永定河生态复苏的生动实践与经验启示

河湖生态复苏工作是生态文明建设的重大任务和根本要求。北京市坚持全面贯彻新发展理念,在水生态治理实践中,以恢复、保护为原则,以统筹、协同为方法,以民情、民生为宗旨,自觉站在人与自然和谐共生的高度进行系统施治,推进永定河复苏行动,因地制宜开展生态文明建设的创新实践。本研究立足首都城市战略定位,从京津冀协同发展、首都生态文明建设和超大城市治理角度,论述了永定河生态复苏的治理模式、显著成效和经验启示,为推动治水高质量发展提供实施路径。     

温州市九山外河污染治理技术集成应用与治理成效

阐述了浙江省温州市九山外河污染治理技术的集成应用及治理成效。九山外河的综合整治工程采用了外源调水、底泥生态疏浚、河岸带阻控、人工曝气复氧和生态浮岛等多项技术,整治后的九山外河水体黑臭治理初见成效,水质由原来的劣Ⅴ类水逐步改善为Ⅴ类或Ⅳ类水,水体生境和生物多样性都有了一定的提高;将治理后对河流的实际感受与预期期望进行比较,69．2％的居民认为河流治理工程得分在60分以上,对河流治理总体比较满意。最后,对九山外河治理后管理存在的问题进行了分析并提出了建议与对策。     

长春城市绿地植物群落生态脆弱度分析

以北方寒地城市长春市为例,提出城市绿地植物群落生态脆弱度计算方法,对长春城市各类绿地进行了详细的植物群落生态脆弱度分析,分别论述了景观效果、绿地结构、绿地养护及人工干扰与生态脆弱度的关系,指出建立科学合理的复合群落绿地是从根本上降低城市绿地生态脆弱度的唯一出路。     

共建共治共享视角下京津冀城市生态补偿研究

共建共治共享是提升区域治理水平的重要抓手,生态环保是京津冀协同发展的重点领域之一,跨地区生态补偿是促进生态共建共治共享的有效措施。京津冀有效推进了生态共建共治共享,在水源涵养、风沙源防治等层面实施了横向生态补偿,但横向生态补偿范围偏窄,补偿依据、补偿标准不够明确和统一,尚未全面形成生态受益者付费、保护者得到合理补偿的政策环境。文章在共建共治共享视角下,立足于中国生态补偿要求与计划,以"为什么补"、"谁补谁"、"补多少"核心议题为主线,以生态系统服务的区域外溢、生态保护的直接成本和机会成本为主要依据,构建生态保护城市与受益城市界定模型、城市生态补偿综合模型,以地市为基本单元进行测算,提出京津冀城市生态补偿政策建议。结果显示:(1)2017年京津冀的生态保护城市有承德、张家口、秦皇岛、保定、横水、廊坊市,生态受益城市主要有北京、天津、石家庄、邯郸、唐山和沧州,邢台为生态中位城市;(2)生态受益城市每年支付补偿金额1—100亿元不等,北京市支付补偿最多,北京市、天津市、石家庄市补偿金额占当地财政预算收入的比例在1%—3%之间,符合国际惯例;(3)生态保护城市受偿金额0.7—51亿元不等,张家口受偿最多,占当地财政预算收入的比例在0.6%—52.1%不等,张家口和承德两市所占比例最大,对区域社会经济发展有较好的支持作用。建议在京津冀协同发展机制中,积极构建城市生态补偿长效机制,统一补偿依据与标准,设立城市生态保护补偿专项资金,采取市场化、多元化补偿方式,促进城市之间生态共建共治共享。     

河湖相连水系水体污染控制技术与策略

太湖流域上游洮滆水系河湖相连,湖荡密布。以滆湖—太滆运河、漕桥河—太湖为例,分析了该区域水系特征、生态状况、水环境污染现状及存在的主要问题,提出河湖相连水系污染治理控制方案。通过加强流域污染物的源头控制,削减污染负荷,控污与生态修复相结合,提高湖荡自然净化能力和生态系统自我修复能力,拦截并净化水系入湖污染物,为入湖河流提供清洁水源;对入湖河流集水区各类污染源进行治理,拦截和控制沿线污染物进入入湖河流,建成清水河道,提高入湖河流自然净化能力,使污染物在入湖河流运移过程中进一步削减,在河湖连结处等关键水域构建强化净化污染物的生态拦截工程,再次削减入湖污染物,并对水系各污染控制要素进行系统调控和优化配置,在上游地区构建太湖污染防控和水环境保护的安全屏护体系。     

《国外多途径生态恢复40案例解析》

李洪远、马春等编著,化学工业出版社2010年1月出版发行,ISBN978—7—122—07265—8,16开。本书通过40个国外优秀案例系统介绍了美国、欧洲及亚洲一些发达国家在生态恢复实践方面的经验,探讨了生态网络规划、景观规划设计、生态恢复工程、自然生态管理与生态重建研究等多种途径实现生态恢复目标的前景。案例涵盖了森林、草地、河流、湿地、湖泊、沼泽、海岸带、矿区废弃地、城市河道以及城市绿地等多种生态类型,对我国快速城乡建设过程中的生态恢复实践具有很好的借鉴意义。     

环太湖主要进出河流重金属污染及其生态风险评价

分析24条环太湖主要进出河流河口表层沉积物中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni等6种金属含量特征,并用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价其生态危害,旨在为合理预防和治理太湖重金属污染提供依据.结果表明,对照全国土壤环境质量标准,环太湖诸河口表层沉积物中Cd、Cu和Zn普遍超标,重金属污染强度总体上是北部河流南部河流,入湖河流出湖河流.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,本次监测的各河流河口都不同程度地受到重金属污染,以蠡河河口污染最重,达到很强生态危害.各重金属对太湖生态风险影响程度从高到低依次为CdCuPbNiZnCr.图5表2参17     

资源枯竭型城市生态保护修复关键区识别研究：以江西省大余县为例

依据"生态安全格局-关键区-保护修复策略"思路,以江西省大余县为研究区,识别生态源地、生态"夹点"、障碍点、断裂点和破碎生态空间等关键区数量及空间分布,提出生态保护修复类型区及其相应措施。研究结果表明:(1)大余县生态源地共147.36 km~2,涉及林地、水域和草地,生态廊道69条,呈现出两横五纵的空间特征。研究识别生态"夹点"12处,生态障碍点13处,生态断裂点23处,破碎生态空间57.46 km~2。(2)生态保护修复类型区包括矿山修复区、山水治理区、农田整治区、农村建设用地整治区和交通用地优化区,建议分别采取矿山复绿、山体治理和水污染防控、农用地整理和耕地污染防控、居民点整合和农村道路复垦、建立野生动物通道和沿线植被恢复等策略。(3)基于生态安全格局构建,从区域整体视角识别生态保护修复关键区,依据关键区所覆盖土地利用类型划分生态保护修复类型区,并以此为基础提出系统性的保护修复策略。研究结果有助于资源枯竭型城市生态系统从关键点、线、面的修复工程向山水林田湖草系统修复推进。     

中国省域城市生态适宜度综合评价

依据城市生态系统原理,从生产位、生活位、环境位3方面构建了综合衡量城市生态适宜度的指标体系和数学方法,以各个省区地级以上城市作为分析样本,通过对评价区的各领域以及生态适宜度水平综合评价,结果表明:中国省域城市生态适宜度具有的明显区域性差异,城市生态适宜度大致呈现:东部高、中西部低,南方高、北方低的格局,既与区域自然生态条件有关,也同地方社会经济发展、城市建设与管理水平相关。     

城市湖泊生态恢复与景观设计

按照从水生生态系统向陆地生态系统过渡的顺序，尝试提出了城市湖泊水生植被恢复与景观设计、湖滨带生态恢复与景观设计以及湖岸和连通沟渠生态恢复与景观设计的设计思路，并逐一进行分析。     

城市河流在城市生态建设中的意义和应用方法

城市河流是城市生态系统的重要组分之一。本文分析了城市河流在城市生态建设中的水源地,减弱城市热岛效应和洪涝灾害,绿地建设基地,景观多样性的组成,物种多样性保护,组成捷交通,亲近自然场所,自然教育标本等方面的多种意义,指出保持河流的自然地貌特征,维持自然水文过程,控制城市河流水污染,综合规划城市河流与城市建设的关系是发挥城市河流在城市生态系统中作用的基本方法。     

基于目标规划模型的大连市水资源承载力分析

结合“大大连”建设的规划和“十五”及2010年远景规划,选取了人口、国内生产总值、公共绿地面积三个决策变量建立目标规划模型,采取3种方案对大连市水资源承载力进行预测,通过对预测结果的分析并结合水资源承载力的特点提出增强水资源承载力的方案:以可持续发展的观点来设计城市发展规划;调整和改造产业结构;改变城市绿化结构;兴修水利,发展节水技术达到水资源可持续利用。     

Total phosphorus accident pollution and emergency response study based on geographic information system in Three Gorges Reservoir area

• A new algorithm of two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model was built. • The migration and diffusion of TP was simulated. • The emergency measures for sudden water pollution accidents was proposed. In recent years, sudden water pollution accidents in China’s rivers have become more frequent, resulting in considerable effects on environmental safety. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate and predict pollution accidents. Simulation and prediction provide strong support for emergency disposal and disaster reduction. This paper describes a new two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model that incorporates a digital elevation model into the geographic information system. The model is used to simulate sudden water pollution accidents in the main stream of the Yangtze River and Jialing River in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The sectional velocity distribution and concentration change of total phosphorus are then analyzed under four hydrological situations. The results show that the proposed model accurately simulates and predicts the concentration change and migration process of total phosphorus under sudden water pollution accidents. The speed of migration and diffusion of pollutants is found to be greatest in the flood season, followed by the water storage period, drawdown season, and dry season, in that order. The selection of an appropriate water scheduling scheme can reduce the peak concentration of river pollutants. This study enables the impact of pollutants on the ecological environment of river water to be alleviated, and provides a scientific basis for the emergency response to sudden water pollution accidents in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.     

太湖典型河网区地表水与沉积物氮、磷和重金属含量空间分异

将无锡城乡交错区河网分为城镇生活区水巷、工业区主河道、农业区主河道、农业区支流和鱼塘5种类型区.通过秋季(旱季)和夏季(雨季)2次采样,研究氮、磷和Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd在地表水和沉积物中的含量及其空间变化.结果表明:(1)城乡交错区地表水氮、磷来源于生活污染和工业污染的比例大于农田,同时具有来源分散、污染面广的特征.(2)由于城镇地表径流和工业活动影响,各类型区地表水重金属含量均有不同程度提高.但地表水重金属主要沿主河道迁移,旱季和雨季主河道重金属含量均大于农业区支流,而且随着与城镇距离增加,主河道沉积物重金属含量迅速降低,重金属污染影响范围较小.(3)与重金属相比,地表水氮、磷污染仍是太湖水网区主要的环境问题.但城镇及其周围河流沉积物中富集的重金属含量很高,其潜在环境风险不容忽视.     

干旱半干旱地区城市单位附属绿地配置模式评价——以神东矿区为例

调查了神东矿区23个单位附属绿地的绿化结构,测定并评价了绿地的各种功能效益和蒸腾耗水量,最后选择绿地持续稳定、功能效益、蒸腾耗水量、整体美景度4个方面10个指标,用主成分分析法综合评价了不同绿地配置模式的优劣顺序,筛选出较好的配置模式。评价分析表明:上湾小学总体表现最好,神东煤矿职工生活小区总体表现普遍较差;绿量是决定城市绿地功能效益的关键因素,城市绿化不仅要增加绿化覆盖率,还要注重提高单位面积绿地绿量;乔木树种不仅绿量和发挥的功能效益最大,蒸腾耗水量也很大,因此,干旱半干旱地区城市单位附属绿地在提高节水乔木树种(如新疆杨Populus alba var．pyramidalis)比例的同时,还应注重配置花灌木树种(如玫瑰Rosa rugosa、紫丁香Syringa oblata),并适当地用自然杂草代替人工草坪覆盖地表,以适应干旱地区水分短缺的需求。     

The development of a multi-species algal ecodynamic model for urban surface water systems and its application

An ecodynamic model that can simulate four phytoplankton species has been developed to deal with the unique characteristics of urban river systems which has manmade river profile, flow controlled by gates, severe eutrophication status, and fragile aquatic ecosystem. The ecodynamic model was developed referencing two typical models: the water quality simulation model WASP and ecological model CAEDYM. The model can simulate 11 state variables: dissolved oxygen, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus, organic phosphorus and four phytoplankton species with zooplankton as a boundary condition. The ecodynamic model was applied to Sihai section of the Beijing urban river system, where serious algal blooms broke out in recent years. The dominant phytoplankton species are Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, and Cryptophyta. Site-specific data on geometry, meteorology, pollution sources, and existing ecosystem parameters were collected and used for model calibration and verification The model results mimic observed trends of water quality and phytoplankton species succession and can be used for forecasting algal blooms as well as assessment of river management measures.     

平原城市河流面源污染研究范围及方法的选择与效果比较

由于平原城市地貌起伏不大,较难划分城市河流的流域范围,使得与河道面源污染相关的研究范围的边界确定存在一定的困难。针对这一问题,本文对比了基于缓冲区和排水区的两种研究范围及方法。根据遥感影像,利用GIS提取研究区内土地利用信息并与河流水质进行回归分析,对比两种范围及方法所得出的结果,试图为城市河道污染物的研究及管理提供方法支持和理论依据。本文选取了天津滨海地区11条河流进行研究,结果表明：（1）选取城市排水区作为土地利用数据的方法能够与河流中污染物的发生,迁移的真实情况相符合,能够综合考虑不同的景观格局分布对于水质的影响,结合平原城市的特殊性反映土地利用与河流污染物之间的相关关系,在机理严谨性上优于使用缓冲区范围,在整体性上更为完整;（2）基于缓冲区的研究方法能够在一定程度上解释在地表径流作用下,河流近岸不同距离的土地利用类型对河流污染物的影响,如耕地对污染物的影响,河流近岸100 m缓冲区的联合显著性为0.848,300 m缓冲区的仅为0.165;（3）土地利用类型对河流中污染物类型的贡献和消减趋势基本一致,城市居民点与工矿用地是河流当中重金属污染物如铅、汞的主要输入源;耕地对重金属等污染物有一定的截留消减作用,但在面积较大时增加了河流的有机污染物如氨氮;林地、园地、草地和水体对于城市河流污染物有一定的净化作用。两种方法结合起来可以得出更为详尽、客观的研究结果。     

Trajectory of a jet in crossflow in a channel bend

Mixing in rivers is an important issue with many applications in water quality and water resource management. Mixing of effluents with ambient river water is especially important, particularly in river bends, where secondary circulation complicates the mixing process. By comparing measured trajectories from dye tests to velocimetry data measured with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter, this paper models the trajectory of a jet in an open channel bend using a modified formula for a jet trajectory in a straight crossflow. The original formula is shown to be insufficient for modeling the trajectory in the bend. Modifications are proposed using the position of the centre of the main secondary circulation cell to account for the bend effects. In the absence of secondary circulation, the modified formula reduces to the original formula. Once the secondary circulation has developed, the proposed formula is shown to have better residuals, lower root mean squared error, and higher \(R^2\) than the original formula.     

A simulation framework for water allocation to meet the environmental requirements of urban rivers: model development and a case study for the Liming River in Daqing City,China

In this paper, we describe the development of a simulation framework for allocating water from different sources to meet the environmental flows of an urban river. The model permits the development of a rational balance in the utilization of storm water, reclaimed water from wastewater treatment plants, and freshwater from reservoirs with consideration of the limited capacities of different water resources. It is designed to permit the full utilization of unconventional water sources for the restoration of river water quality by increasing river flow and improving water quality. To demonstrate practical use of the model, a case study is presented in which the model was used to simulate the environmental water allocation for the Liming River in Daqing City, China, based on the three water sources mentioned above. The results demonstrate that the model provides an effective approach for helping managers allocate water to satisfy the river’s environmental water requirements.     

Calculation of the minimum ecological water requirement of an urban river system and its deployment: A case study in Beijing central region

The minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system and water deployment are key elements in integrated water resources planning and urban ecological construction. Based on a review of ecological water requirement calculation methods and considering the different ecological functions of an urban river system, the ecological function method was used in this paper to calculate the components of the ecological water requirements of an urban river. An envelope curve-based method was proposed for assessing the minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system. Water resources deployment strategies designed to meet the minimum ecological water requirements were described. Then, the minimum ecological water requirements of the urban river system in Beijing central region, selected as a case study, were investigated. The key parameters for assessing the minimum ecological water requirement in the Beijing urban river system were determined. Based on the ecological objectives and the current status of the different urban river systems within the Beijing central region, the minimum ecological water requirements were calculated. Different types of water sources, including rainwater, upstream water, and reclaimed water, were deployed to meet the ecological water requirements for the urban river system in the Beijing central region.