改性柚子皮吸附剂对模拟废水中Pb^2＋的吸附性能

以废柚子皮为原料,经ZnCl2浸泡一加热的化学改性手段制备改性柚子皮生物吸附剂,并通过模拟试验研究该吸附剂对废水中Pb^2＋的去除。考察了模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Pb^2＋初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂去除Pb^2＋的影响,并研究柚子皮吸附剂对Pb^2＋的吸附动力学及吸附特征。结果表明,模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Pb^2＋初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂吸附废水中Pb^2＋均有显著影响。适宜的吸附条件为pH5．3-6．5,吸附时间1．5h,吸附剂用量10g·L^-1,Pb^2＋初始质量浓度100mg·L^-1,温度30℃。在该条件下,废水中Pb^2＋去除率在90％以上。柚子皮吸附剂对废水中Pb^2＋的吸附符合动力学二级反应方程,等温吸附规律可用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型进行较好的描述。     

磁性海泡石表面零电荷点和吸附Cd~（2＋）的特性

采用惰性电解质滴定法和静态吸附实验,研究了磁性海泡石表面零电荷点和吸附Cd2＋特性.实验结果表明,海泡石经过磁改性后所对应的pHpzc值由8.0升高到8.5,吸附体系pH的提高,有利于对重金属阳离子Cd2＋的吸附.在pH值大于3时,磁性海泡石对Cd2＋吸附量和去除率随pH值的升高而增大且趋于稳定,其吸附量为16.10 mg.g-1,约为海泡石的3.9倍,去除率为98%,约为海泡石的2.2倍.磁性海泡石对Cd2＋的吸附量与离子强度有较大的相关性,随离子强度的增加而减小;对Cd2＋的吸附量随反应温度的升高而增加,吸附等温式符合Langmuir方程.吸附机理以表面配合吸附和表面沉淀为主.     

球衣菌（Sphaerotilus natans）吸附Ag~＋的影响因素及其机理

采用球衣菌（Sphaerotilus natans）为生物吸附剂,研究了初始离子浓度、吸附剂用量、菌龄、pH值、温度和吸附时间等因素对其吸附硝酸银溶液模拟废水中Ag＋的影响及其吸附机理.结果表明,球衣菌在初始Ag＋14 m.gL-1、吸附剂用量0.2.gL-1、菌龄32 h、pH 8、温度30℃、吸附时间60 m in...     

花生壳吸附Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的动力学和热力学研究

以花生壳为生物吸附剂,通过序批式实验研究了吸附剂投量、吸附时间、金属离子初始质量浓度、吸附温度对吸附金属离子的影响,探讨了花生壳吸附的动力学及热力学特性。结果表明,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述花生壳对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的吸附过程。Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能较好地描述花生壳对5种重金属离子的等温吸附过程,而Langmuir模型拟合的线性更好。Pb2＋、Cu2＋、Cr3＋、Cd2＋、Ni2＋5种金属离子的最大吸附量分别是32.25、7.09、3.82、2.95、2.22 mg.g-1,花生壳可用于处理低质量浓度多种重金属混合的废水。热力学研究表明,花生壳对5种金属离子的吸附具有自发、吸热和熵增的特性。     

高锰酸钾改性活性炭的制备、表征及其吸附Pb2＋的特性

为提高活性炭对废水中Pb2＋的去除效率,采用不同浓度的KMnO4溶液对颗粒活性炭进行静置氧化/冷凝回流改性;利用BET测定了改性活性炭比表面积,并采用BET、SEM、FTIR和XRD等方法对其进行了表征;考察了吸附时间、投加量、pH值、温度对吸附Pb2＋的影响。结果表明,Pb2＋浓度为40 mg/L,在3 g/L的投加量下,0.01KMnO4-GAC和0.03KMnO4-GAC对Pb2＋的吸附去除率分别达到了92%和94%,是GAC对Pb2＋吸附去除率的1.84和1.88倍;在吸附剂3 g/L的投加量下,180 min基本达到吸附平衡;3种吸附剂对Pb2＋的吸附,随着pH值的降低而减少;而温度对吸附Pb2＋的影响相对较小。     

磷酸活化活性炭对Cu~（2＋）的吸附特征研究

寻求廉价而高效的吸附材料为目的,研究向日葵秸杆基活性炭对铜离子的吸附性能。以向日葵秸秆为原料,经H3PO4活化制备活性炭,通过静态实验研究了其对水溶液中Cu2＋的吸附特性,考察了溶液pH值、吸附温度和离子强度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附热力学、动力学和吸附机理。结果表明：溶液pH值为5～6时活性炭对Cu2＋的去除效果最好;向50 mL 170 mg·L-1的溶液中加入0.5 g活性炭,温度为45℃、吸附时间为1 h时,对Cu2＋的去除率可达98.3%;Langmuir方程能更好地描述Cu2＋在活性炭上的等温吸附特征,静态吸附容量可达41.03 mg·g-1;吸附过程符合拟二级动力学过程,且为吸热的化学吸附过程,膜扩散为速率控制步骤,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用。     

Biosorption of low level Cd~（2＋） in water by Aspergillus sojae

以酱油曲霉（Aspergillus sojae）为吸附剂,对水溶液中微量Cd2＋进行了吸附研究.实验考察了预处理方法、菌体用量、pH、温度和吸附时间对吸附的影响,同时分析了其吸附动力学和吸附等温线特性,并对酱油曲霉菌体吸附Cd2＋的可能作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,碱预处理的菌体吸附效果最好.在菌体用量为0.08 g时,对Cd2＋的吸附量达到最大,为0.095 mg.g-1.pH值在3.4—8之间,酱油曲霉菌体对Cd2＋的吸附效果比较稳定,其最大吸附率出现在pH 3.4.温度在15℃—30℃之间时,菌体对Cd2＋的吸附率差异很小,吸附率在88.3%—94.4%之间.二级动力学方程能很好地表征酱油曲霉吸附微量Cd2＋的过程,R2在0.99以上,其吸附平衡时间大约2.5 h,线性模型更适于描述该吸附平衡过程.SEM、FTIR分析得出,Cd2＋可能是与酱油曲霉菌体表面的羟基、酰胺基、羧基、磷酸基和胺基等基团相络合而被吸附,也可能是形成颗粒沉淀而附着在菌丝上.     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350-500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg（6 g.L-1）时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2＋的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2＋的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

改性柚子皮吸附剂对模拟废水中pb2+的吸附性能

以废柚子皮为原料,经ZnCl2浸泡-加热的化学改性手段制备改性柚子皮生物吸附剂,并通过模拟试验研究该吸附剂对废水中pb2+的去除.考察了模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和pb2+初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂去除pb2+的影响,并研究柚子皮吸附剂对pb2+的吸附动力学及吸附特征.结果表明,模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和pb2+初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂吸附废水中pb2+均有显著影响.适宜的吸附条件为pH5.3～6.5,吸附时间1.5h,吸附剂用量10g· L-1,pb2初始质量浓度100 mg·L-1,温度30℃.在该条件下,废水中pb2+去除率在90％以上.柚子皮吸附剂对废水中pb2+的吸附符合动力学二级反应方程,等温吸附规律可用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型进行较好的描述.     

人居生活废弃物生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd^2＋的吸附研究

以人居生活废弃物生物黑炭为材料,探讨生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的吸附动力学及热力学特性,通过平衡吸附法研究吸附时间、Cd^2＋初始质量浓度、吸附剂投加量、溶液pH值以及黑炭粒径对Cd^2＋吸附率的影响。结果表明,吸附时间为2h时基本达到吸附平衡,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的吸附过程。Langmuir模型能较好地描述生物黑炭对Cd^2＋的等温吸附过程,根据该模型模拟得到25℃条件下Cd^2＋最大吸附量为6．22 mg·g^-1 Cd^2＋去除率随生物黑炭投加量的增加而增大;生物黑炭对Cd^2＋吸附量随其粒径减小而增大;溶液初始pH值为4．0-7．5时,pH值变化对Cd2’吸附量的影响不显著。采用人居生活废弃物生物黑炭去除水溶液中Cd^2＋时,控制溶液Cd^2＋初始质量浓度30mg·L^-1,粒径小于0．25mm,投加水平8g·L^-1,反应温度25℃,反应时间1-2h,Cd^2＋去除率可达80％。人居生活废弃物生物黑炭可以作为去除污染水体中Cd^2＋的吸附剂。     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350~500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg(6 g.L-1)时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2+的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2+的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

Effective removal of Cd2+ and Pb2+ pollutants from wastewater by dielectrophoresis-assisted adsorption

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) process could enhance the removal the Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ with less absorbent. The removal rates of both Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ increased with the increase of voltage. The overall removal rate of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ in the binary system is higher than that of Cd²⁺ or Pb²⁺ in the single system. DEP could cause considerable changes of the bentonite particles in both surface morphology and microstructure. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) was combined with adsorption (ADS) to simultaneously and effectively remove Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ species from aqueous solution. To implement the process, bentonite particles of submicro-meter size were used to first adsorb the heavy metal ions. These particles were subsequently trapped and removed by DEP. The effects of the adsorbent dosage, DEP cell voltage and the capture pool numbers on the removal rate were investigated in batch processes, which allowed us to determine the optimal experimental conditions. The high removal efficiency, 97.3% and 99.9% for Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺, respectively, were achieved when the ions are coexisting in the system. The microstructure of bentonite particles before and after ADS/DEP was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Our results suggest that the dielectrophoresis-assisted adsorption method has a high capability to remove the heavy metals from wastewater.     

磷酸活化活性炭对Cu2+的吸附特征研究

寻求廉价而高效的吸附材料为目的,研究向日葵秸杆基活性炭对铜离子的吸附性能。以向日葵秸秆为原料,经H3PO4活化制备活性炭,通过静态实验研究了其对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性,考察了溶液pH值、吸附温度和离子强度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附热力学、动力学和吸附机理。结果表明:溶液pH值为5～6时活性炭对Cu2+的去除效果最好;向50 mL 170 mg·L-1的溶液中加入0.5 g活性炭,温度为45℃、吸附时间为1 h时,对Cu2+的去除率可达98.3%;Langmuir方程能更好地描述Cu2+在活性炭上的等温吸附特征,静态吸附容量可达41.03 mg·g-1;吸附过程符合拟二级动力学过程,且为吸热的化学吸附过程,膜扩散为速率控制步骤,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用。     

Mercury removal from aqueous solution using petal-like MoS2 nanosheets

• Synthesized few-layered MoS₂ nanosheets via surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method. • Synthesized MoS₂ nanosheets show petal-like morphology. • Adsorbent showed 93% of mercury removal efficiency. • The adsorption of mercury is attributed to negative zeta potential (-21.8 mV). Recently, different nanomaterial-based adsorbents have received greater attention for the removal of environmental pollutants, specifically heavy metals from aqueous media. In this work, we synthesized few-layered MoS₂ nanosheets via a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method and utilized them as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of mercury from aqueous media. The synthesized MoS₂ nanosheets showed petal-like morphology as confirmed by scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscopic analysis. The average thickness of the nanosheets is found to be about 57 nm. Possessing high stability and negative zeta potential makes this material suitable for efficient adsorption of mercury from aqueous media. The adsorption efficiency of the adsorbent was investigated as a function of pH, contact time and adsorbent dose. The kinetics of adsorption and reusability potential of the adsorbent were also performed. A pseudo-second-order kinetics for mercury adsorption was observed. As prepared MoS₂ nanosheets showed 93% mercury removal efficiency, whereas regenerated adsorbent showed 91% and 79% removal efficiency in the respective 2^nd and 3^rd cycles. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 289 mg/g at room temperature.     

Low-cost and efficient adsorbent derived from pyrolysis of Jatropha curcas seeds for the removal of Cu2+ from aqueous solutions

Biochar, is a low-cost material that can be used as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals. In this study, a low-cost and efficient adsorbent synthesised from Jatropha curcas seeds was used for the uptake of Cu²⁺ from aqueous solutions. The as-prepared adsorbent was characterised by scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis post calcination at 500 °C, its BET surface area and total pore volume were 39.62?m²?g^?1 and 0.049?m³?g^?1, respectively. Subsequently, the effects of initial pH of the solution, contact time, and adsorbent material dosage on the adsorption of Cu²⁺ by the prepared adsorbent were investigated. The as-prepared adsorbent exhibited a high performance, with a maximum adsorption amount of 32.895?mg?g^?1 for Cu²⁺ at pH 5.0 and 25 °C, owing to the presence of ?OH, C=O, C–O, Si-O-Si, and O-Si-O on its surface. The predominant Cu²⁺ adsorption mechanism was assumed to be ion exchange. Notably, the Cu²⁺ adsorption could attain equilibrium within 90?min. In addition, the fact that the Langmuir model was a better fit than the Freundlich model for the isotherm data of Cu²⁺ adsorption by the as-prepared adsorbent suggested that the adsorption of Cu²⁺ was a monolayer adsorption process.     

Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr~(6+)和Mn~(2+)对萼花臂尾轮虫联合急性毒性研究

为探究重金属复合污染对轮虫的毒性影响,以萼花臂尾轮虫为受试动物,选择Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr6+和Mn~(2+)等5种重金属,采用水生毒理联合效应相加指数法开展了其24 h联合急性毒性作用的评价研究。结果显示,Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cr6+和Mn~(2+)等5种重金属对萼花臂尾轮虫24 h半数致死浓度分别为:0.00616 mg·L~(-1),12.62 mg·L-1,2.89 mg·L-1,17.29 mg·L-1和67.32 mg·L-1。联合急性毒性实验结果显示,等毒性配比的Cu~(2+)-Cr6+(0.00385-10.806 mg·L-1)和等浓度配比的Cu~(2+)-Zn~(2+)(0.0199-0.0199 mg·L-1)、Cu~(2+)-Cd~(2+)(0.0181-0.0181 mg·L-1)、Cu~(2+)-Cr6+(0.0118-0.0118 mg·L~(-1))、Zn~(2+)-Cd~(2+)(3.475-3.475 mg·L-1)二元联合测试液的作用结果显示为拮抗效应,其余二元联合测试液的作用结果则均显示是协同效应。等毒性配比的Cu~(2+)-Cr~(6+)-Mn~(2+)(0.00210-5.902-22.981 mg·L-1)和等浓度配比的Cu~(2+)-Cd~(2+)-Mn~(2+)(0.00727-0.00727-0.00727 mg·L-1)三元联合测试液的作用结果显示为拮抗效应,其余三元联合测试液的作用结果则均显示是协同效应。等浓度配比的Cu~(2+)-Zn~(2+)-Cd~(2+)-Cr6+(0.00907-0.00907-0.00907-0.00907 mg·L-1)、Cu~(2+)-Zn~(2+)-Cd~(2+)-Mn~(2+)(0.00898-0.00898-0.00898-0.00898 mg·L~(-1))、Cu~(2+)-Zn~(2+)-Cr6+-Mn~(2+)(0.00819-0.00819-0.00819-0.00819 mg·L~(-1))四元联合测试液的作用结果显示为拮抗效应,其余四元联合测试液的作用结果的则均显示是协同效应。Cu~(2+)-Zn~(2+)-Cd~(2+)-Cr~(6+)-Mn~(2+)等毒性(0.00074-1.520-0.348-2.082-8.107 mg·L~(-1))和等浓度(0.00582-0.00582-0.00582-0.00582-0.00582 mg·L-1)配比的五元联合测试液作用结果均显示是协同效应。     

Immobilization of Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ during geopolymerization

The present research explored the application of geopolymerization for the immobilization and solidification of heavy metal added into metakaolinte. The compressive strength of geopolymers was controlled by the dosage of heavy metal cations, and geopolymers have a toleration limit for heavy metals. The influence of alkaline activator dosage and type on the heavy metal ion immobilization efficiency of metakaolinte-based geopolymer was investigated. A geopolymer with the highest heavy metal immobilization efficiency was identified to occur at an intermediate Na₂SiO₃ dosage and the metal immobilization efficiency showed an orderly increase with the increasing Na⁺ dosage. Geopolymers with and without heavy metals were analyzed by the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. No crystalline phase containing heavy metals was detected in geopolymers with heavy metal, suggesting that the crystalline phase containing heavy metals is not produced or most of the phases incorporating heavy metals are amorphous. FTIR spectroscopy showed that, with increasing heavy metal addition, an increase in NO3- peak intensity was observed, which was accompanied by a decrease in the CO32- peak.