Response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to salinity in the early growth stages for agricultural cultivation in saline environments

Salinity is a serious environmental problem. Growing of plants like tomato can be solution for coping with soil salinity. For this purpose, response of tomato to salinity has been tested in the early growth stages. Characteristics of germination (percentage and period; length and fresh-dry weight of radicle and hypcotyl) and seedling (length and fresh-dry weight of root, shoot and whole plant; leaf number and area based on Relative Growth Rate); Na+ and K+ content of leaf; K+/Na+ rate of leaf has been studied at the 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl levels. Thus, it determined that tomato can be indicator for agricultural cultivation at the salinity environments at the early growth stages.     

Screening bamboo species for salt tolerance using growth parameters,physiological response and osmolytes accumulation as effective indicators

Bamboos are potential species for reclamation of saline soils and water. In this study, the performances of three bamboo species, namely Dendrocalamus strictus (S1), Dendrocalamus longispathus (S2) and Bambusa bambos (S3), were investigated for salinity stress tolerance. After 14 days of treatment with 100?mM NaCl, reduction in shoot length was 66%, 100%, 77%, root length was 77%, 100%, 57%, number of leaves was 50%, 100%, 73% and fresh weight was 30%, 72%, 14% in S1, S2 and S3 species, respectively. Relative water content (RWC) in S1 and S3 species was 1.26 and 1.07 folds higher in 50?mM NaCl in comparison to control. In S2 species, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll_a and chlorophyll_b degradation were the highest (40.4%, 42.7%, 16.32%, respectively) in comparison to S3 (18.18%, 23%, 16.4%) and S1 (23.5%, 25%, 19.17%) species. In S3 and S1 species, the Chl_a/Chl_b ratio was maintained showing stabilisation of the net photosynthetic rate. Proline played a more important role than glycine betaine for salt tolerance of these bamboo species. On account of vegetative growth, proline accumulation and RWC, it is inferred that S1 and S3 species are salt tolerant while S2 is a sensitive species.

Abbreviations: SL: shoot length; RL: root length; NL: number of leaves; FW: fresh weight; RWC: relative water content; Chl_a: chlorophyll_a; Chl_b: chlorophyll_b; TC: total chlorophyll; GB: glycine betaine     

PBS降解过程对植物发芽和生理特性的影响研究

采用青菜（Green vegetables）和生菜（Romaine lettuce）的种子发芽和室外盆栽实验,通过考察植物的种子发芽、生物量以及叶绿素质量浓度等指标,研究了可生物降解材料聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）对青菜和生菜发芽和生长过程中生理特性（植株地上鲜、干质量,地下鲜、干质量,株高,根长,叶片数,叶绿素质量浓度）的影响。研究结果表明：（1）土壤中加入PBS有利于青菜种子的发芽,较大幅度的提高了其发芽率、苗长、根长等,并且随着PBS质量分数的增加这种促进作用越发明显,PBS×100处理组的苗长和根长较空白对照组分别增长了12.9%和26.1%;（2）低质量分数的PBS对青菜和生菜的发芽、生长以及叶绿素的合成具有一定的促进作用,但是高质量分数的PBS则会产生轻微的抑制作用。     

Influence of short-term irrigation of textile mill wastewater on the growth of chickpea cultivars

The effect of textile mill wastewater on germination, delay index, physiological growth parameters, and plant pigments of two cultivars of chickpea was studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of textile mill wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for irrigational purposes. The textile effluent did not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination at a lower concentration (6.25%). The other reported plant parameters (delay index, root length, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoid) also followed a similar trend. Seeds germinated in 100% effluents but did not survive for longer periods. It has also been concluded that the effect of the textile effluent is cultivar-specific, and due care should be taken before using the textile mill wastewater for irrigation purposes.     

Influence of short-term irrigation of textile mill wastewater on the growth of chickpea cultivars

The effect of textile mill wastewater on germination, delay index, physiological growth parameters, and plant pigments of two cultivars of chickpea was studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of textile mill wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for irrigational purposes. The textile effluent did not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination at a lower concentration (6.25%). The other reported plant parameters (delay index, root length, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoid) also followed a similar trend. Seeds germinated in 100% effluents but did not survive for longer periods. It has also been concluded that the effect of the textile effluent is cultivar-specific, and due care should be taken before using the textile mill wastewater for irrigation purposes.     

Relative salinity tolerance of warm season turfgrass species

Fresh water, coupled with soil salinization in many areas has resulted in an increased need forscreening of salt tolerant turf grasses. Relative salinity tolerance of eightwarm season turfgrass species were examined in this study in sand culture. Grasses were grown in a glasshouse, irrigated with either distilled water or saline sea water adjusted to 24, 48 or 72 dSm-1. Salt tolerances of the grasses were assessed on the basis of their shoot and root growth, leaf firing and turf quality. Regression analysis indicated that Zoysiajaponica (Japanese lawn grass) (JG), Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustine) (SA), Cynodon dactylon (satiri) (BS), Zoysia teneuifolia (Korean grass) (KG), Digitaria didactyla (Serangoon grass) (SG), Cynodon dactylon (Tifdwarf) (TD), Paspalum notatum (Bahia grass) (BG) and Axonopus compressus(Pearl blue) (PB) suffered a 50% shoot growth reduction at 36.0, 31.8, 30.9, 28.4, 26.4, 25.7, 20.0 and 18.6 dSm1 of salinity, respectively and a root growth reduction at44.9, 43.7, 33.4, 31.0, 29.5 27.5, 21.5 and 21.4 dSm- of salinity, respectively. Leaf firing and turf quality of the selected species, as a whole, were also found to be affected harmoniously with the change in root and shoot growth. On the basis of the experimental results the selected species were ranked for salinity tolerance as JG>SA>BS>KG>SG >TD>BG>PB.     

Studies on phytotoxic effect of aluminium on growth and some morphological parameters of Vigna radiata L. Wilczek

Aluminium toxicity is a major deterrent for plant growth in acid soils below pH 5.0. This study deals with effect of aluminium toxicity on growth of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) seedlings. Seed germination (in %) declined with increased content of Al2(SO4)3, while promotive effect was observed at very low dosage. Different concentrations of aluminum sulphate salt were applied to mungbean seeds. Measurement of aluminium content in mungbean leaves was done through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Root length (root and hypocotyl length) and shoot length (shoot and epicotyl length) was measured at seven days old seedling stage. Different concentrations of Al2(SO4)3 were found to have significant effect both on shoot and root length. Leaf area, fresh and dry weight was significantly reduced. Increased stomatal frequency and trichome density with an increase in concentrations of Al2(S04)3 was observed through scanning electron microscope.     

Effects of industrial waste water on heavy metal accumulation, growth and biochemical responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

The waste water showed high values of total solid (TS), hardness and chloride with slightly alkaline pH along with high concentrations of Cr (2.03 mg l(-1)), Ni (1.59 mg l(-1)) and Zn (0.46 mg l(-1)). The concentration of Cu (0.21 mg l(-1)) and Zn in industrial waste water was low than Ni and Cr. The diluted (25 and 50%), undiluted (100%) waste water was used to irrigate the lettuce plants grown in alluvial soils. Plants accumulated heavy metals in their shoot (Ni, 13.65; Cr, 19.73; Zn, 21.6 and Cu 14.76 microg g(-1) dry weight) and root (Ni, 41.4; Cr, 31.6; Zn, 30.2 and Cu 15.85 microg g(-1) dry weight) in high concentrations after irrigation with undiluted industrial waste water. Maximum accumulation of heavy metals was found in the root than the shoot (13.65-21.60 microg g(-1) dry weight). Dry matter yield and biomolecules (Chlorophyll a, b and sugar contents) was found to increase with increase in concentration of waste water up to 50%, which declined at the exposure of undiluted waste water. Catalase activity was found to increase with increase in waste water concentrations up to 100%, while carotenoids content increased in plants only up to the 50% waste water irrigation. Use of industrial waste water in such form, on agricultural lands is not found suitable without proper treatment. It could be injurious to plants growth and may be a potential threat to food web.     

粉煤灰钝化污泥人工土壤上高麦草生长发育及营养状况研究

通过温室盆栽试验研究不同比例粉煤灰钝化污泥人工土壤上高麦草的生长发育及营养状况，试验结果表明：土壤中加入粉煤灰钝化污泥显著增加了高麦草的干物重．脱水污泥加入其鲜重的10％粉煤灰钝化后再按1∶1和1∶5体积比与土壤混合配成的人工土处理和加入其鲜重的35％粉煤灰钝化后再按1∶1体积比与土壤混合配成的人工土处理高麦草的产量都显著高于自然土壤施用化肥的处理，高麦草的发芽率也不受影响．随着粉煤灰加入量的增加，高麦草地上部Ca，Mg和B的浓度（w／％或w／mg．kg－1）增加而K，Fe，Mn和Zn的浓度下降，高麦草根中Fe，Mn，Cu和Zn的浓度显著高于其地上部中的浓度．所有粉煤灰钝化后污泥人工土壤高麦草都没有出现N和P的缺乏和重金属毒害，说明合适比例的粉煤灰钝化污泥人工土壤是高麦草的良好生长介质．     

Growth of Avicennia marina and Ceriops decandra seedlings inoculated with halophilic azotobacters

Inoculation of azotobacter has significant positive effects on the growth characteristics and pigments in mangrove seedlings of Avicennia marina and Ceriops decandra. The bacterial inoculation significantly increased the root dry biomass at the maximum of 75.8% at 30 gl(-1) salinity in Ceriops decandra. But in Avicennia marina, the shoot dry biomass was increased significantly at the maximum of 56.12% at 30 gl(-1) salinity in general, the Azotobacter beijerinkii improved the growth characteristics better in both species of mangroves preferably at higher salinity levels in A. marina and at a range of salinity in C. decandra. The results recommend this forraising vigorous seedlings under nursery conditions.     

Effect of phytohormone pretreatment on metabolic changes in Vigna radiata under salt stress

Efficiency of pretreatment as foliar spray of indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid and kinetin (6-furfuryl aminopurine) each ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M in restoring the metabolic alterations imposed by NaCl salinity (E.C. value 4.0 m mhos/cm) was investigated in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Application of NaCl resulted in about 7% and 9% decrease in phenol content in mung bean leaf and root respectively. In leaf, NaCl caused 40% increase in polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity over the control set. This effect was accentuated in root, where salinity caused 200% increase in the enzyme activity. In leaf and root of mung-bean plant, ascorbic acid content decreased about 29% and 31% respectively under salinity stress as compared with control. Ascorbic acid oxidase enzyme activity increased under stress by about 55% and 23% respectively in leaf and root. It was noted that all the three growth regulators used in the present study were able to overcome to variable extents the adverse effects of stress imposed by NaCl solution.     

狼尾草根系对阿特拉津长期胁迫的氧化应激响应

通过盆栽实验研究了抗性植物狼尾草根部丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、抗坏血酸(As A)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等氧化应激生理指标对不同浓度阿特拉津长期(48 d)胁迫的响应规律。结果表明:当阿特拉津胁迫浓度分别高于20 mg·kg~(-1)和50 mg·kg~(-1)时,狼尾草根系的MDA与Pro含量较对照组显著升高(P0.05);随着阿特拉津胁迫浓度的增加,狼尾草根部SOD和GR活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,其中当阿特拉津胁迫浓度为20 mg·kg~(-1)时,SOD和GR活性达到最大值;供试植物根系中As A含量与阿特拉津胁迫浓度呈正相关。综上,中低浓度(≤20 mg·kg~(-1))阿特拉津处理没有对狼尾草的根系产生明显的氧化胁迫效应,狼尾草根系的上述抗氧化应激生理指标对于发挥阿特拉津抗性起着重要的作用。     

镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米幼苗及其根际微生物的毒性效应

通过温室盆栽实验,研究了镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米(品种郑单958)幼苗的毒性效应及其生物富集特性,并通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,探讨了镉对玉米根际微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,高浓度(>100mg·kg-1)镉对玉米幼苗的生长发育有明显的抑制作用,北京褐潮土中镉引起玉米幼苗株高下降1/2的效应浓度(EC50)为654.6mg·kg-1,引起玉米根部和地上部干质量下降1/2的EC50分别为323.6和110.2mg·kg-1,玉米幼苗地上部生物量(干质量)可作为评价重金属生态毒性的适宜终点。玉米幼苗对镉有一定的吸收累积效应,镉在玉米幼苗各组织中的浓度分布为根>茎>叶,其中根部对镉有一定的富集作用(生物富集系数BAF>1)。镉污染可引起玉米根际微生物群落结构发生改变,高浓度(1000mg·kg-1)镉可导致部分微生物种群数量减少甚至完全消失,表明镉污染可对植物幼苗、植物根际微生物以及植物-微生物之间的相互作用造成重要的干扰和威胁。     

Soil organic matter and salinity affect copper bioavailability in root zone and uptake by Vicia faba L. plants

Processes that control the mobility, transformation and toxicity of metals in soil are of special importance in the root-developing zone. For this reason, there is a considerable interest in understanding trace elements (TEs) behavior in soil, emphasising the processes by which plants take them up. Increased root-zone salinity can affect plant TEs uptake and accumulation in plant tissue. Furthermore, copper (Cu) complexation by soil organic matter (SOM) is an effective mechanism of Cu retention in soils, controlling thus its bioavailability. Therefore, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of soil Cu contamination in a saline environment on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) element uptake. Treatment with NaCl salinity was applied (control, 50 mM NaCl and 100 mM NaCl) on faba bean plants grown in a control and in a soil spiked with Cu (250 and 500 mg kg^?1). Low and high SOM content trial variants were studied. Cu accumulation occurred in faba bean leaf, pod and seed. Cu contamination affected plant element concentrations in leaves (Na, Ca, Mg, Mn), pod (Zn, Mn) and seed (Mn, Mo, Zn). Root-zone salinity also affected faba bean element concentrations. Furthermore, Cu contamination—salinity and salinity—SOM interactions were significant for pod Cu concentration, suggesting that Cu phytoavailability could be affected by these interactions. Future research will be focused on the mechanisms of Cu translocation in plant and adaptation aspects of abiotic stress.     

磷肥和黑麦草结合修复铅污染贫磷潮土的研究（Remediation of Lead Polluted Chaotu Soil with Low Phosphorus Availability by Phosphorus Fertilizer Amendment and Ryegrass）

在Pb污染土壤中施用磷肥是降低Pb有效性的有效方法.在低磷或高Pb胁迫下,植物根际的一系列变化将促进植物对磷的吸收或对Pb毒性的降低,但低磷胁迫下植物对土壤Pb有效性的影响研究不多.为探讨Pb污染低磷土壤上施用磷肥对Pb有效性、植物吸收Pb的影响及黑麦草(LoliumperenneL.)对土壤Pb有效性的影响,设置0、500和1000mg·kg-13个Pb用量和0、2729mg·kg-1两个普通过磷酸钙磷肥用量,种植黑麦草,0和1000mg·kg-1Pb下设置不种植植物的对照的盆栽试验,植物生长48d后收获,测定植物地上部和根系产量、长度、Pb浓度及土壤DTPA-Pb含量.结果表明,施用磷肥后植物产量和地上部长度增加、根冠比、根系长度和Pb浓度减小,500mg·kg-1Pb用量时,未施用磷肥和施用磷肥时植物产量分别为0.37和1.70g·pot-1,1000mg·kg-1Pb用量时这两个数值分别为0.24和1.50g·pot-1,500mg·kg-1Pb用量时,植物产量与未施Pb处理(产量为0.75g·pot-1)差异显著(p<0.05);施用磷肥后,地上部吸收的Pb的比例和植物体吸收的Pb数量均增加.1000mg·kg-1Pb用量下,植物产量、地上部长度均小于500mg·kg-1Pb用量处理时的水平,而土壤DTPA-Pb浓度、植物Pb浓度、Pb吸收量均大于500mg·kg-1Pb处理,表明2729mg·kg-1普通过磷酸钙用量并不能完全抵消1000mg·kg-1Pb对植物生长的抑制作用.施用磷肥降低了土壤DTPA-Pb含量,但500mg·kg-1Pb用量时降低效果不显著(p>0.05).0mg·kg-1Pb用量下,种植植物的处理土壤DTPA-Pb含量比未种植植物处理高54.3%;1000mg·kg-1Pb处理时,种植植物处理土壤DTPA-Pb含量比未种植植物平均低18.5%.以上结果表明,在0mg·kg-1Pb用量下,植物生长受到了一定程度的磷胁迫.在磷胁迫下,种植植物提高了土壤Pb有效性,而在1000mg·kg-1Pb用量下,不管是否施用磷肥,种植植物均降低了土壤Pb有效性.本研究结果表明,在低磷和高Pb胁迫下,施用水溶性磷肥可降低土壤Pb有效性,促进黑麦草生长,促进Pb向植物地上部转移;在低磷胁迫且无Pb污染条件下,黑麦草对土壤Pb的有效性表现为促进;在高Pb胁迫下,不管是否施用磷肥,黑麦草均可降低土壤Pb有效性.     

Effect of calcium against salinity-induced inhibition in growth, ion accumulation and proline contents in Cichorium intybus L

This study assesses the effect of NaCl (80 and 160 mM) and CaCl2 (10 mM) solutions, alone and in combination, to 30-day-old seedlings of Cichorium intybus L. Observations were made at 30 day intervals from the time of treatment till harvest (180 days after sowing). Application of NaCI resulted in significant decreases in lengths of root and stem, in dry weights of root, stem and leaves and in the leaf area, as compared with control. The reduction was less with the combined application of NaCI and CaCI2 than with the NaCI treatment alone. On the contrary treatment of CaCl2, alone promoted the above variables. Proline content in the leaves was enhanced with NaCl and CaCI, alone as well as with the NaCI + CaCI2 treatments; the maximum (six-fold) enhancement was observed with the combined treatments, compared with NaCl (four-fold increase) and CaCl2 (two-fold increase) alone. The sodium (Na+) and Chloride (CI) contents in different plant parts increased both with NaCI and with NaCI+ CaCI2 treatments. The maximum accumulation was observed in leaves, followed by that in stem and root. The potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) contents decreased under NaCl stress, but increased with CaCI2 treatment. Thus, calcium ameliorated the deleterious effects of NaCI stress and stimulated the plant metabolism and growth.     

垃圾渗滤液浸种对玉米代际遗传效应的研究

采用实验室早期栽培实验,主要探讨了垃圾渗滤液浸种对玉米代际的遗传效应。结果表明:垃圾渗滤液会影响玉米代际早期的生长发育,低浓度垃圾渗滤液(10%)促进代际玉米种子的萌发及幼苗的生长;而高浓度渗滤液(50%)则对其产生抑制效应。再者,相比于经垃圾渗滤液浸种处理过的F1代玉米种子而言,对F2代产生的毒性效应相对减弱,仅高浓度组与对照组相比出现差异,50%处理组的萌发率、根长、芽长及叶绿素含量分别为对照组的81%,83%,79%和89%。此外,渗滤液浸种对代际玉米根尖细胞有丝分裂均表现出"低促高抑"的作用,对根尖微核损伤也均呈现剂量-效应关系。这说明低浓度垃圾渗滤液对玉米F1代及F2代的生态毒性风险依然存在,不容忽视。研究选用玉米为模式植物具有一定的实际意义,其结果可为垃圾渗滤液的生态风险评价提供理论依据。     

Some mechanisms of salinity acclimation in the euryhaline teleost,Etroplus maculatus

Mechanisms of salinity acclimation in the euryhaline freshwater living teleost, Etroplus maculatus (Bleeker), were studied. Brain water content decreased steadily with increasing salinity of the medium. Liver and muscle water content increased initially in 30% sea-water but in higher salinities decreased markedly, approximating control levels. Osmotic pressure of tissue fluid increased by 33% from 0.45% NaCl equivalent in freshwater to 0.60% NaCl equivalent in 100% sea-water. K and Mg decreased in dilute saline media but in 100% sea-water increased markedly approximating control levels; this is especially so in regard to Mg. Na decreased steadily and Ca increased with increasing salinity. Cl increased in 60% sea-water but decreased in 100% sea-water; however, its concentration in 100% sea-water exceeded that in freshwater. Free amíno acids increased by 11% in 30% sea-water but decreased in 60% and 100% sea-water, such that their concentration was lower by 28% in 60% sea-water and by 34% in 100% sea-water relative to the control level. Ascorbic acid decreased by 37% in 30% sea-water but in 60% and 100% sea-water increased steadily approximating the control level. The significance of these changes in the physiology of salinity acclimation is discussed and a correlation suggested between acclimation to salinity and to high temperature.     

Investigation of the response of bread wheat cultivars to salinity by using callus cultures

In this research, the response of four bread wheat cultivars (Bal-Atilla, Marmara-86, Seyhan-95, and Panda) to different NaCl concentrations (25.6, 51.3, 77.0, 99.4,119.7 mM) were investigated by using callus cultures. In the experiment, callus induction rates (%) and callus weights in solid and liquid MS media, callus weights in liquid MS media with different NaCl concentrations and in liquid MS media free NaCl concentrations, and callus weights and regeneration rates in MS solid media with NaCl concentrations were studied. Callus induction rates and weights were significantly different among genotypes. Callus weights in liquid MS media were higher than those obtained in the MS solid media. Panda cv. had the highest callus weight in the liquid MS media. Callus weights significantly decreased due to increased NaCl stress. Residual effect of NaCl concentrations on Calli weights was significant. Callus weights decreased due to increasing residue effects of NaCl concentrations. There was no cultivar resistance to salinity, high salinity and very high salinity concentrations. However, Panda cv. was more tolerant cultivar at the light salinity concentrations. Gametoclonal regeneration could not be obtained.     

入侵物种三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用研究

对华南地区重要外来入侵物种三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用进行了研究,以揭示该物种的入侵机制。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取三裂叶蟛蜞菊地上部分的挥发油,提取率为2.58‰(质量比)。以稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙3种杂草种子为供试对象,用种子萌发法测定了三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用活性。结果表明:三裂叶蟛蜞菊的茎叶在密闭系统中产生的挥发性物质对稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的幼苗生长有显著抑制作用。稗草的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少49.1%、35.0%和27.3%,三叶鬼针草的分别比对照减少18.8%、20.9%和28.6%,青葙的分别比对照减少62.9%、21.2%和50.0%。水蒸气蒸馏法所得的挥发油对稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的幼苗生长也有显著抑制作用,且抑制作用随着浓度的增大而增强。稗草的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少88.2%、58.3%和45.5%,三叶鬼针草的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少38.6%、34.5%和71.4%,青葙的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少83.7%、51.5%和75.0%。结论:三裂叶蟛蜞挥发物具有化感作用,其作用机理值得深入研究。