王锦蛇的无冬眠饲养试验

2004年11月～2005年4月，进行了王锦蛇的冬眠期饲养试验．结果表明：在王锦蛇的冬眠期内，人工保持其环境温度为25～30℃，相对湿度为60％～85％，并提供其所需要的食物条件，就能够使王锦蛇在冬眠期内正常地生长发育，不仅能缩短其饲养时间，而且能提高其成活率，从而达到高效饲养王锦蛇的目的．     

灰鹤在天山木扎提河湿地越冬及行为观察

于2017年10月—2019年5月,采用直接计数法、瞬时扫描取样法、卫星跟踪和最小凸多边形法(MCP),对新疆阿克苏地区拜城县木扎提河流域灰鹤(Grus grus)的种群特征、活动范围、行为时间分配和行为节律进行调查和分析。结果表明,2019年越冬灰鹤种群数量超过4 700只,较2016年增加1倍多,种群发展动态呈上升趋势。灰鹤主要以家庭群为主(63.90%),聚集群次之(28.62%),孤鹤最少(7.48%)。家庭群主要以2成鸟1幼鸟为主(占46.82%),聚集群以5～8只个体为主(占65.91%)。整个越冬期持续140～160 d,灰鹤越冬期活动距离为1 058 km,活动区域相对固定,活动区域面积为125 km~2。日活动面积和活动距离随着气温的变化而变化,温度降低,日活动范围和活动距离降低;反之,则增加。因此,活动面积和活动距离呈凹形变化,即先增加(10—11月),再逐渐减少(12—1月),然后增加(2—3月)的变化趋势。取食和警戒是灰鹤的主要越冬行为。灰鹤的46.8%日间时间用于取食,17.8%的日间时间用于警戒,用于休息、走动、理羽和其他行为的日间时间分别占13.4%、11.4%、7.4%和3.2%。日取食高峰呈双凸型,出现在8:00—9:00和17:00—18:00,分别达到57.0%和58.5%。休息高峰出现在11:00—15:00,占24.6%,呈单峰型。研究区灰鹤种群面临着放牧、农耕、天敌、道路车辆、低温和人为驱赶等诸多威胁因素。     

初秋季节毛竹林小气候及其人体舒适度的日变化

以无锡市惠山森林公园毛竹林和青山公园毛竹林为研究对象,对其林内和林缘的小气候日变化情况进行了定量化研究。结果表明：1）惠山森林公园与青山公园的相对湿度日变化皆呈先减后增趋势,均在13：00达到极值。林内相对湿度分别为67．6％、65．6％,林缘相对湿度分别为61．8％、63．4％;温度和综合舒适指数日变化皆呈先增后减趋势,也均在13：00达到极值,林内温度分别为28．2℃、27．5℃,林缘分别为29．8℃、28．9℃;林内综合舒适指数分别3．5、3．2,林缘综合舒适指数分别4．8、4．1。2）08：00～17：00林内人体舒适度高于林缘,其他时刻人体舒适度低于林缘。3）与密度较大的惠山森林公园竹林相比,青山公园竹林综合舒适指数降低了0．1～0．7,平均值为0．3,即密度较小的青山公园竹林调节城市小气候的功能最佳,为秋初时节人们户外活动提供了一个良好的选择。     

西藏高原玉米物候和生态特征对增温响应的模拟试验研究

气候变暖对青藏高原农作物物候和生物量的影响存在着不确定性。基于2015年4月布设在西藏自治区拉萨市达孜县的一个玉米模拟增温试验,通过对玉米不同物候期(即出苗期、三叶期、五叶期、拔节期、灌浆期、乳熟期和成熟期)、地上生物量和株高的观测,分析了温度升高对玉米各个物候期和生长发育的影响。结果表明,试验增温使得每个样方的三叶期和五叶期都提前了2 d,拔节期平均提前了1.3 d(t=2.00,P=0.184),灌浆期平均提前了3.3 d(t=2.00,P=0.184),乳熟期平均提前了4.7 d(t=2.80,P=0.119),成熟期平均提前了6.7 d(t=3.78,P=0.050 2)。增温使得出苗期—成熟期的间隔缩短了6.7 d(t=2.77,P=0.050 2),使得灌浆期—成熟期的间隔缩短了3.3 d(t=2.43,P=0.122)。试验增温显著增加了播种期—出苗期的积温(t=11.21,P=0.000),增加11.89℃;显著减少了出苗期—三叶期间的积温(t=77.55,P=0.000),减少7.58℃;对三叶期—五叶期、五叶期—拔节期、拔节期—灌浆期、灌浆期—乳熟期、乳熟期—成熟期、以及播种期—成熟期的积温都无显著影响。试验增温对地上生物量和株高均无显著影响。     

动物蛋白资源大瓶螺的开发利用研究 Ⅰ.大瓶螺动物蛋白的生产潜力与公害问题的澄清

经7年的系统研究,业已明确:1.大瓶螺的粗蛋白生产潜力很高。鲜螺亩产已达8012公斤,肉脏占全螺重的64.4％,粗蛋白质含量为9.65％,可亩产粗蛋白质500公斤。2.螺的临界存活温度为8℃,致死温度2℃。除华南地区因冬季平均温度在8℃以上,有可能形成公害外,我国其它地区均可安全养殖。     

藻红外辐射测试环境重金属急性毒性

快速、简便、有效地检测环境中重金属毒性是环境保护的一项重要内容.敏感藻是指藻红外测试中对毒物响应的温差大、种类多、时间快、剂量低的特殊藻类,为探寻对重金属急性毒性响应的敏感藻,2006年5月至2007年10月,进行了8种藻对10种重金属的温度响应测试试验.结果表明:平均响应温差短线脆杆藻(Fragilaria brevistriata)最大,为0.24 ℃,高出8种藻的0.19 ℃总平均温差0.05 ℃;较好药品响应率短线脆杆藻最高,为80%;平均响应时间短线脆杆藻居中,为4.65 min,低于8种藻的总平均响应时间5.21 min;短线脆杆藻对重金属的灵敏度在0.06～7.0 mg?L-1之间,发光细菌在0.07~15.3 mg?L-1之间,表明短线脆杆藻对重金属响应的剂量低.根据敏感藻的定义和分析结果,确定短线脆杆藻为本试验的敏感藻.     

美洲斑潜蝇在中国山西的生活史及其主要习性

在山西省自然条件下，美洲斑潜蝇一年通常发生9代，个别年份发生8代或10代.深秋至翌年春季，该虫可在当地的日光温室内连续为害，发生约3～4代（11月至下年3月间）.通过试验证明，美洲斑潜蝇在35°N以北的地区不能自然越冬，蔬菜储藏室是其越冬的主要场所.本文还对此蝇的主要习性进行了报道.图3表7参14     

黄海北部刺参繁殖的时间特点

1991～1992年5～9月份对自然海区的亲参性腺指数、性腺基部直径、个体产卵数量及刺参浮游幼体出现期、浮游期、附着期进行了观测和试验，研究黄海北部海域刺参繁殖的时间特点.结果刺参于7月中旬、表层水温为20℃时进入产卵期，至9月中旬结束；在产卵期内，雄性群体排精较早且集中；雌性群体中体重m>200g个体产卵较早；雌体一次排卵最大排卵量Nmax=450×104；刺参浮游幼体出现期为7～9月份，幼体数量高峰形成时间为8月初，刺参浮游幼体以耳状幼体最为常见，幼体附着期为7月下旬至9月上旬，附苗高峰期为8月上旬；刺参浮游幼体附着集中于中、上水层，以δ=3m水层最多.图6表3参4     

加饲不同数量的沼液对育肥猪的影响

用4组共32头仔猪进行了三种不同喂量的沼液饲养试验。试验结果表明,在饲料消化能为12.1MJ/kg、粗朊10％的营养水平下,按饲料量(风干重)的1.5倍加饲沼液对育肥猪有显著的增重效果(P<0.05),平均比对照净增20.6％,饲料利用率提高17％,育肥期缩短25％左右,有明显的生态效益和经济效益。     

国内新型柴油机尾气净化催化剂

本文采用挤压成型堇青石蜂窝载体,制成含有铂、钯的催化剂。研究了第二载体活性氧化铝晶形结构、涂载最对载体比表面和催化剂活性的影响;添加稀土元素有利于改进催化剂的耐高温性能。用165型柴油机尾气进行净化试验,说明催化剂对CO和总烃净化效果较好,当空速为36000小时~(-1),在载Pt(2克/升)催化剂上,CO起燃温度180℃,总烃200℃;CO转化率达90％的温度为210℃,总烃为250℃; 250℃下,当空速增加到10万小时~(-1),CO转化率为97％,总烃转化率83％。催化剂的活性与国外同类型催化剂相接近。     

On the life history of Centropages typicus: Responses to a fall diatom bloom in the New York Bight

Laboratory studies and field collections show that egg production by Centropages typicus (Krøyer) in New York shelf waters in autumn 1984 responded to both food and temperature. Rates of egg production were high (43 to 76 eggs female^-1 d^-1) in October, early in the fall diatom bloom. Later, although food concentrations remained high and female size actually increased, egg production declined, presumably in response to seasonally decreasing temperatures. Carnivorous diets did not support egg production. Development time for autumn-hatched C. typicus was 33 d at 15°C, a rate that gives a Q₁₀ of 2.21 when compared with the spring development rate of 49 d at 10°C. We could find no evidence of physiological adjustments being made by this copepod for overwintering. Development was not arrested at any subadult stage and resting eggs were not produced. Trends in body size of copepodid stage V, however, suggest that an overwintering strategy may be invoked by this copepod in Junuary or February.     

Critical threshold size for overwintering sandeels (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ammodytes marinus</Emphasis>)

Several ecologically and commercially important fish species spend the winter in a state of minimum feeding activity and at lower risk of predation. To enable this overwintering behaviour, energetic reserves are generated prior to winter to support winter metabolism. Maintenance metabolism in fish scales with body size and increases with temperature, and the two factors together determine a critical threshold size for passive overwintering below which the organism is unlikely to survive without feeding. This is because the energetic cost of metabolism exceeds maximum energy reserves. In the present study, we estimated the energetic cost of overwintering from a bioenergetic model. The model was parameterised using respirometry-based measurements of standard metabolic rate in buried A. tobianus (a close relative to A. marinus) at temperatures from 5.3 to 18.3°C and validated with two independent long-term overwintering experiments. Maximum attainable energy reserves were estimated from published data on A. marinus in the North Sea. The critical threshold size in terms of length (L _th) for A. marinus in the North Sea was estimated to be 9.5 cm. We then investigated two general predictions: (1) Fish smaller than L _th display winter feeding activity, and (2) size at maturation of iteroparous species is larger than L _th to ensure sufficient energy reserves to accommodate both the metabolic cost of passive overwintering and reproductive investments. Both predictions were found to be consistent with data on size at maturation and total body energy in December and February.     

Continuous Plankton Records: Seasonal cycles of phytoplankton and copepods in the North Atlantic ocean and the North Sea

Data from the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey of the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea are used to study geographical variations in the amplitude, duration and timing of the seasonal cycles of total phytoplankton and total copepods. It is shown that the distribution of overwintering stocks influences the distributions throughout the year. There is a relationship between the timing of the spring increase of phytoplankton and the amplitude of the seasonal variation in sea surface temperature. In the open ocean, the timing of the spring increase of phytoplankton corresponds with the spring warming of the surface waters. In the North Sea the spring increase occurs earlier, associated, perhaps, with transient periods of vertical stability, resulting in a relatively slower rate of increase. It is suggested that in the open ocean the higher rate of increase is under-exploited by copepods due to low overwintering stocks and longer generation times. Exceptionally early spring increases of phytoplankton off the west coast of Greenland and over the Norwegian shelf are probably associated with permanent haloclines. A high and late autumn peak of phytoplankton off the coast of Portugal may be associated with coastal upwelling.     

Energy storage and dynamics in bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli

The energy of the body components and the energy costs of spawning and overwintering in the bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, the most abundant fish in Chesapeake Bay, were studied to determine seasonal variability during the different stages of its life cycle. Bimonthly samples were collected by trawl from April 1990 through October 1991. Fish condition and body energy levels fluctuated seasonally, and were related to anchovy size. Energy equivalents (cal g^-1 dry wt) was highest in December, before the overwintering period. The somatic weight component increased by 32 to 33% and total body weight by 26% during the spawning season, indicating that feeding not only met energy requirements of daily spawning but also provided surplus energy for growth. The overwintering loss of energy was 33 to 35% of total body calories, and was primarily derived from deposit fat in somatic and visceral tissues.     

Seasonal population structure,vertical distribution and migration of the chaetognath Sagitta elegans in the Celtic Sea

The biology of the chaetognath Sagitta elegans Verrill has been much researched, but detailed studies of population structure have generally been conducted in coastal water where dynamic tidal conditions may cause difficulty in interpretation of data. The resolution of sampling examining vertical distribution and diurnal migration has also been rather coarse. During a series of eight cruises to a seasonally thermally stratified sampling site in the Celtic Sea in 1978 and 1979, detailed vertical zooplankton profiles were taken to study the seasonal population structure, vertical distribution and migration of this species. The overwintering stock of S. elegans (22 to 52 individuals m^-2, 0 to 90 m) had a wide range of lengths (5 to 20 mm) and matured in 1978 from early March, spawning several times before dying out by late July. Young produced by the overwintering stock started to mature in July and population numbers reached their highest in August (2483 m^-2, 132.8 mg C m^-2) when sea temperature peaked (17.1°C). By October, the population of S. elegans declined (284 m^-2), which was thought to be due to a combination of lower sea-water temperature, competition for and availability of food, and predation. Because of the length range of the overwintering population (5 to 20 mm), it is assumed that reproduction continued at a low level over the winter, although eggs were not found in January and February, the coldest months of the year. In summer, the smallest S. elegans (2 to 6 mm) were found in the near-surface waters and did not migrate, but as their lengths increased they occupied deeper depth ranges and a portion of the population started to migrate diurnally. Individuals which did not migrate and stayed in the warmer surface waters, or those which migrated into it, matured faster than those remaining in the colder water below the thermocline. Migration to surface waters by mature individuals seemed to be stopped by high surface temperatures (17°C) and a sharp thermocline (3 C°). As sea temperature increased during the year from the winter minimum of 7.7°C, S. elegans matured at a progressively shorter length (14 mm in March 1978 to 10 mm in August). There are probably only three generations of S. elegans a year in the Celtic Sea.     

Intake and coversion of food in the fish Limanda limanda exposed to different temperatures

In the flat fish Limanda limanda L., feeding rate and conversion efficiency were studied as functions of body weight, sex, temperature and food quality. When offered herring meat at 13 °C (series I), females (live weights 1 to 150 g) consume more food than males; the magnitude of this difference is body weight-dependent. With increasing wieght, both females and males consume less food per unit body weight per day. Variations in daily ration are considerable; the range of deviation from mean feeding rate is about 60% for males and 40% for females. The range of deviation does not vary significantly among females and males of different body weights. At the same temperature level (13 °C; series II), females consume almost the same, or even less, cod meat than males. Among individuals of series I and II, there is a little difference in the feeding rate; however, herring-fed individuals obtain about 2 times more energy than cod-fed individuals. Each gram wet weight of herring meat yields 2001, each gram cod meat 1137, calories. Small individuals completely cease to feed at 3°C; they feed little at 8 °C. Larger females consume maximum amounts at 8 °C. Small individuals consume maximum amounts at higher temperatures. Thus, with increasing body weight (age), the temperature for maximum feeding shifts downwards. Feeding with cod or herring meat results in considerable changes in composition and calorific content of L. Limanda. The magnitude of these changes depends both on temperature and food quality. Food conversion efficiency values of herring-fed individuals are about 1 1/2 times higher than of cod-fed individuals. In series I and II, females are more efficient converters than males. In individuals weighing more than 50 g, conversion efficiency decreases in the order: 8°, 13°, 18° C; in smaller individuals this order is 13°, 18°, 8 °C. Conversion rate is about 2 to 5 times faster in individuals fed herring meat than those receiving cod meat. Conversion rate decreases in the order 13°, 8°, 18 °C in males, and in the order 18°, 13°, 8 °C in females; females of more than 80 g are exceptional in that they reach the maximum at 8 °C. From the data on food intake and food conversion, the biologically useful energy available for metabolism has been calculated for each test individual kept at 13° and 18 °C. At these temperature levels, the weight exponents are about 0.6; the a value or metabolic level for the 18 °C series is about 2 times higher than that at 13 °C. Thus, temperature affects metabolic rate but not the exponential value. The exponential value for the body weight-metabolism relation at 13 °C is for dab fed herring meat 0.9; the a value amounts to about half that for dab fed cod meat. Food quality, unlike temperature, alters not only the exponential value but also metabolic rate.     

Autecology and clonal variability of the marine centric diatom Thalassiosira rotula (Bacillariophyceae) in response to light,temperature and salinity

The influence of 49 combinations of salinity (10–40 S, at 5 S intervals) and temperature (0°–30°C, at 5C° intervals) on the maximum daily division rate (K) and 18 combinations of light intensity (six levels) and temperature (5°, 15°, and 25°C) on photosynthesis, cell division, and chlorophyll a was examined using two clones of Thalassiosira rotula Meunier isolated from the upwelling area of Baja California (clone C8) and from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Islands (clone A8). Physiological differences appear to characterize these to clones with regard to their temperature tolerance (C8 5°–30°C, A8 0°–25°C), maximum growth rate (C8 K=2.9, A8 K=2.4), chlorophyll a content, and in the rates of growth and photosynthesis in response to light intensity and temperature. Optimum salinity for both clones (25–30 S) was generally independent of temperature, while chlorophyll a content decreased with temperature. T. rotula is a cosmopolitan paractic species; experimental studies indicate that it is eurythermal and moderately euryhaline. Comparison of five additional Narragansett Bay isolates of T. rotula reveal minimal spacial or temporal variability in genetically determined physiological characteristics within this local population.     

环青海湖地区草地蝗虫发生的生态环境条件分析

为了有效地进行草地蝗虫的防治,必须摸清其生长和繁殖与生态环境条件的关系。研究表明,在环青海湖地区气温对草地蝗虫影响较为明显是在蝗卵越冬期和孵化期。降水量太多不利于草地蝗虫的发育,但降水适量因有利于蝗蝻出土可能会增加蝗虫基数。青海湖级湖成阶地和构造台地有利于蝗虫的繁育。土壤的温度、质地及水分和盐分含量对草地蝗虫的发生和繁育也有一定影响。     

Life-history analysis in “physiological” compared with “sidereal” time: An example with an amphipod (Gammarus lawrencianus) in a varying environment

The multivoltine, estuarine amphipodGammarus lawrencianus has four generations per year in an environment where temperatures range seasonally from –1° to 25°C. Temperature-response curves for rates of brood production and development were determined by laboratory experiments and field observation. The life history and population dynamics were observed over a full annual cycle (1981) for a field population located at Rocky Run, Porter's Lake, Nova Scotia, Canada. On a natural (i.e., sidereal) time scale, the generations appear to have very different life histories: the two summer generations have short lives, rapid development and mature at small size (classicr-selection), whereas the overwintering generations have relatively low rates of mortality, slow development and mature at large size (classicK-selection). This pattern (larger size at maturity at lower temperatures) is widespread in aquatic poikilotherms. Similar life-history differences are evident among cohorts of the summer generations that mature at different temperatures. When time is expressed on a physiological scale that removes the effect of temperature on embryonic development and reproductive rate, the variation within and among generations is greatly reduced. In particular, an apparent alternation betweenr- andK-selection largely disappears. Because the generations are temporally isolated, it might be surmised that natural selection acting on the summer generations might antagonize the effects of natural selection acting on the fall and winter generations. However, the scaling of the rates of development, maturation, growth, reproduction and mortality on the physiological time scale derived from the temperature dependence of development and reproductive rate gives a very different and more homogeneous pattern.