祁连山高山草地蝗虫群落组成、发生时间动态及生物学特性

于2007～2009年间用网罩法全面调查祁连山高山草地蝗虫群落,用野外笼罩法观测优势种蝗虫的发生时间、发育历期和栖境选择,用每雌虫产卵数来说明其生殖力特性.结果表明:该草地蝗虫群落有蝗虫15种、分属4科10属,优势种有红翅皱膝蝗、亚洲小车蝗、宽须蚁蝗、小翅雏蝗和白纹雏蝗.按虫卵孵化时间和成虫发生期,可将草地蝗虫划分为早期发生和混合发生2种类型.发育历期在不同种类之间和龄期之间差异较大,不同种类的相同发育期差异也较大,红翅皱膝蝗若虫1～3龄、成虫期和整个世代发育时间显著长于其它蝗虫(P0.05);同一种类蝗虫不同龄期的发育历期也不相同.草地蝗虫繁殖力在不同种类间差异较大,亚洲小车蝗和白纹雏蝗每头雌虫含卵囊数显著高于其它种类(P0.05),红翅皱膝蝗和亚洲小车蝗卵囊中含有卵粒数显著大于其它种类(P0.05).蝗虫的栖境主要有植栖型、地栖型和兼栖型3种类型,蝗虫个体大小、植被结构和对其栖境选择有重要影响.表3参44     

衡阳地区黄刺蛾生活史及滞育习性观察

黄刺蛾Cmdocampa flavescens Walker 是我国林木、果树和园林绿化树上的重要害虫。该虫在湖南省衡阳地区1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在茧内滞育越夏越冬,越冬幼虫于次年4月中旬开始化蛹,4月下旬至5月上旬为化蛹盛期,5月中旬成虫开始羽化,5月下旬幼虫开始孵化,6月下旬幼虫开始老熟做茧,7月上旬至次年4月中旬为幼虫滞育期。幼虫取食危害期仅1个月左右,幼虫在茧中滞育时间长达280d以上。     

灰鹤在天山木扎提河湿地越冬及行为观察

于2017年10月—2019年5月,采用直接计数法、瞬时扫描取样法、卫星跟踪和最小凸多边形法(MCP),对新疆阿克苏地区拜城县木扎提河流域灰鹤(Grus grus)的种群特征、活动范围、行为时间分配和行为节律进行调查和分析。结果表明,2019年越冬灰鹤种群数量超过4 700只,较2016年增加1倍多,种群发展动态呈上升趋势。灰鹤主要以家庭群为主(63.90%),聚集群次之(28.62%),孤鹤最少(7.48%)。家庭群主要以2成鸟1幼鸟为主(占46.82%),聚集群以5～8只个体为主(占65.91%)。整个越冬期持续140～160 d,灰鹤越冬期活动距离为1 058 km,活动区域相对固定,活动区域面积为125 km~2。日活动面积和活动距离随着气温的变化而变化,温度降低,日活动范围和活动距离降低;反之,则增加。因此,活动面积和活动距离呈凹形变化,即先增加(10—11月),再逐渐减少(12—1月),然后增加(2—3月)的变化趋势。取食和警戒是灰鹤的主要越冬行为。灰鹤的46.8%日间时间用于取食,17.8%的日间时间用于警戒,用于休息、走动、理羽和其他行为的日间时间分别占13.4%、11.4%、7.4%和3.2%。日取食高峰呈双凸型,出现在8:00—9:00和17:00—18:00,分别达到57.0%和58.5%。休息高峰出现在11:00—15:00,占24.6%,呈单峰型。研究区灰鹤种群面临着放牧、农耕、天敌、道路车辆、低温和人为驱赶等诸多威胁因素。     

高寒草甸藏嵩草种群繁殖对策的研究

对高寒草甸藏嵩草（Kobresia tibetica)种群的繁殖对策进行了初步研究。结果表明，藏嵩草属寒冷中生密丛短根茎地下芽植物，在高寒生境中采用了以营养繁殖为主，有性繁殖为辅的繁殖策略，具体体现在以几个方面：藏嵩草种子产量nA=200.1m^-2，但种子萌发率较低，室内和野外萌发率分别仅有4％和2％，经氢氧化钠溶液和赤霉素溶液处理后的种子萌发率分别为1％和6．7％，而剥去种皮后种子萌发率达47．3％，所以种皮坚硬是造成种子萌发率低的主要原因；进入种子库、保留至返青期且具有活性的种子仅占种子总数的31．49％，单位面积上理论实生苗数仅为1．26m^-2，与此相反，藏嵩草营养繁殖所形成的新个体数为101．32m^2,，远远多于种子萌发所形成的实生苗数，此外，藏嵩草营养繁殖效力也远高于有性繁殖效4力。营养繁殖效力占总数繁殖效力的83．46％（167）。表1参7     

Observations on the embryonic development and energy source in the crab Xantho bidentatus

During development of Xantho bidentatus, ten stages of the eggs have been recognised. In this period the colour of the egg changes from black to pale white at the X stage of development. Total carbohydrate, glycogen, soluble protein, insoluble protein, total lipid, ash and water content have been determined in all ten stages of developing eggs. The utilisation of these compounds at various stages of development is discussed. The habitat of the crabs and its significance during development is also discussed. A constant decrease in the organic material as well as the dry weight of the egg was noticed with increased stage of development. Along with this a steady increase in the water and ash content was also observed. Glycogen was reduced during early days of development, whereas lipid was reduced during the latter stages of development. Both soluble and insoluble proteins exhibit conspicuous variations depending upon the stage of development.     

Foreign egg retention by avian hosts in repeated brood parasitism: why do rejecters accept?

Great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) are frequently parasitized by egg-mimetic common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) in Hungary, and these hosts reject about a third of parasitic eggs. The timing of parasitism is important, in that the probability of rejection decreases with advancing breeding stages in this host. Also, egg rejection is more common when a clutch is parasitized by a single foreign egg, compared to parasitism by multiple eggs. We repeatedly parasitized great reed warbler clutches with moderately mimetic foreign eggs, either with (1) one foreign egg (single parasitism) and, after 3 days, by all foreign eggs (multiple parasitism), or (2) all foreign eggs and, 3 days later, by only one foreign egg. Hosts ejected 26–53 % of the experimental parasitic eggs in the first stage of the repeated parasitism, but almost all eggs were accepted in the second stage, irrespective of whether the clutch was singly or multiply parasitized. Video-taping of the behavioural responses of hosts to experimental parasitism revealed no evidence for sensory constraints on foreign-egg recognition, because hosts recognized and pecked the parasitic eggs as frequently in the second stage of repeated parasitism, as they did in the first stage. We suggest that the relative timing of parasitism (laying vs. incubation stage), rather than learning to accept earlier-laid foreign eggs, results in higher acceptance rates of cuckoo eggs in repeated parasitism, because there is decreasing natural cuckoo parasitism on this host species and, hence, less need for antiparasitic defences, with the advancing stages of breeding.     

Development of the gooseneck barnacle Pollicipes polymerus (Cirripedia: Lepadomorpha): Fertilization through settlement

Pollicipes polymerus (Sowerby, 1833) is a common barnacle in rocky intertidal zones of the West Coast of North America whose development has been previously undescribed in detail. In the present study, certain aspects of the development of P. polymerus are recorded from fertilization through settlement. In vitro fertilization has been accomplished using already-implanted sperm plus ovulating eggs and oviducal gland fluid. The eggs are small (about 100 μ diameter at fertilization; 90 x 140 μ at first cleavage) and somewhat yolky. Embryos obtained from brooding adults and from in vitro fertilization were reared in glass dishes until hatching. Cleavage was total, asynchronous and unequal. Division of the D macromere lagged behind division of the other blastomeres, and gastrulation occurred by epiboly so that blastoderm surrounded the macromeres. The nauplii hatched an average of 25.4 days (range was 20.3 to 30.1 days) after fertilization, and molted within 1 day to Stage II nauplii. From Stages II through VI the nauplii required food. As they grew from stage to stage, the number of setae per appendage increased. Nauplii have feathery and hispid-type setae, previously described only in Chthamalus aestuarii. In contrast to other pedunculate larvae which have been described, P. polymerus nauplii are small and have specialized feathery setae. Cypris-larva settlement was stimulated only when healthy adult peduncles were available, thus showing an affinity for its own species.     

近10年中国大陆MODIS遥感气溶胶光学厚度特征

应用2001—2010年MODIS大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料,分析中国550 nm AOD年和季节平均分布。还选取了10个代表性区域,分析AOD变化特征。这些分析建立起了近10年来中国气溶胶光学厚度的气候学特征:中国年平均AOD空间区域分布中心大体呈现两低两高。两低中心位于植被覆盖度高和人烟稀少的(1)黑龙江和内蒙古东北高纬度地区(～0.2);(2)川、滇与青藏高原交界的西南高海拔地区(0.1～0.2)。一个AOD低值带(0.2～0.3)连接这两个低中心,呈东北西南走向跨过中国大陆。在此低值带两侧,各有一片AOD高值中心(～0.8):(1)人口密集和工业化发展带来的大量人为气溶胶形成了一个覆盖了华北、长江流域(从四川盆地,两湖地区到长三角)到华南珠江三角洲相联的大片高AOD中心区域;(2)以沙尘为主的自然气气溶胶造就了西北塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边高AOD区。中国AOD这一两低两高区域分布特征基本保持四季不变,但其中心强度呈现各自区域性季节变化。中国春季AOD高值区的面积最大,其次是夏季,然后是秋季,面积最小的是冬季。南方AOD月变化规律多为双峰型,即3—5和8—9月出现2次高峰,5—7月从南向北先后出现波谷,变化规律与季风响应。北方为单峰型,6—7月为高峰,11到来年2月为低谷。用弱季风年(2002)和强季风年(2003)季风影响区域气象条件和气溶胶数据对比分析表明,大陆AOD的月空间分布和变化与季风气候,以及风速、风向、降水、温度和湿度等的变化有关。     

近10年中国大陆MODlS遥感气溶胶光学厚度特征

应用2001-2010年MODIS大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）资料,分析中国550nmAOD年和季节平均分布。还选取了10个代表性区域,分析AOD变化特征。这些分析建立起了近10年来中国气溶胶光学厚度的气候学特征：中国年平均AOD空间区域分布中心大体呈现两低两高。两低中心位于植被覆盖度高和人烟稀少的（1）黑龙江和内蒙古东北高纬度地区（－0．2）;（2）川、滇与青藏高原交界的西南高海拔地区（0．1-0．2）。一个AOD低值带（0．2－0．3）连接这两个低中心,呈东北西南走向跨过中国大陆。在此低值带两侧,各有一片AOD高值中心（－0．8）：（1）人口密集和工业化发展带来的大量人为气溶胶形成了一个覆盖了华北、长江流域（从四川盆地,两湖地区到长三角）到华南珠江三角洲相联的大片高AOD中心区域;（2）以沙尘为主的自然气气溶胶造就了西北塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边高AOD区。中国AOD这一两低两高区域分布特征基本保持四季不变,但其中心强度呈现各自区域性季节变化。中国春季AOD高值区的面积最大,其次是夏季,然后是秋季,面积最小的是冬季。南方AOD月变化规律多为双峰型,即3－5和8－9月出现2次高峰,5－7月从南向北先后出现波谷,变化规律与季风响应。北方为单峰型,6－7月为高峰,11到来年2月为低谷。用弱季风年（2002）和强季风年（2003）季风影响区域气象条件和气溶胶数据对比分析表明,大陆AOD的月空间分布和变化与季风气候,以及风速、风向、降水、温度和湿度等的变化有关。     

Possible mutualism between females of the subsocial membracid Polyglypta dispar (Homoptera)

Summary Female Polyglypta dispar membracids facultatively guard egg masses or oviposit into masses guarded by other females. Defending females repel at least some enemies of both eggs and nymphs. Eggs of guarding females may be partially protected from parasitism by the presence of additional eggs laid by other females. Females sometimes desert egg masses or groups of nymphs, and undefended masses are sometimes adopted by other females. Some individuals remain on or near the plant where they grew up, and littermates sometimes oviposit into the same egg mass. Some copulating pairs are littermates, while others are not. Females with larger numbers of mature and nearly mature eggs in their ovaries are less likely to defend egg masses, and females desert smaller groups of nymphs more often.     

Embryonic,larval, and post-metamorphic development of the sea urchin <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cassidulus mitis</Emphasis> (Echinoidea; Cassiduloida): an endemic brooding species from Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

Cassiduloids are currently rare irregular echinoids with a highly conserved adult morphology. Aristotle’s lantern is present only during the post-metamorphic stage, and little is known about the early development of species in this group. Cassidulus mitis produces eggs of about 375 μm in diameter, lecithotrophic larvae with four reduced arms with skeletal fenestrated rods, cilia along the body surface, and a ciliated band on arms and lobes. Offspring is brooded among the female spines from embryo to settler’s stage. The echinopluteus larval stage is reached 6 days after fertilization, and the settler’s stage is formed at the age of 17 days. Aristotle’s lantern appears around the thirteenth day of development. The lantern is well developed and functional in settlers. It remains until at least 62 days after fertilization and can be used to acquire food from the environment. The early development of C. mitis is unusual concerning features of typical lecithotrophic larvae (such as reduced arms), but retains some features of planktotrophic larvae (such as skeletal rods and a ciliated band). Regarding egg size, early development in C. mitis seems to be transitioning from facultative lecithotrophic to typical obligate lecithotrophic pattern in echinoid larval evolution.     

Predictable annual mass release of gametes by the coral reef sponge Neofibularia nolitangere (Porifera: Demospongiae)

Mass release of gametes of the sponge Neofibularia nolitangere (Duch. & Mich., 1864) occurs simultaneosly along the leeward coast of Curaçao over a period of three subsequent days, without any apparent spatial pattern in the sperad of activity. A population of 99 individual sponges was monitored from August through November 1984 for development and subsequent release of gametes. Release started every day of 3 3-d period (12 to 14 October) at about 1400 hrs and lasted until just after sunset (1830 hrs). Ninety percent of the population showed reproductive activity. Exactly one lunar month later (11 to 12 November), a second release of gametes occurred. In the following year the same sequence of events was observed for the original population (2 to 4 October and 1 to 2 November, 1985). In all instances the first gamete release began on the third day after the full moon. These and earlier observations on this phenomenon show a strong correlation between moon phase and the time of gamete release. Histological and field observations show separate development and release of gametes (sex-ratio males: females 1.5:1) with external fertilization. No sex-reversal occurred in the population during release activity the following year, demonstrating a clear gonochoristic and oviparous type of reproduction for N. nolitangere. First development of oocytes and spermatocytes has been observed at 36 and 7 d, respectively, before the date of first release. In both males and females, a major part of the mesohyl of the total sponge was involved in gamete development. Spermatozoa are released through the osculum as a dense white smoke; eggs consisting of oocyte-nurse cell globules, reinforced with spicules, are separately released en masse with the outgoing water stream of the female sponge. Shortly after release the eggs become sticky and show a negative buoyancy. The reproductive strategy of N. nolitangere appears to be directed at maximizing the number of surviving recruits by maintaining a high reproductive output at a short specific time interval.     

Digestive enzymes in the ontogenetic stages of the southern king crab, Lithodes santolla

The early ontogenetic stages of the sub-Antarctic king crab Lithodes santolla were analyzed for the presence and activities of a set of important digestive enzymes. The eggs and non-feeding larvae (zoea I-III, megalopa) showed high activities of esterases, phosphatases, and exopeptidases indicating the enzymatic ability to utilize endogeneous yolk reserves. SDS-PAGE showed a continuous decrease of proteins or proteids in the range of 59–81 kDa during ontogenetic development from the eggs through the zoeal stages to the first juvenile crab stage, CI. This reduction reflects the degradation of storage compounds during lecithotrophic larval development. Activities of the endopeptidases, trypsin and chymotrypsin, were low in eggs and larvae but increased significantly in the first juvenile crab stage. These enzymes typically facilitate the first steps of proteolysis in the extra-cellular spaces of the midgut gland and in the stomach. Their scarcity indicates that the larvae of L. santolla are physiologically not prepared to digest external food. This ability seems to appear first in the CI stage. Extracts of juvenile midgut glands and the gastric fluids of adults showed high activities of a variety of digestive enzymes including phosphatases, carbohydrases, as well as endo- and exopeptidases. High activities of digestive enzymes in adults may compensate for scarce food supply and rate-limiting low temperatures in the predominantly sub-Antarctic habitats of L. santolla.