海南鹦哥岭的外来植物与生态环境影响评价

通过对鹦哥岭外来植物的调查,以及外来植物区系的种类组成、原产地、生长型、生境和危害程度等的分析,阐明鹦哥岭的外来植物现状及其对当地生态环境的影响。分析表明:共有53种外来植物,约占鹦哥岭种子植物总数的2.73%,主要来自新大陆热带地区(35种)。其中草本(36种)和灌木(13种)占优势,藤本(3种)和小乔木(2种)相对不明显。外来种对鹦哥岭自然生态系统的影响较小,对人为干扰严重的生态系统影响较大。最后对外来植物进行评估,并提出防控措施。     

外来植物入侵机制研究进展与展望

从植物入侵的内因、外因、驱动力和入侵过程等方面综述了植物入侵机制的研究进展:(1)外来植物由于预适应性较强或由于杂交和多倍体化而具有较强的侵染力:(2)外来植物由于逃脱原生区域的自然天敌,或由于土著种竞争较弱、生物多样性较低、植食动物或疾病较少等导致的生物抵抗力较低,或因良好的资源可获得性及入侵植物的化感作用等造成新栖息地可侵人性的增加;(3)自然或人为引入外来植物及对新栖息地的扰动是植物入侵的驱动力;(4)外来植物可能通过基于事件的入侵、入侵崩溃和协同入侵等人侵过程机制实现其成功入侵,分析了各入侵机制对入侵植物防控、生态学和进化学研究意义以及待解决问题.结果表明,植物入侵机制高度复杂,不同的外来植物种、新柄息地类型及植物入侵的不同阶段,各入侵机制可能单独或共同作用,为针对性地设计植物入侵防控方案提供了理论支撑.最后对植物入侵机制理论及其在植物入侵预测、危险性分区和防控中的应用研究等进行了展望.     

水盾草在江苏省重要湿地的入侵与分布现状

水盾草为原产南北美洲的沉水植物,目前已在我国归化.于2009年在江苏省内40个湿地进行了超过700个样点的调查.结果表明,水盾草目前已广泛分布于江苏省大部地区,定居纬度最北至33°41′N,并在大多数入侵群落成为优势种;与2003年相比,其入侵范围和入侵程度均有较大增长.在水盾草所处的植物群落,共调查到沉水植物17种和漂浮植物11种,其中,沉水植物轮叶黑藻、苦草和金鱼藻,漂浮植物槐叶萍、浮萍、满江红和荇菜与水盾草的种间相遇度均在50%以上,表明水盾草易于入侵有以上植物存在的河道.分析表明,水盾草在江苏省的入侵主要由人为扩散引起,然后顺流扩散.由于水盾草潜在人为扩散可能性依旧很大,且江苏省全域均适宜水盾草扩散,应加以高度重视和有效管理,否则水盾草极有可能在数年内扩散至全省.     

桂西南喀斯特区域群落主要环境因子及稳定性对飞机草入侵的影响

为揭示桂西南喀斯特区域群落主要环境因子及稳定性对飞机草（Eupatorium odoratum）入侵的影响,本文通过对群落生存状况、土壤环境因子的调查分析,研究群落的稳定性特征,探讨不同植物群落对外来入侵种飞机草生长扩散的影响。结果发现：植物群落内本地种盖度、群落高度等与飞机草的盖度和多度呈极显著的负相关关系,说明本地种的生长能对飞机草的入侵产生显著影响,其中光因子可能是影响飞机草生长的主导因子和限制因子;本地物种多样性对飞机草的盖度和多度影响也较显著,说明本地种多样性能有效抵御飞机草入侵;人为干扰对飞机草的盖度和多度则呈极显著的正相关关系,说明干扰能促进飞机草的入侵;土壤速效氮含量、土壤含水量、有机质含量和与飞机草的盖度和多度的关系均呈显著负相关关系,可能是由于群落内肥水充裕程度与调节飞机草生长的主导因子光水平呈负相关关系造成的。群落的稳定性与飞机草的盖度和多度呈极显著的相关关系,说明稳定性较高的群落更能有效的抵御飞机草的入侵,稳定性较低的群落更容易受到飞机草的入侵。     

酸雨对外来植物入侵的影响

酸雨和外来种入侵都是全球关注的问题。结合外来入侵植物的生态适应特性以及酸雨的危害特征,系统分析了酸雨对外来植物入侵产生的影响。酸雨对外来植物入侵的影响是复杂多样的。酸雨导致群落冠层稀疏,群落透光率增加,加之氮沉降后土壤、水体氮素的增加,有利于生长力强的外来喜阳植物入侵;酸雨加速土壤酸化,促使基本离子淋失以及A1毒等危害植物的生长发育,植物的内源激素以及化感作用发生改变,适应力和耐受力强的外来植物在与本地植物竞争中处于相对优势而成为入侵种;酸雨以及外来植物入侵改变了土壤微生物群落结构,影响本地植物的生长而促使外来植物的入侵。     

The role of European marram grass in dune stabilization and succession near Cape Agulhas, South Africa

The coastline near the southern tip of Africa is characterized by large mobile dunes that are driven along wide beaches by strong winds throughout the year. This results in the blockage of the river mouths causing severe flooding of the low-lying farmland of the Agulhas Plain during the rainy winter season. Large parts of the driftsands were stabilized with the European dune pioneer species Marram grass (Ammophila arenaria), which has proved highly invasive along the North American west coast. In order to establish the potential invasiveness ofA. arenaria in South African coastal dune systems and its role in the succession of a large stabilization area, studies were carried out on De Mond Nature Reverve. Using aerial photos, maps and planting records, the vegetation of sites of various ages were sampled. By means of this chronosequence of stands, there is clear evidence that succession takes place at De Mond. Four communities are distinguished, varying from recent plantings ofA. arenaria to mature dune thicket or dune fynbos (heath) vegetation. These relate to four different stages of succession,A. arenaria occurring in reduced abundance in the older communities. After 50 years, formerA. arenaria areas are usually covered by dense dune scrub and in some places even in asteraceous dune fynbos. Succession is most rapid in sheltered, moist dune slacks, butA. arenaria remains vigorous in conditions favourable for its growht, i.e. on exposed, steep dune slopes with strong sand movement.A. arenaria does not appear to spread unaidedly at De Mond and has been successfully used for temporary dune stabilization.     

外来植物紫茎泽兰入侵对根际土壤有益功能细菌群、酶活性和肥力的影响

通过对紫茎泽兰不同入侵阶段下的实地采样,分析了外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对入侵地根际土壤有益微生物菌群和土壤酶活性以及肥力的影响。发现除了全磷、全钾以外,重度入侵土壤的功能菌数量、酶活性、土壤肥力都要显著高于其它土壤区系。根际土中有机磷细菌差异最显著,其重度入侵土中的含量是轻度入侵土中含量的3.0倍,是当地植物土中含量的1.8倍,是空白地区含量的22.2倍。同时,土壤微生物类群、土壤酶活与土壤肥力的相关分析表明,它们之间存在显著相关关系,自生固氮菌与全氮相关性最明显,为0.922。外来植物对入侵地的影响是其入侵力和生态系统可入侵性的重要组成部分,紫茎泽兰入侵提高了土壤功能菌种群和土壤酶活,从而使土壤肥力也发生了相应的变化,这可能促进其养分转化吸收,提高种群竞争力。本文为紫茎泽兰成功入侵的土壤微生物学机制提供理论依据。     

Factors Associated with Alien Plants Transitioning from Casual, to Naturalized, to Invasive

Abstract:  To explain current plant invasions, or predict future ones, more knowledge on which factors increase the probability of alien species becoming naturalized and subsequently invasive is needed. We created a database of the alien plants in seminatural habitats in Ireland that included data on taxonomy, invasive status, invasion history, distribution, and biological and ecological plant characteristics. We used information from this database to determine the importance of these factors in increasing the ability of species to become naturalized and invasive. More specifically, we used two multiple logistic regressions to identify factors that distinguish naturalized from casual alien plant species and invasive from noninvasive, naturalized alien species. Clonal growth, moisture-indicator value, nitrogen-indicator value, native range, and date of first record affected (in order of decreasing importance) the probability of naturalization. Factors that distinguished invasive from noninvasive species were ornamental introduction, hermaphrodite flowers, pollination mode, being invasive elsewhere, onset of flowering season, moisture-indicator value, native range, and date of first record. Incorporation of phylogenetic information had little influence on the results, suggesting that the capacity of alien species to naturalize and become invasive evolved largely independently in several phylogenetic lineages. Whereas some of the variables were important for both transitions, others were only important for naturalization or for invasion. This emphasizes the importance of studying different stages of the invasion process when looking for mechanisms of becoming a successful invasive plant, instead of simply comparing invasive with noninvasive alien species. Our results also suggest that a combination of species traits and other variables is likely to produce the most accurate prediction of invasions.     

紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵地的生物多样性

生物多样性演变是全球变化的重要组成部分,物种入侵对生物多样的影响已成为当前全球变化领域的研究热点之一。本文研究了西双版纳紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵地的植物、土壤动物与土壤微生物的多样性,结果表明：（1）不同程度入侵区的植物种类及其重要值差别较大,在重度入侵区,紫茎泽兰的重要值高达237.74%,但随着入侵程度的降低,植物种类有所增加且紫茎泽兰的重要值随之降低;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数与均匀度指数均表现为轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉重度入侵区。（2）三种入侵区的土壤动物隶属23目,其中弹尾目（Collembola）、蜱螨目（Acarina）和膜翅目（Hymenoptera）为优势种群,三者总量占捕获总数的61.77%;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数与密度类群指数均表现为轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉重度入侵区。（3）土壤微生物可培养数量类群方面,细菌表现为中度入侵区〉重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区,放线菌、真菌、自生固氮菌与氨氧化细菌均表现为重度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉轻度入侵区;多样性指数表现为重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区,优势度指数表现为轻度入侵区=中度入侵区〉重度入侵区,均匀度指数表现为重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区=中度入侵区。可见,紫茎泽兰入侵地的植物与土壤动物多样性随入侵程度加重而降低,但土壤微生物多样性却随入侵程度加重反而呈上升趋势。今后,加强室内模拟与野外定点长期观测相结合试验是探究紫茎泽兰入侵对生物多样性影响机制的研究方向。     

吉林省外来物种入侵特征的初步研究

通过大量的野外实地调查和文献资料分析，总结了吉林省外来物种入侵的主要特征。研究表明，目前对吉林省造成危害的外来物种共计51种，分别为外来杂草38种、外来害虫10种和外来病菌3种。其中危害性较强的丰要有7种，分别为稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus)、美洲斑潜蝇(Liriomyza sativae)、日本松干蚧(Matsucoccrs matsumurae)、栗山天牛(Mallambyx raddei)、菜豆象(Acanthoscelides obtectus)、松针红斑病菌(Dorhistroma pimi Hulbary)。这些外来物种的传播和扩散速度较快，传播途径多以无意引入为主，对吉林省的经济和生态环境危害严重。外来物种入侵地多为生态系统结构单一的农田或人工林系统；入侵地多为吉林省气候温暖湿润的东中部，且生物多样性比较丰富的地区。     

入侵种喜旱莲子草对土壤养分的表型可塑性反应

对外来入侵种喜旱莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides（Mart．）Griseb．）在不同土壤氮养分处理中的表型可塑性反应进行了研究。结果表明：土壤中氮养分水平对喜旱莲子草克隆生长有显著影响，如分枝强度、苇节长度随氮含量升高均有不同程度的增加；氮养分最高的处理中根系生物量投资最小，而茎、叶生物量投资最大，对照处理中则表现山根冠比最大。研究结果表明，在不同土壤养分条件下，喜旱莲子草不同表型结构有可能同时对环境选择作出反应，在种群生存与维持、生长、繁殖等功能方面实现种群个体各器官生物量投资的优化配置来适应多样化的环境，以增强其入侵能力，     

中国生物入侵的生态分布

生物入侵已被列为当今世界最为棘手的三大环境难题(生物入侵、全球气候变化和生境破坏)之一。文章阐述了我国生物入侵的现状，以时间和地理区域为尺度，初步探讨了生物入侵的生态分布特征。指出其特征是：生物入侵对生物多样性造成重大影响，入侵生物的数量逐年增加，具有时间动态性；生物入侵的分布具有纬度地带性规律，纬度越低生物入侵的现象越严重；入侵生物的数量具有地理区域性。     

Non-linear ecological processes, fires, environmental heterogeneity and shrub invasion in northwestern Patagonia

The emergent behaviors of nature are not only the sum of interactions among ecosystem parts but also depend on the organization of these interactions. Fire, climate and vegetation patterns produce non-linear fire propagation across the landscape. Environmental heterogeneity, like outcrop presence and hare density, increases landscape patchiness and makes possible the occupation of fire refuges by plants, like Fabiana imbricata shrubs. We monitored shrub recruitment and cover during nine postfire years in northwestern Patagonia grasslands and we studied the long-term population dynamics under different environmental conditions through a matrix model, exploring different fire frequencies and spring precipitation regimes. Both, the field monitoring and the model seem to confirm the relationships between shrub invasion and fire. The climate change forecast predicts an increase in the frequency of El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomena that could causes more coupled fires—rainy springs in northwestern Patagonia, and consequently, more recruitment windows for shrubs, like F. imbricata. The matrix model also indicates that this scenario would be the most favourable for shrub invasion. Our results contribute to the knowledge of the ecosystem properties and processes, providing useful information to improve the grasslands sustainable use.     

五爪金龙不同部位化感作用可塑性变化

为探讨五爪金龙化感作用可塑性,利用生物检测法研究了五爪金龙不同部分水提液对莴苣种子萌发的影响,结果表明:经过长期的适应和进化,五爪金龙不同部位化感作用变化幅度具有不同程度的差异;随水提液质量浓度的增加,五爪金龙植株整体化感作用变化范围增加,不同部位之间化感作用变化幅度差异加大。五爪金龙不同部位化感综合效应的质量浓度敏感性大小与其化感作用效率有关。五爪金龙不同部位化感综合效应平均值大小与其95%置信区间不存在协变关系,但其化感综合效应平均值的95%置信区间大小可以表征化感可塑性变化范围。五爪金龙较高的化感作用可塑性有利于增强其种间竞争能力。     

Five Potential Consequences of Climate Change for Invasive Species

Abstract:  Scientific and societal unknowns make it difficult to predict how global environmental changes such as climate change and biological invasions will affect ecological systems. In the long term, these changes may have interacting effects and compound the uncertainty associated with each individual driver. Nonetheless, invasive species are likely to respond in ways that should be qualitatively predictable, and some of these responses will be distinct from those of native counterparts. We used the stages of invasion known as the "invasion pathway" to identify 5 nonexclusive consequences of climate change for invasive species: (1) altered transport and introduction mechanisms, (2) establishment of new invasive species, (3) altered impact of existing invasive species, (4) altered distribution of existing invasive species, and (5) altered effectiveness of control strategies. We then used these consequences to identify testable hypotheses about the responses of invasive species to climate change and provide suggestions for invasive-species management plans. The 5 consequences also emphasize the need for enhanced environmental monitoring and expanded coordination among entities involved in invasive-species management.     

二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响

从入侵植物和入侵植物群落两个方面,综述了大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响。二氧化碳浓度升高,可以增加C3植物的入侵性,提高入侵植物的生物量、资源利用率以及繁殖能力,直接影响植物入侵;还可以通过改变土壤水分、氮循环、干扰体系等其它环境因子间接地影响植物入侵。此外,二氧化碳浓度升高,对入侵群落的初级生产量、组成与结构以及群落动态产生重要影响,改变群落的可入侵性。今后应当着重从群落水平,结合其它全球变化因子的共同作用研究二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响,同时深入探讨其作用机制以及不同植物类群对二氧化碳的响应,为入侵种的预防和控制提供理论指导。     

Allelopathic potential of Medicago arborea, a Mediterranean invasive shrub

Summary. Biological invasions are nowadays a major problem in ecology. Allelopathy has been shown to be involved in such invasions, but this mechanism has been little studied in France. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the allelopathic potential of Medicago arborea, an invasive species in the French Mediterranean region. Foliar extracts were tested on three target species (Lactuca sativa, Lepidium sativum and Linum strictum). We showed that Medicago arborea has high allelopathic potential to affect the growth and germination of other species. Yellow flax (Linum strictum), native to the invaded area, was the most sensitive of the tested plant species to foliar extracts of Medicago arborea. Our study pointed out the role of allelopathy in processes leading to biological invasion, and more generally in population dynamics.     

不同生境薇甘菊土壤种子库与幼苗库的特征

通过野外定点取样与萌发试验相结合的方法,研究云南德宏州陇川县不同生境薇甘菊入侵地区的土壤种子库与幼苗库的特征.结果表明,根据土壤种子库萌发后的植物鉴定结果,橡胶林、林地、灌丛、草地和河岸边这5种生境共统计到40种植物,隶属18科.不同生境薇甘菊入侵群落的物种组成、种子萌发特性与空间分布及其幼苗库存在明显差异,橡胶林、林地、灌丛、草地和河岸边的薇甘菊种子密度分别为75、109、165、124和53粒·m-2,且各生境间差异显著(P＜0.05).室内萌发试验表明,薇甘菊土壤种子库萌发时间持续8周,其中第3～5周的萌发速度最快;土壤垂直方向上,0～2、＞2～5、＞5～10 cm深度土层薇甘菊种子分别占0～10 cm土层种子总数的81％、17％和2％.野外薇甘菊土壤幼苗库萌发时间持续6个月(5-10月),其中6-8月萌发速度较快.