不同进水流速下沉积物中磷释放总量.结果表明,流速的增大会促进沉积物中磷的释放,且上覆水总磷平均浓度及磷释放最大量随流速的增大而呈指数式增长,对应的指数方程分别为y=1.2194e0.5983x和y=0.436e0.7928x.在实验工况下,流速为0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9和1.1 m.s-1对应的磷平均释放速率分别为0.62、1.04、2.51、2.85和4.09 mg.m-.2min-1;对应的磷释放总量的估算值分别为3410.00、5720.00、27610.00、31350.00和61861.25 mg.     

硫酸盐对墨水湖沉积物间隙水中Mn和Cu的作用

正目前沉积物原位采样和测定的技术主要有透析法、伏安法、半透膜装置、薄膜扩散平衡技术(DET)和薄膜扩散梯度技术(DGT)[1].DET技术中,膜内的水被固定在凝胶上,外部溶液中的离子可自由扩散到凝胶中,通过测定凝胶中不同位置离子的含量获取间隙水浓度的信息,测定的是达到平衡时的浓度.DGT技术以Fick扩散第一定律为其理论基础,可测定自然界中重金属的生物有效态,比形态分级技术更能反映生物体对重金属的吸收.本研究通过DET和DGT的手段,研究硫酸盐对武汉市墨水湖沉积物间隙水中重金属浓度和生物有效性的影响.1材料与方法     

鄱阳湖沉积物与水界面氮的迁移特征及污染评价

通过现场采样及室内分析测试,在沉积物间隙水氮含量分析的基础上,探讨了鄱阳湖沉积物与水界面氮的迁移特征与扩散通量,并对鄱阳湖表层沉积物氮的污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,鄱阳湖表层沉积物间隙水中溶解性总氮的平均含量为1.32 mg·L~(-1),无机氮中以硝态氮含量最高,占总氮的45.4%以上。表层沉积物间隙水中氮的含量在空间分布上表现为北部站点(L6与L7)相对较高,且其浓度均高于上覆水中氮浓度,表明沉积物间隙水中氮有较强的释放趋势,其中溶解性总氮在间隙水与上覆水之间的扩散相对较强,其扩散通量略大于硝态氮,各站点平均扩散通量分别为0.91 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和0.89mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),且大部分站点沉积物表现为上覆水中氮的源。此外,鄱阳湖各站点总氮污染指数、有机指数、有机氮平均值分别为1.082%、0.161%、0.103%,总氮污染指数与有机指数为Ⅱ级标准,有机氮指数为Ⅲ级标准,但站点L2呈现出有机污染与有机氮污染,存在一定的安全风险,水体面临富营养化威胁。该研究可为鄱阳湖内源污染和富营养化防治提供一定的理论依据。     

海洋沉积物-水界面营养盐交换过程的研究1

对胶州湾和渤海沉积物分别进行室内培养实验.结果表明,在沉积物中加入营养盐后,铵氮、硅酸盐由沉积物向水体的迁移增大,铵氮的迁移在总溶解态氮的交换中起主要作用,其交换量约占总溶解态氮扩散量的76%,硝酸盐及磷酸盐由水体向沉积物的迁移减弱.在上覆水中加入营养盐后,硝酸盐、磷酸盐由水体向沉积物的迁移增大,硝酸氮的迁移占总溶解态氮交换的主要部分,约为62%.铵由沉积物向水体的迁移减弱,硅酸盐变成由水体向沉积物迁移.沉积物对于上覆水中营养盐的浓度具有一定的调节作用.无论在充空气或充氮气条件下,磷及硅的交换速率变化不明显,铵氮的迁移占总溶解态氮扩散量的98%以上.充氧条件下硝酸盐由沉积物向上覆水的迁移通量较充氮气条件增加.比较两种不同的通量计算方法(积分和拟合),结果表明由两种计算方法计算的交换速率的变化趋势基本是一致的.     

Economic assessment of dredging operations in Mobile Bay,USA and some additional notes on sustainable management of dredged material

This paper describes a study that was performed to determine the cost-effective method of dredging in Mobile Bay in the United States and to explore the possibility of utilizing the dredged materials in an environmentally sustainable way. An analysis of the historical cost and working time data for hopper dredging and pipeline dredging for Mobile Bay showed that there was not a substantial difference in unit costs between the two methods. However, while the disposal methods for dredged materials were taken into consideration, the pipeline dredging seemed to be a more desirable and environmentally friendly option for dredging in Mobile Bay. In addition to cost analysis, the paper discusses several possible ways of sustainable management of dredged materials. The paper also indicates that if the sediment in Mobile Bay is found to be contaminated by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the pipeline dredging will become a more desirable dredging alternative.     

不同粒径和不同浓度清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响

采用室内模拟试验研究了不同粒径和不同浓度悬浮清洁疏浚物对2种常见海洋微藻小球藻（Chlorella sp.）和新月菱形藻（Nitzschia closterium）生长的影响.结果表明,在8d的试验周期里,与对照组相比,不同浓度清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响均达极显著水平（P＜0.01）.在相同粒径范围内,悬浮清洁疏浚物质量浓度为1～7g·L-1时,其对微藻生长的抑制作用随浓度升高而增加.随悬浮清洁疏浚物粒径的减小,2种海洋微藻的细胞密度呈下降趋势,＞88～ 125 μm粒径范围内生长的藻细胞受影响最小,0～16 μm粒径范围内生长的藻细胞受影响最大.悬浮清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻比生长速率的抑制作用明显,延缓了最大比生长速率出现的时间.2种海洋微藻对悬浮清洁疏浚物的敏感性存在差异,小球藻对悬浮清洁疏浚物的反应更加迅速.     

桑沟湾海域叶绿素a的时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

2009年4月-2010年2月对山东荣成典型养殖海湾—桑沟湾海域水体中的叶绿素a（Chl-a）进行了6个航次的监测,分析该海区表底层海水中Chl-a的质量现状,探讨Chl-a在桑沟湾海区的时空分布特征,以及与水温和营养盐等主要环境因子的相关性。结果表明,桑沟湾海域表层海水Chl-a质量浓度范围为0.36～9.77μg L-1,平均值为2.17μg L-1;底层海水Chl-a质量浓度范围为0.40～7.46μg L-1,平均值为2.14μg L-1。Chl-a质量浓度的季节性变化呈现一定的模式,夏季〉秋季〉春季〉冬季。Chl-a的质量浓度在春季和冬季呈现由湾内向湾外递减的分布特征,而夏季和秋季则没有明显的分布规律。垂直分布上,夏季表层Chl-a质量浓度高于底层,冬季则是底层高于表层,春秋2季表底层垂直分布比较均匀。相关分析显示桑沟湾Chl-a与水温呈较显著正相关,但与营养盐溶解无机氮（DIN）不具显著意义的相关关系。总体看来,桑沟湾海域Chl-a的时空分布受养殖环境状况、水文环境及陆地径流和外源输入的共同影响,贝藻养殖活动及营养盐的陆源输入是影响Chl-a分布格局的重要因素。     

Phosphate enrichment in the northern Gulf of Aqaba: Regulation by carbonate sediments and impact on nitrogen elevation

The effect of carbonate sediment in regulating phosphate concentrations in sea water was investigated by laboratory incubation experiments using different sediment types. Incubation experiments were made with two types of sediments: uncontaminated sediment from a marine reserve and contaminated sediment with deposited phosphate powders. Fluxes of inorganic nitrogen and phosphate were estimated from linear regressions of solute concentrations over incubation periods. Ammonium and phosphate fluxes were about twofold higher in the uncontaminated sediment that had significantly lower organic carbon and total phosphate concentrations than in the phosphate-contaminated sediment. To test the effect of dissolved phosphate on increasing nitrogen fixation, additional incubation experiments were carried out using treated carbonate and silicate sediments with added dissolved phosphate (20 μM). Incubations were made under sterile conditions with HgCl₂ added to distinguish between biologically enhanced processes and pure physicochemical processes. The adsorption rate of phosphate onto carbonate sediment was about twice that onto silicate sediments. No nitrogen elevation either as ammonium or as nitrate was observed in the soluble phosphate enrichment incubations. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of the regulation of soluble phosphate concentrations in carbonate sediment environments where the carbonate sediment acts as a buffering system keeping soluble phosphate concentrations at certain steady-state levels. The study also demonstrates the lack of evidence on enhancement of nitrogen concentrations due to the increase phosphate concentrations.     

汾河流域水系和表层沉积物中多环芳烃的空间变化规律及其生态风险研究

本研究在汾河流域上、中、下游及其部分支流布设29个采样点,对其水体和表层沉积物多环芳烃(PAHs)的空间分布规律及生态风险进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,汾河流域水相中丰水期PAHs总量浓度范围是0.530~16.002μg·L~(-1),平均浓度为(2.738±3.078)μg·L~(-1),枯水期PAHs总量浓度范围是0.588~12.916μg·L~(-1),均值为(2.762±3.132)μg·L~(-1)。就空间分布而言,汾河流域整体呈现上游污染较轻,中下游污染严重的特点。PAHs的组成规律显示,丰水期和枯水期PAHs含量均以低环(2~3环)为主,不同采样期低环PAHs所占比例分别为96.5%和90.4%。与其他15个研究地区水体PAHs含量比较,汾河流域水体中PAHs污染程度的国内外对比处于中等到较高程度的污染。丰水期和枯水期水体中PAHs来源于石油源和植物、木材、煤的燃烧,主要受到流域煤化工、燃煤电厂排放污染物的影响。地表水健康风险评价结果显示,汾河流域丰水期和枯水期分别有13.8%和20.7%的点位存在一定的健康风险。汾河流域沉积相中16种PAHs平均浓度为(3.774±1.987)μg·g-1,其污染主要集中在流域中下游地区。PAHs的组成规律显示,PAHs含量集中在低环(2~3环),约占总量的75%左右。与本研究提到的河流、湖泊及港口沉积物中PAHs含量比较,汾河流域沉积物中PAHs污染程度仍处于中等偏高的污染水平。丰水期沉积相中PAHs以燃烧源和石油源为主,部分来自典型石油类产品的输入。表层沉积物生态风险评价结果显示,对于提出的12种PAHs的生态风险的效应区间低值(ERL值)或效应区间中值(ERM值)以及苯并(b)荧蒽(Bb F)和苯并(k)荧蒽(Bk F)这2类没有最低安全值的PAHs化合物来说,汾河上、中、下游流域均有采样点的PAHs可能存在着对生物的潜在生态风险。通过本研究可全面地了解该流域多环芳烃的空间分布规律及其可能的来源,并且为汾河流域多环芳烃污染的控制和生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

Chemical Stability of Capped Dredged Material Disposal Mounds in Long Island Sound, Usa

Geochemical analysis and visual inspection of cores collected from capped dredged material mounds revealed that in many cores, cap material was clearly distinguishable, both visually and chemically, from mound material. Contaminated dredged sediments were disposed in Long Island Sound eleven and seven years prior to sampling, and capped with uncontaminated dredged sediments. Core data provided no conclusive evidence of physical disturbance of, or chemical migration from, the contaminated mound sediments. Obvious chemical gradients of contaminant concentrations, which we propose are indicators of chemical migration, were not detected in the cores. Heterogeneity of the cap and mound sediments in some cores made the interface less distinct. We postulate that the preservation of spatial variability of sediment texture and associated contaminants observed within dredged material mounds is a result of the dredging process. Preservation of the textural and contaminant history of dredged sediments within finegrained cohesive cap materials provides evidence of the absence of physical or chemical disturbance.     

不同氮浓度下三角褐指藻生长特性和化学组成

三角褐指藻是一类海洋单细胞硅藻,富含多不饱和脂肪酸,可以作为鱼、虾、贝等理想的饵料。而近年该藻曾多次在我国沿海海域发生暴发性增殖,给当地生态环境带来了一定的影响。为了探讨不同氮浓度对三角褐指藻生长特性和化学组成的影响,设置了低氮(44 μ mol.L-1)、中氮(880 μmol.L-1)和高氮(4 400 μmol.L-1)浓度三种处理,着重测定三角褐指藻的细胞密度、比生长率、生物量、可溶性糖、蛋白质含量和叶绿素含量等指标。结果表明,高氮浓度明显地促进了藻细胞的生长繁殖。高氮浓度下的藻细胞密度、比生长率和生物量分别比低氮浓度下的提高了 5.38 倍、0.81 倍和 2.86 倍。藻生长前期,高氮浓度和中氮浓度下的生长曲线相似,呈现一个"S"型的曲线。另外,高氮浓度下的藻细胞可溶性糖、蛋白质和叶绿素a含量分别是低氮浓度下的 2.5 倍、1.5 倍和 15 倍,说明高氮浓度促进了藻细胞化学组成的转化和积累。结果揭示,氮浓度可能是导致三角褐指藻近年在我国沿海海域发生暴发性增殖的重要因素。     

Chemical Stability of Capped Dredged Material Disposal Mounds in Long Island Sound,Usa

Geochemical analysis and visual inspection of cores collected from capped dredged material mounds revealed that in many cores, cap material was clearly distinguishable, both visually and chemically, from mound material. Contaminated dredged sediments were disposed in Long Island Sound eleven and seven years prior to sampling, and capped with uncontaminated dredged sediments. Core data provided no conclusive evidence of physical disturbance of, or chemical migration from, the contaminated mound sediments. Obvious chemical gradients of contaminant concentrations, which we propose are indicators of chemical migration, were not detected in the cores. Heterogeneity of the cap and mound sediments in some cores made the interface less distinct. We postulate that the preservation of spatial variability of sediment texture and associated contaminants observed within dredged material mounds is a result of the dredging process. Preservation of the textural and contaminant history of dredged sediments within finegrained cohesive cap materials provides evidence of the absence of physical or chemical disturbance.     

Perfluorinated compounds in water and sediment from coastal regions of the northern Bohai Sea,China

Concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in water and sediment from coastal Bohai Bay and surrounding rivers flowing into the bay. Of the 15 PFCs measured, PFOS and PFOA were detected with the greatest frequency. Concentrations in water ranged from<0.2 to 31 ng·L^?1 and<1.0 to 82 ng·L^?1 for PFOS and PFOA, respectively. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in sediments ranged from<0.1 to 2.0 ng·g^?1 dw and<0.1 to 0.5 ng·g^?1 dw, respectively. Concentrations of PFCs in Bohai Bay were less than those observed in other areas in Asia, but greater concentrations of ∑PFCs were observed in the Dalin River with concentrations increasing from upstream to downstream, and the greatest concentrations in sediment were observed in tidal flats. The ratio of ∑PFCs in sediment and water indicated that sediment could serve as a significant sink for PFUnA.