秸秆-污泥复合基活性炭的制备及其对1,2,4-酸氧体的吸附特性

以污水处理厂剩余污泥与芦苇秸秆为原料,采用化学活化和高温热解的方法制备了秸秆-污泥复合基活性炭,研究了其各项性质及对1,2-重氮氧基萘-4-磺酸(1,2,4-酸氧体)的吸附性能.结果显示,当污泥与秸秆的质量比为4∶1时,经0.5 mol.L-1的KOH活化并且600℃高温炭化后,复合基活性炭的比表面积和含碳量分别为558.1 m.2g-1和58.9%,比污泥基活性炭提高了9.2%和4.6%,掺杂秸秆能有效提高污泥制备活性炭的比表面积和含碳量;扫描电镜观察显示,复合基活性炭表面呈多孔状.热分析研究发现复合基活性炭前躯体的高温热解过程主要伴随低温区域的脱水以及高温区域的造孔,其800℃热解时的烧失率为43%;N2吸附脱附曲线表明添加秸秆有利于增加活性炭微孔及中孔数量;在25℃下对酸氧体的吸附等温线结果显示,经秸秆掺杂的复合基活性炭其吸附性能明显提高,最大吸附量为56.4 mg.g-1,而同等条件下污泥基活性炭的最大吸附量仅为20.4 mg.g-1,表明复合基活性炭对该染料具有较好的吸附性能.从而本研究也为更好地实现污泥的资源化利用提供了一条有效途径.     

污水污泥微波辅助快速热裂解制生物油和合成气

利用实验室微波加热装置,研究了微波功率、椰壳活性炭(微波受体)添加量和反应气氛条件对污泥(含水率:76.8%)热解产物产量和特性的影响.结果表明,足够的微波辐照强度和7.5%以上的活性炭添加量可实现污泥的快速热裂解.污泥升温速率越快,生物油和合成气的产率越高.快速热裂解过程中生物油的产率超过8.5%,合成气的产率超过8.0%,并且合成气中H2和CO的体积之和超过总气体体积的50%.生物油主要生成于污泥150—250℃升温阶段,合成气主要生成于污泥150—400℃升温阶段.与通空气(少量O2存在条件)相比,氮气气氛更有利于污泥热解生成生物油,并可大幅度降低CO2的生成量,因此有利于合成气品质的提高.     

调理脱水污泥的热解特性及动力学分析

利用TGA(Thermogravimetric analysis)热分析技术对污水处理厂原始污泥及调理脱水污泥进行了实验研究,获得了不同升温速率下污泥的TG(Thermogravimetric)和DTG失重曲线.实验发现,不同调理脱水污泥热解特性复杂,且热解动力学在不同转化率下对应的动力学反应也不同.并利用M-KAS(Kissinger-AkahiraSunose)模型和Discrete DAEM(Discrete distribute activation energy model)模型对不同调理污泥进行了动力学参数研究.结果表明,污泥的非等温热解过程包含3个失重阶段;升温速率影响污泥热解特征温度,随着升温速率的提高,失重曲线向高温区滑移.利用上述模型计算的动力学参数变化趋势表明所采用的Fenton及赤泥复合调理对污泥热解特性有很大影响,Fenton调理有助于污泥EPS(Extracellular polymeric substances)破坏,影响热解反应中的形核过程,进而影响热解动力学变化趋势;赤泥调理后,赤泥更容易与破坏的污泥细小颗粒结合,增加了污泥热解反应数量,影响整个污泥热解过程.从计算结果可以看出污泥热解由多步反应组成,整个热解过程动力学参数不断变化.     

干污泥及其改性物对染料的吸附

以城市污水处理厂剩余活性污泥为原料，制取干污泥、热解污泥和改性污泥作为吸附剂，对直接深棕M和酸性媒介棕RH等染料进行了吸附试验研究。研究结果表明，干污泥及其改性物对染料的吸附能够用Lagergren二级动力学方程描述，该吸附遵循二级动力学规律。直接深棕M的吸附符合Freundlich型等温吸附，易于吸附在改性污泥和热解污泥上；酸性媒介棕RH的吸附既符合Freundlich方程，也可用Langmuir吸附等温方程描述。干污泥和热解污泥对两种染料的吸附过程中存在颗粒内扩散效应。在试验条件下，相对吸附量依改性污泥、热解污泥、干污泥的顺序减少，因此，活性污泥经过改性后能够提高对所研究的染料的吸附能力。     

富磷污泥生物炭去除水中Pb(Ⅱ)的特性研究

以城市污水厂富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,考察高温热解制备生物炭吸附剂对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的去除效果.研究表明,随着热解温度升高,制备的生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附能力增强;在相同热解温度下,生污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附能力比消化污泥生物炭大.采用700℃热解1 h制备生污泥生物炭以研究对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附的影响因素,结果显示:吸附180 min达到吸附平衡;富磷污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率随pH增加而升高;生物炭投加量增加,对Pb(Ⅱ)去除率上升,而单位吸附容量迅速减小.污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合准二级反应动力学,Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地拟合等温吸附线.在pH 5.0、吸附时间3 h、生物炭投加量20 g.L-1条件下,对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量为34.5 mg.g-1,表明富磷污泥生物炭可以作为一种廉价的吸附剂.     

微波消解-火焰原子吸收法测定广州市污水污泥中重金属的活性形态

以广州4个大型污水处理厂的压滤出厂污泥为实验材料,采用BCR三步浸提法对污泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Mn的4种形态进行测定,以HNO3-HF进行微波全量消解,利用火焰原子吸收(FAAS)检测Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Mn的全量和各形态的含量.结果表明,广州4种不同城市污泥中重金属含量低于全国污泥均值,其中C...     

碱水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质的条件优化

为充分提取污水污泥中的细胞蛋白,实现污泥的增值利用,以青岛市李村河污水处理厂剩余污泥为材料,采用碱水解法提取剩余污泥中的蛋白质。正交试验结果表明:水解温度和反应体系pH对蛋白质提取率的影响较大;获得的提取污泥蛋白的最优工艺条件是水解温度为70℃,水解时间为5 h,反应体系pH为12.5,固液比(样品质量g/加水体积mL)为1:4。在上述条件下,剩余污泥蛋白质提取率可达54.49%,水解后的剩余残渣经干燥后测定可知,其质量相对于原污泥样品(干重)质量削减率达到22.95%。     

温度对污泥热解产物及特性的影响

温度是污泥热解产物及产物分布状况的主要影响因素之一。为了确定最优的热解温度,为不同的热解工艺提供参考,用直径为200mm的外热式固定床反应器,以唐山西郊污水处理厂剩余污泥为实验物料,在终温为250～700℃并在初期通以氮气的情况下,对污泥的热解产物分布及特性进行了研究。实验表明:在物料成分和其它条件不变的情况下,热解反应所需时间随着热解终温的升高而缩短;热解气和热解焦油的质量分数增大;焦炭质量分数减小。热解焦炭的工业分析表明,随热解终温的升高挥发分减少、固定碳和灰分增加。热解焦油的热值在10～43MJ·kg-1之间;焦炭的热值10～24MJ·kg-1之间。     

微波催化氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液的正交试验

在微波辐射条件下,采用活性炭与Fenton试剂处理垃圾渗滤液,并通过正交试验考察了微波辐射时间、pH、活性炭用量、硫酸亚铁用量和H2O2用量对处理效果的影响.结果表明:pH对处理效果的影响最大,其次为活性炭用量、微波辐射时间、硫酸亚铁用量和H2O2用量;在100 mL水样中,最佳处理条件为活性炭2 g、H2O20.2 mL、硫酸亚铁0.834 g、pH 6、微波辐射时间10 min,垃圾渗滤液中的COD去除率达到75.36%.     

生石灰与微波协同作用对污泥脱水的影响

采用生石厌与微波协同作用,对广州市猎德污水厂浓缩污泥脱水的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明,单独投加生石灰,加入量为40 g·L-1时,污泥比阻由原来的4.72×1013m·kg-1降至1.9×1013m·kg-1,降低了约96%;单独使用微波调理污泥,在800W功率微波下辐射100s,可使污泥比阻由原来的4.72×101...     

Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and biomass for stabilizing heavy metals and reducing biochar toxicity: A review

The huge amounts of sewage sludge produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants induce major environmental and economical issues, calling for advanced disposal methods. Traditional methods for sewage sludge disposal increase greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. Moreover, biochar created from sewage sludge often cannot be used directly in soil applications due to elevated levels of heavy metals and other toxic compounds, which alter soil biota and earthworms. This has limited the application of sewage sludge-derived biochar as a fertilizer. Here, we review biomass and sewage sludge co-pyrolysis with a focus on the stabilization of heavy metals and toxicity reduction of the sludge-derived biochar. We observed that co-pyrolyzing sewage sludge with biomass materials reduced heavy metal concentrations and decreased the environmental risk of sludge-derived biochar by up to 93%. Biochar produced from sewage sludge and biomass co-pyrolysis could enhance the reproduction stimulation of soil biota by 20‒98%. Heavy metals immobilization and transformation are controlled by the co-feed material mixing ratio, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis atmosphere.

     

Use of gamma-irradiation pretreatment for enhancement of anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge

The effects of γ-irradiation pretreatment on anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge was investigated in this paper. Parameters like solid components, soluble components, and biogas production of anaerobic digestion experiment for sewage sludge were measured. The values of these parameters were compared before and after γ-irradiation pretreatment. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), suspended solid (SS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and average floc size of samples decreased after γ-irradiation treatment. Besides, floc size distribution of sewage sludge shifted from 80–100 μm to 0–40 μm after γ-irradiation treatment at the doses from 0 to 30 kGy, which indicated the disintegration of sewage sludge. Moreover, microbe cells of sewage sludge were ruptured by γ-irradiation treatment, which resulted in the release of cytoplasm and increase of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). Both sludge disintegration and microbe cells rupture enhanced the subsequent anaerobic digestion process, which was demonstrated by the increase of accumulated biogas production. Compared with digesters fed with none irradiated sludge, the accumulated biogas production increased 44, 98, and 178 mL for digesters fed sludge irradiated at 2.48, 6.51, and 11.24 kGy, respectively. The results indicated that γ-irradiation pretreatment could effectively enhance anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge, and correspondingly, could accelerate hydrolysis process, shorten sludge retention time of sludge anaerobic digestion process.     

Heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to Sorghum plants

We studied the mobility and transport of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb, from soil and soil amended with sewage sludge to sorghum plants. The total and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extractable heavy metals in agricultural soil and untreated domestic sewage sludge (DWS) samples were determined. The correlation between the total and extractable metals in soil and sewage sludge was investigated. The total and extractable heavy metals in soil, sewage sludge and sorghum grain were analysed by flame and electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS/ETAAS), after digestion in microwave oven. Statistically good correlations were obtained between the total contents of all heavy metals and their respective extractable fractions in soil and domestic wastewater sludge. Transfer factors of all heavy metals from domestic sewage sludge to sorghum grains were determined.     

熔盐法去除污泥焚烧灰中磷的效果及热动力学分析

利用碳还原剂和氯化钙熔盐药剂在1100℃下还原污泥焚烧灰中的磷酸盐为气态磷单质并去除,采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)残渣的组成和热重质谱(TGA-MS)分析反应过程.结果表明,添加氯化钙可显著提高污泥焚烧灰除磷效率,氯化钙的最优添加量为25%质量分数,此时污泥焚烧灰除磷效率为82%.XRD结果显示,污泥焚烧灰经熔盐处理后形成了氯磷灰石(chlorapatite),珍珠云母(margarite)等物质,其中氯磷灰石的形成有利于焚烧灰中磷的还原.对TGA-MS结果进行热解动力学反应拟合,结果显示,污泥焚烧灰除磷反应在添加少量氯化钙添加时为均相反应;污泥焚烧灰除磷反应在添加较多氯化钙时为固相扩散反应.固相反应的发生有利于降低磷酸盐还原反应温度并提高去除效率.     

Effects of temperature on pyrolysis products of oil sludge

Temperature is the determining factor of pyrolysis, which is one of the alternative technologies for oil sludge treatment. The effects of final operating temperature ranging from 350 to 550°C on pyrolysis products of oil sludge were studied in an externally-heating fixed bed reactor. With an increase of temperature, the mass fraction of solid residues, liquids, and gases in the final product is 67.00%–56.00%, 25.60%–32.35%, and 7.40%–11.65%, and their corresponding heat values are 34.4–13.8 MJ/kg, 44.41–46.6 MJ/kg, and 23.94–48.23 MJ/Nm³, respectively. The mass and energy tend to shift from solid to liquid and gas phase (especially to liquid phase) during the process, and the optimum temperature for oil sludge pyrolysis is 500°C. The liquid phase is mainly composed of alkane and alkene (C₅–C₂₉), and the gas phase is dominantly HC_S and H₂.     

污泥超声破解效应及厌氧消化性能研究

针对超声破解污泥的可行性进行了实验研究,重点考察了超声频率、比能耗、作用时间等因素对破解效应的影响,探讨了破解污泥的厌氧消化性能。结果表明,超声作用的施加可使污泥固体有效破解,污泥细胞内的活性有机物被释放至水相并形成溶解性有机物,表现为SCODCr的显著增加;采用低频、高比能耗及延长作用时间有利于获取高的SCODCr增加值;污泥在频率25kHz、比能耗2.0W/mL、作用时间30min条件下破解,其厌氧消化累计产气量可从破解前的268mL提高到473mL,相应TCODCr去除率、VS去除率分别从39.1%、33.5%提高至54.3%、61.7%。研究结果表明采用超声破解技术提高污泥的厌氧消化性是可行的。     

Preparation,characterization of sludge adsorbent and investigations on its removal of hydrogen sulfide under room temperature

To recycle the sludge resource from sewage treatment plants and solve the problem of odor pollution, the sludge was converted into an adsorbent by carbonized pyrolysis and the process was optimized by orthogonal experiments. The capability for odor removal as well as the structure of the adsorbent was studied with H₂S as a target pollutant. The results indicate that the main factor affecting the deodorization performance of the adsorbent is the activating time. The sludge adsorbent sample SAC1 prepared under optimum conditions exhibits the best deodorization performance with a H₂S breakthrough time of 58 min and an iodine value nearly that of the coal activated carbon. The breakthrough time of H₂S is much longer than that on the coal activated carbon. On the other hand, characterization results from X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques show that SAC1 is composed of mainly graphite carbon with lower oxygen content on the surface. The bulk of SAC1 exhibits a honeycomb structure with well developed porosity and a high specific surface area of 120.47 m²·g^-1, with the average pore diameter being about 5 nm. Such a structure is in favor of H₂S adsorption. Moreover, SAC1 is detected to contain various metal elements such as Zn, Fe, Mg, etc., leading to a superior deodorization property to that of coal activated carbon.     

Co-pyrolysis of sludge and kaolin/zeolite in a rotary kiln: Analysis of stabilizing heavy metals

• Adding kaolin/zeolite promotes the formation of stable heavy metals. • The potential ecological risk index of co-pyrolysis biochar is extremely low. • Increasing the pyrolysis temperature reduces the leaching toxicity of heavy metals. • The toxicity of biochar reduces with the increasing content of stable heavy metals. Pyrolysis is a promising technique used for treating of sewage sludge. However, the application of pyrolysis products is limited due to the presence of heavy metals. In this study, sewage sludge mixed with kaolin/zeolite was pyrolyzed in a rotary kiln, aiming to improve the immobilization of heavy metals in pyrolytic carbon. The total concentrations, speciation distributions, leaching toxicities, and potential ecological risk indices of heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar were explored to examine the effects of kaolin/zeolite and pyrolytic temperature on immobilizing heavy metals. Further, mineral composition and surface morphology of biochar were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the potential mechanism of immobilizing heavy metals. Increasing pyrolysis temperature facilitated the stabilization of heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar. The proportions of stable heavy metals in biochar obtained at 650℃ were 54.50% (Cu), 29.73% (Zn), 79.29% (Cd), 68.17% (Pb) and 86.70% (Cr). Compared to sewage sludge, the potential contamination risk index of pyrolysis biochar obtained at 650℃ was reduced to 17.01, indicating a low ecological risk. The addition of 7% kaolin/zeolite further reduced the risk index of co-pyrolysis biochar prepared at 650℃ to 10.86/15.28. The characterization of biochar revealed that increase in the pyrolysis temperature and incorporation of additives are conducive to the formation of stable heavy metal-inorganics. This study demonstrates that the formation of stable mineral compounds containing heavy metals is the key to stabilizing heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar.     

The correlation of total and extractable heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to maize ( Zea mays L.) plants

A study to understand the mobility and transport of heavy metals (HMs) from soil and soil amended with sewage sludge to maize plants was carried out. The total and ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA)-extractable HMs in agricultural soil and untreated domestic sewage sludge samples, and the correlation between the total and extractable metals in soil and sewage sludge were carried out. Pot experiments were performed to study the transfer of HMs to maize grains, grown in soil (control) and in soil amended with sewage sludge (test samples). The total and extractable HMs in soil, sewage sludge, and maize grains were analysed by FAAS/ETAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometer/electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer) after digestion in microwave oven. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the total contents of Cu, Cd, As and their respective extractable fractions in soil, while in domestic wastewater sludge (DWS) the better correlation was observed only for Ni and Cd. The edible part of maize plants (grains) from test samples presented high concentration of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, As, and Cr concentrations (80.7–85.6, 3.8–3.95, 2.35–2.5, 0.75–0.82, 3.21–3.29, 0.23–0.27, and 0.22–0.29?mg?kg^?1, respectively). Good correlations were found between metals in exchangeable fractions of both soil and DWS and total metals in control and test samples of maize grains. The transfer factor of all HMs from DWS to maize grains was also determined.