油田含油污泥热解产物分析及性能评价

选择高含油的孤岛采油厂联合站堆放场含油污泥进行热解处理研究,采用正交实验对热解工艺进行了优化;采用ICP-MS、元素分析仪、气相色谱仪、EPS-MS对热解气体产物和残渣进行分析;热解残渣经过后续处理进行了烟气脱硫性能评价.正交实验结果表明热解最佳工艺条件为:N2保护下,热解温度600℃,热解时间4h,升温速率5℃.min-1,此时苯吸附值为47.04mg.g-1,热解残渣含油量为0.21%.最佳工艺条件下,热解油产率可达11%左右,回收率约75%,热解油的品质较好,产生的不凝气体可以作为洁净燃料气或合成气原料;热解残渣经过处理后可用于脱除烟气中的SO2,吸附脱硫能力较好,并具有进一步改进和提高的潜力.     

活性炭辅助微波热解污泥反应条件的试验研究

针对微波不能直接实现原污水污泥高温热解的问题,采用活性炭作为微波能吸收物质辅助污泥热解。对影响污泥热解效能的3个主要因素：污泥样品量、活性炭掺杂量和微波辐射功率,各做了3个水平的考察,得到了试验条件下的最优方案：污泥样品量30g、活性炭掺杂量6g、微波辐射功率1200W。结果表明：在最优试验方案下,污泥能在7min内升至920℃的高温,实现污泥快速、高效热解。通过分析3个因素对污泥热解效能的影响,进一步对最优试验方案下的固体产物吸收微波的性能及用其作为掺杂物辅助微波热解污水污泥的可行性进行了研究,结果表明：固体残渣吸收微波性能良好,可以代替活性炭作为更经济、高效的污泥微波热解辅助材料。     

秸秆-污泥复合基活性炭的制备及其对1,2,4-酸氧体的吸附特性

以污水处理厂剩余污泥与芦苇秸秆为原料,采用化学活化和高温热解的方法制备了秸秆-污泥复合基活性炭,研究了其各项性质及对1,2-重氮氧基萘-4-磺酸(1,2,4-酸氧体)的吸附性能.结果显示,当污泥与秸秆的质量比为4∶1时,经0.5 mol.L-1的KOH活化并且600℃高温炭化后,复合基活性炭的比表面积和含碳量分别为558.1 m.2g-1和58.9%,比污泥基活性炭提高了9.2%和4.6%,掺杂秸秆能有效提高污泥制备活性炭的比表面积和含碳量;扫描电镜观察显示,复合基活性炭表面呈多孔状.热分析研究发现复合基活性炭前躯体的高温热解过程主要伴随低温区域的脱水以及高温区域的造孔,其800℃热解时的烧失率为43%;N2吸附脱附曲线表明添加秸秆有利于增加活性炭微孔及中孔数量;在25℃下对酸氧体的吸附等温线结果显示,经秸秆掺杂的复合基活性炭其吸附性能明显提高,最大吸附量为56.4 mg.g-1,而同等条件下污泥基活性炭的最大吸附量仅为20.4 mg.g-1,表明复合基活性炭对该染料具有较好的吸附性能.从而本研究也为更好地实现污泥的资源化利用提供了一条有效途径.     

熔盐法去除污泥焚烧灰中磷的效果及热动力学分析

利用碳还原剂和氯化钙熔盐药剂在1100℃下还原污泥焚烧灰中的磷酸盐为气态磷单质并去除,采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)残渣的组成和热重质谱(TGA-MS)分析反应过程.结果表明,添加氯化钙可显著提高污泥焚烧灰除磷效率,氯化钙的最优添加量为25%质量分数,此时污泥焚烧灰除磷效率为82%.XRD结果显示,污泥焚烧灰经熔盐处理后形成了氯磷灰石(chlorapatite),珍珠云母(margarite)等物质,其中氯磷灰石的形成有利于焚烧灰中磷的还原.对TGA-MS结果进行热解动力学反应拟合,结果显示,污泥焚烧灰除磷反应在添加少量氯化钙添加时为均相反应;污泥焚烧灰除磷反应在添加较多氯化钙时为固相扩散反应.固相反应的发生有利于降低磷酸盐还原反应温度并提高去除效率.     

调理脱水污泥的热解特性及动力学分析

利用TGA(Thermogravimetric analysis)热分析技术对污水处理厂原始污泥及调理脱水污泥进行了实验研究,获得了不同升温速率下污泥的TG(Thermogravimetric)和DTG失重曲线.实验发现,不同调理脱水污泥热解特性复杂,且热解动力学在不同转化率下对应的动力学反应也不同.并利用M-KAS(Kissinger-AkahiraSunose)模型和Discrete DAEM(Discrete distribute activation energy model)模型对不同调理污泥进行了动力学参数研究.结果表明,污泥的非等温热解过程包含3个失重阶段;升温速率影响污泥热解特征温度,随着升温速率的提高,失重曲线向高温区滑移.利用上述模型计算的动力学参数变化趋势表明所采用的Fenton及赤泥复合调理对污泥热解特性有很大影响,Fenton调理有助于污泥EPS(Extracellular polymeric substances)破坏,影响热解反应中的形核过程,进而影响热解动力学变化趋势;赤泥调理后,赤泥更容易与破坏的污泥细小颗粒结合,增加了污泥热解反应数量,影响整个污泥热解过程.从计算结果可以看出污泥热解由多步反应组成,整个热解过程动力学参数不断变化.     

热解工艺参数和污泥理化性质对污泥残渣特性的影响

研究了热解工艺参数和污泥理化性质对热解残渣特性的影响,着重分析了不同热解工艺参数和污泥理化性质下,污泥热解残渣的吸附性能与内部孔结构.研究表明,当热解终温Tend在300℃—550℃之间,污泥热解残渣的碘值在450℃时最大,亚甲基蓝值在500℃时最小.热解残渣的碘值随着RT的延长先增大,当停留时间RT=75 min时达到最大值;亚甲基蓝值的最小值随着RT的延长逐渐往低温区移动.污泥热解残渣的碘值随着升温速率β的增大而减小,无论Tend的高低,亚甲基蓝值的最小值都出现在β=3℃.min-1.污泥热解残渣的比表面积随着颗粒粒径d的增大迅速减小,但d对残渣吸附性能的影响却不大.当含水率M=10%—40%,热解残渣的吸附性能基本不受M的影响;继续提高含水率,热解残渣的碘值迅速减小,而亚甲基蓝值却随M的增大而增大.Tend为450℃、RT为75 min和β为3℃.min-1是较佳的污泥热解工艺参数.     

不同深度脱水污泥的热解特性及动力学分析

选用4种利于深度脱水的复合调理剂(FeCl3/CaO、FeCl3/CaO/煤粉、芬顿试剂(Fe2+和H2O2组成体系)/CaO、芬顿试剂CaO/煤粉)来改善污泥的脱水性能,所得泥饼的含水率为43.7%—56.1%,满足深度脱水的要求.CaO和煤粉的添加能改变污泥的灰分和挥发分含量.与传统聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)脱水污泥的热重分析对比结果表明,由于复合调理剂对EPS的破坏溶解作用,因此对污泥热解性质有较大影响,不仅能前移水分失重峰,还使得热重主要反应阶段峰个数变少.热解动力学计算表明,反应级数在1—2范围内.表观活化能差异表明4种复合调理剂处理后脱水污泥更容易发生热解反应.     

污泥好氧发酵过程中热解特性变化研究

选用脱水污泥和木块进行好氧发酵,采用热重分析仪对污泥好氧发酵过程中不同阶段的污泥进行热重分析,研究不同阶段污泥热解特性的变化,并为探索污泥好氧发酵过程中有机质的变化规律提供参考。结果表明,污泥热解过程可分为4个阶段,分别为:水分析出阶段(T1)、挥发性有机物析出转化阶段(T2)、大分子有机物转化析出阶段(T3)和矿物质分解阶段(T4)。其中挥发性有机物析出转化阶段和大分子有机物转化析出阶段为失重的主要阶段。随着发酵时间的延长,污泥的最大失重率逐渐减小。发酵第1、4、7、10、13、16天,污泥最大失重率分别为51.14%、43.50%、43.18%、39.79%、35.72%、35.46%。当堆体处于升温期时,污泥样品挥发性有机物析出转化阶段及大分子有机物转化析出阶段失重率变化较大,分别减少2.11%和4.13%;堆体温度维持在40℃左右时,污泥样品大分子有机物转化析出阶段失重率变化较大,3 d内减少了4.68%。第13天与第16天污泥样品总失重率仅相差0.22%,好氧发酵在第13天已接近结束。不同发酵阶段污泥样品均以大分子有机物转化析出阶段失重率为最大,挥发性有机物析出转化阶段次之,矿物质分解阶段最小。有机质降解主要发生在发酵第1~4天和第7~10天,其中第1~4天污泥中挥发性有机物和大分子有机物均有显著降解,第7~10天以大分子有机物降解为主。     

污泥基生物炭中重金属的形态分布及潜在生态风险研究

重金属是城市污泥资源化利用的限制因子。炭化是污泥处理处置的重要途径。本研究中采用Tessier序列提取方法研究城市污水处理厂污泥及不同温度制备(300~700℃)的污泥基生物炭中重金属的形态分布,并运用Hakanson方法评价污泥及污泥基生物炭的潜在生态风险。结果表明:污泥和污泥生物炭中重金属含量最高的均为Zn和Cu。污泥及污泥基生物炭中重金属含量总体的次序规律是:ZnCuNiAsPbCd。随着热解温度增加,重金属更多的转化到残渣态中。600~700℃制备的污泥基生物炭中的重金属主要分布残渣态中,除Ni之外。热解温度为700℃时,污泥基生物炭中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和As的残渣态分别占到95%、53%、71%、59%、57%和58%。根据单个重金属的潜在生态指数(E_r)可知,污泥及污泥基生物炭中的主要风险因子是As﹑Cd和Zn。当热解温度为700℃时,污泥基生物炭的潜在风险指数(RI)从原污泥的489.32降低至73.27。可见,污泥基生物炭中重金属的潜在生态风险显著降低。因此,从重金属环境风险的角度考虑,污泥基生物炭制备的合适温度在600~700℃。     

废旧酚醛树脂印刷电路板的热解特征

采用热重差热联用分析仪研究了废旧酚醛树脂电路板的热解特征,结果表明,热失重曲线有两个主要快速失重阶段(270℃—350℃,350℃—480℃),通过裂解气相谱质谱联用仪分析其主要裂解产物为苯酚、溴酚、二氧化碳、对甲苯酚、邻异丙烯基苯酚、邻甲苯酚、对异丙基苯酚、糠醛等.     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.