沈阳细河流域土壤和作物中汞的潜在生态危害及健康风险评价

为研究沈阳市细河流域土壤汞(Hg)的污染和健康风险状况,对该区土壤和农作物中Hg的含量和分布进行了调查和分析。采用Hakanson潜在生态风险危害指数法评价土壤Hg的污染状况,并利用健康风险评价模型对Hg通过不同暴露途径所引起的健康风险作出评价。研究结果表明,细河流域土壤Hg的潜在生态危害相对较大,其中43.21%样品处于中等危害程度,26.62%属于强及以上风险级别。健康风险评价模型计算表明,人体经食物摄取是土壤Hg暴露的主要途径,Hg日平均暴露剂量依次为食物摄取呼吸暴露皮肤暴露;成人和儿童的非致癌危害指数分别为0.315和0.713,均低于风险阈值1,表明Hg不会对人体造成健康危害。     

黄石城区夏季大气PM_(10)/PM_(2.5)中元素特征分析

正随着对大气颗粒物研究的深入,人们认识到颗粒物对人体健康具有很大危害,颗粒物粒径越小,对人体健康危害越大.黄石市是长江中下游典型的资源性工矿城市,大气污染比较严重.本研究旨在通过对黄石大气颗粒物以及颗粒物中化学元素污染特征的分析,为黄石市大气污染治理及探讨颗粒物对人体健康的影响提供一定的依据.     

北京市怀柔区冬季大气重金属污染状况分析

环境大气中重金属元素通常存在于细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中,对人体健康和生态环境具有潜在威胁.开展大气中重金属的监测对评估其环境健康影响以及针对性控制措施的制定具有重要科学意义和现实意义.本文对北京市怀柔区大气中20种重金属元素于2016年1月19日至3月4日进行了连续现场监测,并分析了大气重金属的污染现状、特征及来源.观测期间大气平均总重金属浓度为0.52μg·m~(-3),约占PM_(2.5)平均浓度(70.3μg·m~(-3)的0.75%,其中以Fe、Zn、Ba、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cd、As浓度较高;在2月8日(大年初一)烟花爆竹燃放高峰期间大气颗粒物中重金属元素浓度明显升高,总重金属浓度最高可达7.94μg·m~(-3),占PM_(2.5)的比例为9%,尤其以Ba、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn、Cr浓度增长最为突出.以Fe作为地壳参比元素,发现怀柔冬季大气中Ni、Mn、Ga、Cr的富集因子小于10,其它元素的富集因子大于10,表明怀柔冬季大气中Ni、Mn、Ga、Cr主要来源于土壤或岩石风化,其它元素则主要来自人为污染源排放.基于怀柔冬季大气中不同重金属变化特征分析,推测Pb、Zn、Hg、Mn、Ni、Se与As共同来源于冬季燃煤采暖以及周围工业园区煤炭燃料燃烧排放,Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Mn和Ba主要来源于烟花爆竹燃放,Cd等元素来源于周围工业园区的工业生产过程.     

大气颗粒物暴露与健康效应研究进展

大气颗粒物一直是影响我国大多数城市空气质量的首要污染物,且呈现出与欧美不同的煤烟、机动车尾气以及开放源复合型污染并存的高浓度污染态势,已有研究发现颗粒物的短期或长期暴露均会对人体产生不良的健康效应。本文从环境科学、暴露科学、环境流行病学和环境毒理学研究等方面系统综述了大气颗粒物健康效应研究的方法和进展,可为我国的大气颗粒物健康效应研究与大气颗粒物环境质量标准的修订提供方法学参考和经验借鉴。目前我国PM10污染尚未得到有效控制,细颗粒物(PM2.5)的污染也已引起关注,建议在不同区域开展空气污染健康效应的系统研究。     

福建省菜园土壤重金属的含量及其污染评价

采集了福建省26个县市158份菜园表层土壤样品,测定了土壤样品中重金属含量,采用单项及综合污染指数法对土壤重金属污染进行评价分析,并通过元素相关性分析和聚类分析,研究了菜园土壤重金属元素的赋存特征与区域分布.结果表明,福建省菜园土壤存在着不同程度的重金属污染,主要污染元素为Pb,Hg和Cd;元素相关性分析与聚类分析的结果表明:Cu,Zn,Ni和As具有伴随污染的特点,其污染源主要来自土壤母质和大量施用的农药和化肥;Cd,Pb和Hg在土壤中各聚成一类,说明它们在菜园土壤具有较独特的污染源,特别是Cd和Hg,其污染特征明显.而Pb和Cd虽有各自的污染源,但其污染具有一定的相关性.     

成都市城乡结合部大气水中重金属污染特征

通过对成都市城乡结合部的大气水进行定点周期性采集和监测,并采用火焰原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光度法测定样品中表征大气水样受污染程度的重金属含量,包括Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr等9种重金属元素。分析结果表明,成都市城乡结合部大气水中主要污染重金属元素为Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Fe,其中Hg、As含量在秋冬季以及阴雨雾霾的特殊天气条件下尤其高,东郊监测最高As浓度为12.86mg/L,西郊监测Hg浓度高达17.55mg/L。从区域污染程度上说,西郊大气水重金属污染较为严重,东郊较之稍轻。     

中国大气颗粒物中金属元素环境地球化学行为研究

大气颗粒物金属污染已成为目前大气污染的研究热点之一。文章梳理、分析归纳了中国近年来大气颗粒中金属元素的环境地球化学方面的研究。目前研究较多的是Fe、Ca、Mg、Si等地壳元素和Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg等污染元素;大气颗粒物中对人体有害的Cu、Pb、Cd、As、Zn等污染较严重,而Cr、Mn、Co、Ni等污染较轻。大气颗粒物中金属含量随时间分布变化显著,总体上呈现冬季〉秋季〉春季〉夏季的特点,空间分布上一般北方燃煤城市大于南方一般城市;城市内部一般工业区〉交通区〉居民区〉郊区;金属元素在细粒径颗粒（〈2μm）中高,粗颗粒（〉2μm）中低,尤其以污染元素明显。污染元素与地壳元素的垂直分布规律差异较大。大气颗粒物中金属元素的富集程度与元素种类、区域类型、季节变化、粒径大小等有关。最后,提出应加强大气颗粒物中金属元素空间分布差异、时间分布的尺度及差异性研究;同时加强超细颗粒物的研究,以便建立大气颗粒物金属元素与人类健康关系的风险模型。     

环境中汞微生物转化研究进展

汞(Hg)污染是全球最为关注的环境问题之一.Hg的不同形态之间毒性差异大,其以有机形态存在的甲基汞(MeHg)具有强神经毒性,且能在生物体内富集,具有很强的健康与生态风险.环境中不同形态的Hg可以在生物与非生物作用下进行转化,特别是微生物在一定条件下驱动着Hg的甲基化、去甲基化、还原与氧化,从而影响Hg的移动性和生物有效性.因此,理解微生物参与Hg转化的特征与机制对人体健康和生态环境都有着重要的意义.已有不少研究报道了Hg的微生物转化过程,但缺乏一个系统的总结与归纳.本文综述了关于Hg微生物甲基化、去甲基化、还原和氧化的最新研究进展,重点讨论Hg甲基化微生物类群,分析了微生物对Hg的甲基化和还原机制,以及影响Hg甲基化过程的主要环境因子,并提出未来关于Hg微生物转化的研究方向与重点.     

灵芝中重金属的检测及其健康风险初步评价

为了研究灵芝中重金属的污染状况,对北京市一些药店及部分中医门诊部所售的不同产地灵芝中的As、Hg、Pb等重金属元素含量进行了测定.结果表明,灵芝中As含量范围为0.016￣0.239mg·kg-1,平均值0.117mg·kg-1,Hg含量范围从未检出到0.43mg·kg-1,平均值0.115mg·kg-1,Pb含量范围从未检出到0.256mg·kg-1,平均值0.047mg·kg-1,As、Pb含量均符合我国《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》,Hg有5例超标,占样品总数的25%,主要是野生灵芝.健康风险初步评价结果表明,服用灵芝的人群,成人每人每日通过灵芝摄入As、Hg、Pb分别为0.18￣2.3μg、0.17￣2.3μg、0.07￣0.94μg,分别占每日允许摄入量(ADI)的0.14%￣1.9%、0.4%￣5.4%、0.03%￣0.4%,对人体健康风险不大.但是对于个别野生和人工种植灵芝而言,每日摄入总汞量可达0.47￣6.24μg,占ADI的1.1%￣15%,对人体健康存在一定的风险.     

青藏高原贡嘎山冰川区水体中Hg的空间分布及其源汇特征

通过测定青藏高原东北部贡嘎山冰川区流域尺度的雪样、冰川、地表水、地下渗透水的汞(Hg)含量及形态,发现流域水样的总Hg浓度介于1.74—17.8 ng·L~(-1)之间,其60%以上的形态为颗粒态汞;Hg的空间分布存在明显的海拔效应,即低温高海拔区域具有Hg的冷捕获和放大积累效应;从降雪到冰雪融化形成汇流河水再到地下渗透的过程中,Hg发生了重要的沉淀作用,土壤能够吸附大量的Hg.进一步通过主成分分析,建立多重线性回归模型,定量确定了水体环境中大气沉降的正贡献为163.3%,沉淀作用的负贡献为-69.8%.这些结果表明,大气沉降的颗粒物不仅是水体环境的Hg输入的主要来源,还是土壤Hg的重要来源,青藏高原可能是全球大气Hg循环中重要的沉降汇集区.     

中国城市汞污染及防治对策

简要综述了当前中国城市的汞污染状况。中国许多工业城市大气中的汞含量是纽约市大气中汞含量的数倍，甚至上百倍，在采暖期城市大气的汞污染更加严重；城市土壤中的汞含量是土壤环境背景值的数倍；河流的城市河段河水中汞质量浓度普遍很高，水质多在Ⅲ-V类；城市中的植物均有不同程度地受到汞污染，其汞含量高于国外城市的植物的汞含量；城市居民膳食中鱼的汞含量很高，对城市居民的健康产生了危害；城市居民头发中的汞质量分数大多低于1rng~kg。分析了我国城市中汞的来源并提出了防治城市汞污染的对策。     

植被在大气汞收支中作用的研究进展与展望

在汞的生物地球化学循环中,对于"源"和"汇"的认识还存在许多不确定性。大气汞收支不平衡的问题使得植被在汞循环中的作用日益凸现;开展植被在大气汞收支中作用的研究有助于为全球汞减排政策的制定提供参考。本文首先概述了植被中汞的来源和影响因素及其与大气汞的源汇关系;进而重点论述了植被参与大气汞收支的主要方式:凋落物沉降、生物质燃烧和植被表面与大气汞的动态交换,并阐述了植被在大气汞污染监测中的应用;最后在总结我国相关研究的基础上展望了未来的发展方向。     

中国北方典型城市空气中苯系物的污染特征

为了研究中国北方典型城市大气中苯系物的污染状况和季节变化特征,于2008年4月—2009年1月间,选取沈阳和天津共11个监测点位分别采集大气样品,并利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC-MS方法进行分析.结果表明,天津的苯系物污染浓度比沈阳高,这是因为天津的机动车保有量远远大于沈阳,机动车尾气排放量大.苯系物的污染程度与不同季节的气候变化密切关联,两城市均表现为春秋两季污染严重,冬夏两季污染较轻.城市不同功能区采样点的比较和苯与甲苯(B/T)的比值以及各苯系物之间的相关性分析表明,两城市苯系物污染浓度均受到局部排放源的明显影响,但在大部分地区交通源仍为主要排放源.     

土壤污染物来源及前沿问题

人类活动对土壤系统的影响日趋严重。土壤污染物主要来自污染的大气沉降，废水和污水灌溉，工业废渣和城市垃圾，以及农药施用等。土壤污染对环境和人体健康造成极大的危害。文章通过计算得出了大气汞沉降和酸沉降在中国的累积沉降量，并通过调查分析中国各项污染物来源的最新资料，详细论述了各主要污染因素对土壤系统的影响。文章阐述了污染物在土壤系统中主要的物理化学行为，主要包括污染物在土壤生态系统中的吸附、迁移和扩散、酸沉降对土壤系统的影响等三个方面。最后回顾了该领域的研究现状和主要的前沿问题，并对进一步的深入研究提出了建议。     

吉林省城市大气降水pH值时空分异及成因

通过对吉林省８个代表城市１９９２－１９９７年大气降水观测数据的统计分析,对大气降水ＰＨ值的时空分异进行了探讨。结果表明：吉林省中西部城市大气降水基本呈中性;东部的图们,珲春两市大气降水酸化亚得,多年平均降水ＰＨ分别为５．１２和５．３８;全省碱性降水多集中在吉林市。     

建立南京、镇江、扬州三市大气污染联防联控机制探讨

随着城市规模的快速扩张,区域内城市连片开发和建设,受大气环流及大气化学的双重作用,城市之间大气污染物交叉流动、相互传输,使相邻几个城市的大气污染相互影响,区域性大气污染问题越来越严重.该文以南京、镇江、扬州三市为例,通过分析区域性大气污染问题及其成因,认为建立宁、镇、扬大气污染联防联控机制十分必要,对于改善区域大气环境质量,促进区域经济社会可持续发展有重要意义.     

The effects of license plate-based driving restrictions on air quality: Theory and empirical evidence

A typical driving restriction prohibits drivers from using their vehicles on given weekdays, based on the last digits of their vehicles’ license plates. A number of cities in developing countries have used license plate-based driving restrictions as a policy for reducing urban air pollution and traffic congestion. This paper develops a theoretical model of the effects of license plate-based driving restrictions on air quality that combines an economic model with information about the sources and atmospheric chemistry of different air pollutants. We then draw upon suggestive empirical evidence from license plate-based driving restrictions implemented in Bogotá, Colombia. Consistent with our theory model, we find suggestive empirical evidence that under certain circumstances, due to substitution, the purchase of a second car, the use of alternative modes of transportation, and/or atmospheric chemistry, it is possible for license plate-based driving restrictions to increase air pollution. Also consistent with our theory, we find that license plate-based driving restrictions may have different effects on different air pollutants, reflecting heterogeneity in the sources and atmospheric chemistry of the pollutants. In particular, owing to atmospheric chemistry, it is possible for a license plate-based driving restriction to cause a significant decrease in NO and a significant increase in NO₂, NO_x, and O₃.     

A 1955�C2004 record of Hg contamination in Dianshan Lake sediments, Shanghai

Measuring Hg levels of water sediments is one of the primary routes to assess the trend of the contamination. Little work has been carried out in the Yangtze Delta to track the trend of mercury contamination caused by Shanghai, which is one of the fastest growing economies in the world today. The mercury concentration in the sedimentary cores from Dianshan Lake, Shanghai is studied here. Results show that mercury transported to Dianshan Lake from emissions of coal combustion and non-coal sources in the Yangtze Delta was greater after 1979. We found also that before 1979 mercury levels changed less with time than after 1979. Before 1967 Hg levels were more variable than in the 1970s. Moreover, the mercury dissolved in river water and bound to particles of water that flow past downtown Shanghai is different from that observed in Dianshan Lake, which is located in upper Shanghai. This indicates that atmospheric Hg deposition is probably the main source of mercury in Dianshan Lake. These results are important for the establishment of environmental protections and pollution treatment proposals for mercury in similar areas of the world, as well as in Shanghai.     

Source attribution for mercury deposition with an updated atmospheric mercury emission inventory in the Pearl River Delta Region,China

Estimated anthropogenic Hg emission was 11.9 tons in Pearl River Delta for 2014. Quantifying contributions of emission sources helps to provide control strategies. More attentions should be paid to Hg deposition around the large point sources. Power plant, industrial source and waste incinerator were priorities for control. A coordinated regional Hg emission control was important for controlling pollution. We used CMAQ-Hg to simulate mercury pollution and identify main sources in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) with updated local emission inventory and latest regional and global emissions. The total anthropogenic mercury emissions in the PRD for 2014 were 11,939.6 kg. Power plants and industrial boilers were dominant sectors, responsible for 29.4 and 22.7%. We first compared model predictions and observations and the results showed a good performance. Then five scenarios with power plants (PP), municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), industrial point sources (IP), natural sources (NAT), and boundary conditions (BCs) zeroed out separately were simulated and compared with the base case. BCs was responsible for over 30% of annual average mercury concentration and total deposition while NAT contributed around 15%. Among the anthropogenic sources, IP (22.9%) was dominant with a contribution over 20.0% and PP (18.9%) and MSWI (11.2%) ranked second and third. Results also showed that power plants were the most important emission sources in the central PRD, where the ultra-low emission for thermal power units need to be strengthened. In the northern and western PRD, cement and metal productions were priorities for mercury control. The fast growth of municipal solid waste incineration were also a key factor in the core areas. In addition, a coordinated regional mercury emission control was important for effectively controlling pollution. In the future, mercury emissions will decrease as control measures are strengthened, more attention should be paid to mercury deposition around the large point sources as high levels of pollution are observed.     

Local production,downward and regional transport aggravated surface ozone pollution during the historical orange-alert large-scale ozone episode in eastern China

Increasing severe and persistent ozone pollution in China has resulted in serious harm to human health in recent years, yet the precise pollution sources are poorly known because there is few knowledge on large-scale extreme ozone episodes. Here, we studied the formation of the historical orange-alert regional ozone episode in eastern China on 6 June, 2021, by combining process analysis, integrated source apportionment modelling, and chemical and meteorological data. Results show that during the pollution episode, 94% of cities in eastern China suffered ozone pollution, and 39% had daily maximum 8-h average ozone concentrations higher than 100 ppb. This is explained by favorable local ozone formation and transports provided by the prevailing northwestern winds in the upper air, and by sinking atmospheric motions favoring the persistence of high surface ozone concentrations. During daytime, local photochemical production induced an ozone increase of 0.3–28.4 ppb h^?1 and vertical transport induced an ozone increase of 0.4–56.1 ppb h^?1. As a consequence, vertical downward transport of ozone generated in the upper air by photochemical reactions aggravated surface ozone pollution. Surface ozone concentrations include 25.8–53.9% of ozone from local provincial emissions, 0–42.6% of ozone from inter-regional transports from neighboring regions, 4.6–23.1% of ozone from outer-regional transport, and 13.6–52.9% of ozone from boundary conditions in the selected cities. Overall, our findings show that favorable meteorological conditions promoted the chemical productions of ozone on the surface and at high altitudes, thus resulting in this heavy ozone pollution. In addition, regional and vertical downward transports of aloft ozone further aggravated the surface ozone pollution, leading to the large-scale extreme ozone pollution episode.