太原实施清洁生产,促进经济可持续发展概况

面对既要发展经济,又要保护环境的新形势,调整产业结构,实施清洁生产,走可持续发展之路,成为太原市经济和社会发展的必然选择.本文介绍了太原市开展清洁生产3年来,坚持调整产业结构和优化资源配置相结合、污染防治和生态环境建设并重的原则,在全市实施清洁生产制度创新工程,营造城市环境蓝天碧水.昔日被列入全国城市环境质量倒数第一的城市,如今被确定为我国第一个清洁生产试点城市.     

环保部门的清洁生产促进工作

环保部门促进清洁生产的手段 促进清洁生产是未来的环境发展战略和环境管理发展的方向,也是环保部门义不容辞的责任.环保部门主要是侧重于从环境管理措施和技术指导方面推进清洁生产,主要内容为:建立清洁生产审计技术指南和清洁生产的技术标准体系;引导建立清洁生产技术服务机构体系,培训清洁生产服务技术人员;推广清洁生产实用技术;通过排污费优先使用于清洁生产和实施排污交易政策激励企业实施清洁生产;对现有的环境管理制度、标准进行修改完善,把清洁生产的技术要求纳入到三同时、环评、环境标准等制度或法规中,通过严格执法促进企业实施清洁生产;建立企业清洁生产绩效公告制度,树立企业环境形象,激励企业实施清洁生产,对不实施清洁生产,环境绩效差,排污不达标的企业,公布企业名单,接受社会和舆论的监督,同时施以行政和经济处罚.     

中国清洁生产的十年

自1990年代以来,为支持可持续发展,中国开始将清洁生产作为一项环境预防与转变生产发展模式的战略措施推行实施.本文依照两个阶段对中国十年清洁生产的实践与进展进行了概括总结.它反映了中国从早期侧重企业层次以宣传培训、示范项目推进清洁生产转入通过政府建立政策机制推进清洁生产的探索前进过程.伴随着2002年中国《清洁生产促进法》的颁布,标志着中国进入依法推进清洁生产的新阶段.中国清洁生产的实践表明,经过政府对其政策的调整变革,将清洁生产纳入管理决策过程中,营造有利于调动企业实施清洁生产的推进机制,是促进中国清洁生产向纵深发展的关键.     

中国清洁生产的十年

自1990年代以来,为支持可持续发展,中国开始将清洁生产作为一项环境预防与转变生产发展模式的战略措施推行实施.本文依照两个阶段对中国十年清洁生产的实践与进展进行了概括总结.它反映了中国从早期侧重企业层次以宣传培训、示范项目推进清洁生产转入通过政府建立政策机制推进清洁生产的探索前进过程.伴随着2002年中国<清洁生产促进法>的颁布,标志着中国进入依法推进清洁生产的新阶段.中国清洁生产的实践表明,经过政府对其政策的调整变革,将清洁生产纳入管理决策过程中,营造有利于调动企业实施清洁生产的推进机制,是促进中国清洁生产向纵深发展的关键.     

环境标志与清洁生产

ISO14000系列国际环境管理标准始终贯彻清洁生产思想,尤其是体现在ISO14020系列环境标志标准中.环境标志不仅能为清洁生产提供有效的市场机制,是企业实施清洁生产的原动力,同时也是对清洁生产成果的权威认证,而实施清洁生产则是获得环境标志的有效手段,因此,只有做到环境标志与清洁生产相互促进、共同发展,才能真正实现经济、社会、环境三效统一.     

环境标志与清洁生产

ISO14000系列国际环境管理标准始终贯彻清洁生产思想,尤其是体现在ISO14020系列环境标志标准中.环境标志不仅能为清洁生产提供有效的市场机制,是企业实施清洁生产的原动力,同时也是对清洁生产成果的权威认证,而实施清洁生产则是获得环境标志的有效手段,因此,只有做到环境标志与清洁生产相互促进、共同发展,才能真正实现经济、社会、环境三效统一.     

一座“卫星上看不见的城市”如何走上可持续发展之路

本溪市因其严重大气污染而曾被称为一座“卫星上看不见的城市”,１９８０年代末,实施了一“环境恢复七年计划”,该市的工业进行了结构调整,扩大了生态农业,１９９６年,本溪市政府起草了中国第一个“地方２１世纪议程”,本溪的经济显示,清洁生产是一座重工业城市可以消除污染的唯一途径。     

产业结构调整和溧阳市城市环境经济协调发展

在良性的城市生态经济系统中，合理的产业结构将会实现环境与经济的协调局长，本文概括亨市的产业结构及环境系统的实际情况，论述了其相互关系，并溧阳市产业结构调整并一进一步进行了讨论。     

推行清洁生产,进一步发挥“清洁生产示范市”的示范作用

坚持经济与资源、环境协调发展,走可持续发展道路,是我国现代化建设的一项战略方针.清洁生产作为一种新型污染预防和控制战略,是实现可持续发展的重要途径.尤其对于太原这样一个能源重化工业比较发达的工业城市,推进清洁生产,更具有重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义.     

政策和计划：促进清洁生产的整体方法

在亚洲，50多个国际组织每年花费上百万美元来促进清洁生产和相关举措.大部分国家政府为清洁生产的促进项目提供资金.对其关注程度从有关组织的广度看，显然超过了工业和经济活动对人类健康、环境和自然资源的可持续性的影响.许多项目，特别是促进清洁生产的项目和创新而可实施的环境标准和规则是一致的，清洁生产是减少污染和保存自然资源的关键手段.     

Exurban development

Exurbia, the rural area beyond the built-up urban and contiguous suburban area, is being developed rapidly with attendant losses in habitat and ecosystem services. This paper analyzes a spatial dynamic model with two production technologies for residential development—municipal sewer service for suburban development and septic systems for exurban development. In outlying agricultural areas, the additional sewer extension costs can significantly reduce the value of agricultural land in suburban use. Exurban development, while at lower density, can occur immediately and requires only the onsite conversion costs of septic systems. Hence, the willingness to pay for exurban use from households with higher preferences for lot size may exceed the agricultural landowner's reservation price on future suburban use for a range of distances from the city boundary. This results in a “feasible zone” for exurban leapfrog development and another fundamental reason for scattered development in the urban–rural fringe.     

Sustainable development as freedom

There has been considerable debate about how best to define sustainable development. In this commentary, I argue that Amartya Sen's concept of 'development as freedom' is the appropriate theoretical framework for understanding sustainable development. Environmentalists should consider defining their goal as 'sustainable development as freedom,' the achievement of the greatest possible level of freedom without restricting the access of future generations to these same freedoms. The adoption of this framework has implications for the work of environmental NGOs, which are briefly discussed.     

PICABUE: a methodological framework for the development of indicators of sustainable development

SUMMARY

Significant interest in the concept of sustainable development exists amongst scientists, planners, policy makers and the public, and considerable effort and expenditure is made or envisaged at local, national and international levels to promote a more sustainable society. Until ‘green accounting’ and similar systems are made available and are implemented, the sustainability indicator will be the most effective tool available for monitoring progress towards a more sustainable society. Sustainability indicators are already available but are characterized by a poor or absent theoretical underpinning. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a methodological framework that can be applied to the construction of indicators of sustainable development. In order to be consistent with widely accepted definitions of sustainable development, considerations relating to the measurement of quality of life and ecological integrity are central to the methodology. The methodological framework has relevance to a variety of spatial scales and to geographically diverse areas (urban or rural, developed or developing countries) so that a suite of sustainability indicators can be produced that is tailored to the needs and resources of the indicator user, but which remains rooted firmly in the fundamental principles of sustainable development.     

The sustainable development oxymoron: quantifying and modelling the incompatibility of sustainable development goals

ABSTRACT

In 2015, the UN adopted a new set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to eradicate poverty, establish socioeconomic inclusion and protect the environment. Critical voices such as the International Council for Science (ICSU), however, have expressed concerns about the potential incompatibility of the SDGs, specifically the incompatibility of socio-economic development and environmental sustainability. In this paper, we test, quantify and model the alleged inconsistency of SDGs. Our analyses show which SDGs are consistent and which are conflicting. We measure the extent of inconsistency and conclude that the SDG agenda will fail as a whole if we continue with business as usual. We further explore the nature of the inconsistencies using dynamical systems models, which reveal that the focus on economic growth and consumption as a means for development underlies the inconsistency. Our models also show that there are factors which can contribute to development (health programmes, government investment) on the one hand and ecological sustainability (renewable energy) on the other, without triggering the conflict between incompatible SDGs.     

Sustainable development and cultural theory

SUMMARY

What is sustainable development? Why is at an issue? Ideally, what needs to be done? and Practically, what can be done? are answered here by relying on the cultural theory of Mary Douglas and her colleagues, more especially Aaron Wildavsky and Michael Thompson, both of whom have used the model to address sustainable development. The implications of cultural theory for sustainable development are substantial.

The article is divided into five sections. The first describes the current controversy over sustainable development. The second sets out the cultural theory model, and the third applies that model to reformulate our understanding of sustainable development. The fourth draws out the implications of a reformulated sustainable development, while the conclusion uses those implications to answer the four questions that started the article.     

Environmental conflicts in mineral development

In the 1980s conflicts over the extraction and use of natural resources will increase. While some of these controversies are unavoidable, many are manufactured when people choose inappropriate methods for responding to problems. This paper explores five ways industry creates its own problems and how it can avoid doing so. They are: failure to provide adequate information to the public; relying on stereotypes in making decisions; ignoring a problem, hoping that it will disappear; assuming that technical solutions are sufficient to solve a problem; depending on archaic techniques for conducting business with the public. Specific tools for managing environmental conflict are suggested.     

Applying DPSIR to sustainable development

The DPSIR framework was devised in the late 1990s as a tool for the reporting and analysis of environmental problems, ranging in scale from global systems to localized watersheds. Since then, international organizations have begun to apply this framework to the evaluation of sustainable development initiatives, to better understand and overcome barriers to sustainability. While this may seem a logical application for an integrated environmental assessment tool, the use of DPSIR in sustainable development will likely perpetuate the least satisfactory outcomes of development. DPSIR cannot address the impact of aggregated, informal responses on the drivers and pressures related to environmental problems and sustainability challenges. This problem is not merely an oversight of the framework, but an issue that emerges within the structure of DPSIR itself through the unexamined, unacknowledged hierarchy of actors that this framework implicitly creates with its typology. Therefore, a DPSIR-centered approach is not a new direction for development within international organizations, but instead, a reproduction of existing inequalities between actors and stakeholders within current approaches.     

Defining and achieving sustainable development

SUMMARY

This paper analyses the fundamental problems of defining and achieving sustainable development. A common core of the various definitions of sustainability circulating is identified. Economic and scientific approaches to operationalize sustainability generally lead to management rules, which — if obeyed — should guarantee sustainability. Since it is not possible to precisely predict the future, this scientific—technical—economic route to sustainability may fail. A second, ethical way, to sustainability which interprets sustainability as an ideal for fair play is introduced. How the two different ways may complement one another with a three-step hierarchy of political goals is elucidated.     

A compass for sustainable development

A response to the Nuffield Council on Bioethics Consultation from the Institute of Biology, the Association of Applied Biology, the British Crop Protection Council, the British Ecological Society, the British Electrophoresis Society, the British Grassland Society, and the Institute of Horticulture     

On measuring sustainable development indicators

Sustainable development, as proposed by the Brundtland Report, requires carefully managed change to improve environmental and economic conditions as well as the quality of life for all people. Some of the problems involved in this demanding challenge faced by individuals, local communities, nations and the international community are discussed. In particular, nine indicators of sustainable development—gleaned from economic, socioeconomic and environmental studies—are critically reviewed. It is argued that a programme of detailed theoretical and empirical research is needed to develop a series of measures or indicators of sustainable development for strategic decision making and detailed environmental management.