热解底泥对两种氟喹诺酮类抗生素和双酚A的吸附

将滇池断桥底泥在不同炭化温度(200℃—500℃)下制成热解底泥,用元素分析仪表征其元素组成.以诺氟沙星(NOR)、氧氟沙星(OFL)和双酚A(BPA)为代表化合物,研究人工合成有机污染物在热解底泥上的吸附行为,从而深入了解热解底泥的吸附特性以及其施用对有机污染物的环境行为和风险的影响.结果表明,热解底泥随炭化温度的增加,芳香性升高,极性降低,阳离子交换量降低,对NOR、OFL和BPA的吸附非线性增强.热解底泥的吸附性能比原始底泥更强,随炭化温度的升高,对NOR的吸附依次减弱,对OFL的吸附变化不大,对BPA的吸附依次增强,这与热解底泥极性和阳离子交换量,以及吸附质的极性相关.在原始底泥和热解底泥上,NOR和OFL的吸附均明显强于BPA,这主要因为NOR和OFL与底泥中无机矿物组分可通过阳离子交换作用和阳离子桥接作用使其吸附强于BPA,并且NOR和OFL相比于BPA官能团多且复杂.     

壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附动力学及解吸性能

采用溶液插层法制备了壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物,以此复合物为活性红染料RR136的吸附剂,考察了复合物中壳聚糖与蒙脱土的摩尔比、染料溶液pH和浓度、温度及吸附剂用量等因素对吸附动力学行为的影响.运用红外光谱和扫描电镜对吸附RR136前后的吸附剂进行了表征,探讨了染料分子与吸附剂之间的相互作用,研究了吸附剂的再生性能.结果表明,壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对RR136的吸附更符合拟二级动力学方程,RR136在该复合物上的吸附速率受颗粒外扩散过程的控制.连续进行15次吸附/再生循环后,吸附剂的吸附容量和再生率分别为266.27 mg·g-1和60.5%,表明插层复合物吸附剂具有较好的再生重复使用潜力.     

天然碳质吸附剂对典型有机污染物的吸附机制研究进展

综述了天然碳质吸附剂(carbonaceous geosorbent,CG)的分类、来源、基本性质及对典型有机污染物的吸附机制与特点,涉及的有机物污染物涵盖了多环芳烃、多氯联苯、多溴代二苯基醚、农药及抗生素等多种门类,包括极性、弱极性、非极性及离子型等多种化合物,具有较广泛的代表性.CG类物质与有机化合物间的分子间作用力(范德华力)对吸附作用有重要贡献,但这种分子间作用力会受到CG性质(如孔隙结构、特征基团等)和吸附质分子特点(如分子构型、官能团)的影响.深入了解CG对典型有机化合物的吸附机制及其影响因素对污染土壤环境风险评估和污染土壤修复具有重要意义.     

离子强度对吸附影响机理的研究进展

本文介绍了水溶液中离子或分子的水合、吸附剂表面的双电层模型以及内层与外层表面络合物,在此基础上讨论了离子强度对吸附的影响.一般来说,溶液的离子强度增大时,吸附质与吸附剂之间的静电作用减弱,疏水作用增强,络合作用变化不大.电解质离子能通过与吸附质离子产生离子交换竞争、对吸附质产生盐析或盐溶效应、改变溶液中大分子吸附质分子的大小、与吸附质离子形成离子对等方式影响吸附。     

典型多环芳烃在红树林沉积物上的吸附特性及影响因素

采用批量平衡实验,研究了九龙江口红树林沉积物对典型多环芳烃（PAHs）萘（Nap）、蒽（Ant）和苯并[a]芘（BaP）的吸附特性,以及温度、盐度及沉积物不同尺寸团聚体对吸附的影响．结果表明,3种PAHs在沉积物上的吸附分为快速吸附和慢速吸附两个阶段;Freundlich模型能较好地描述其吸附行为,吸附呈非线性;沉积物...     

腐殖酸负载对萘和1-萘酚在生物炭上吸附动力学的影响

进入环境的生物炭对有机污染物的吸附过程受到普遍共存的溶解性有机质的影响.本研究将两种腐殖酸组分负载在以玉米秸秆为原料、不同炭化温度下(200、400、600℃)制得的生物炭上,考察极性和非极性有机污染物萘和1-萘酚在原始和腐殖酸负载生物炭上的吸附动力学,分别应用拟一级、拟二级和双室一级3种动力学模型对实验数据进行拟合.结果表明,拟二级和双室一级动力学模型均能较好地描述动力学吸附过程.腐殖酸负载对生物炭上萘和1-萘酚的吸附动力学有显著影响,使得平衡吸附量(Q_e)下降,而表观吸附速率提高.致密的芳香碳组分和纳米级孔隙主要对萘和1-萘酚在生物炭上的慢吸附单元起作用,腐殖酸负载降低了生物炭的芳香化程度和孔隙度,慢吸附对总吸附的贡献(f_(slow))降低.生物炭内部有机碳的致密性降低,使得萘和1-萘酚分子容易扩散进入生物炭颗粒内部,加之表面积和孔隙度减少,缩短吸附平衡时间,两种化合物的慢吸附速率常数(k_(slow))均提高.负载腐殖酸后,两种化合物的快吸附速率常数(k_(fast))的变化却不同.腐殖酸负载向生物炭表面引入含氧极性官能团,阻碍萘分子向表面疏水吸附位点扩散,使得萘的k_(fast)下降;而由于1-萘酚是极性有机物,除了疏水作用,其结构中的—OH能通过氢键与生物炭表面相互作用,其k_(fast)反而升高.     

生物炭对极性与非极性有机污染物的吸附机理

以玉米秸秆为原料,分别在200、400、600、700℃下制备了不同性质的生物炭,对其性质进行了表征.研究了极性物质普萘洛尔和非极性物质萘在生物炭上的吸附,并对不同物质的吸附机理进行了探讨.结果表明,随裂解温度的升高,生物炭芳香性增强,极性降低,比表面积增大.普萘洛尔和萘的吸附都随生物炭裂解温度的升高而增大,普萘洛尔的lgKoc由3.10(低平衡浓度3 mg·L~(-1))和2.88(高浓度10 mg·L~(-1))增加到3.89和3.67;萘的lgKoc由2.74(低平衡浓度3 mg·L~(-1))和2.65(高浓度15 mg·L~(-1))增加到4.59和4.05.疏水分配作用对萘在低温生物炭上的吸附起主要作用,而随裂解温度升高,表面吸附和孔填充所占贡献逐渐增强.除了以上机理,普萘洛尔还可通过静电吸引进行吸附,而且在BC200上,由于大量极性官能团的作用,有利于静电吸附,其对普萘洛尔的吸附显著大于对萘的吸附;而且存在分子的倾斜吸附或多分子层吸附,单位表面积的吸附量远远大于单分子层吸附预测值.而在高温生物炭上,由于萘的分子较小而憎水性较高有利于孔填充作用,其对萘的吸附大于对普萘洛尔的吸附.     

镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的磷吸附特征

采用镧改性沸石对太湖底泥进行改良,通过吸附试验分析镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的磷酸盐吸附特征.结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型可以较好地描述太湖底泥对水体中较高浓度磷酸盐(1～15 mg·L-1)的吸附平衡,根据Langmuir吸附方程,未改良太湖底泥对水体中磷的最大吸附容量为791 mg·kg-1,镧改性沸石添加量为10、25和50 g·kg-1的改良太湖底泥对水体中磷的最大吸附容量分别为937、1 037和1 505mg.kg-1.准二级动力学模型可以较好地描述太湖底泥对磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程.太湖底泥对磷酸盐的去除能力随pH值增加而降低,其对磷酸盐的吸附属于自发和吸热过程.改良太湖底泥对磷酸盐的吸附能力明显高于未改良太湖底泥,并且其吸附能力随镧改性沸石添加量的增加而增加.镧改性沸石添加量为10～50 g · kg-1的改良太湖底泥的磷吸附-解吸平衡浓度为0.129～0.241 mg·L-1,明显低于未改良太湖底泥(0.386 mg·L-1).被改良底泥中镧改性沸石所吸附的磷以NaOH-P和HCl-P等较稳定的形态存在,厌氧状态下不易释放.     

三氯乙烯在模型吸附剂上的吸附特性

为了分别揭示矿物质、有机质在疏水性有机物吸附中的作用,文章研究了蒙脱石、高岭土、硅胶以及用腐殖酸修饰后的这3种模型吸附剂对三氯乙烯的吸附行为。采用批量吸附实验方法分别研究了三氯乙烯在不同吸附剂上的吸附。结果表明,硅胶、高岭土、蒙脱石对三氯乙烯均具有一定的吸附能力,吸附系数Kd值分别为10.3、3.13、1.15L·kg-1,硅胶的吸附能力明显高于高岭土和蒙脱石。3种无机模型吸附剂对腐殖酸表现出不同的吸附能力,蒙脱石最强,高岭土次之,硅胶最差,与对三氯乙烯的吸附能力正好相反。被腐殖酸修饰后3种模型吸附剂对三氯乙烯的吸附都明显增强,但增强程度不一样,当用8%腐殖酸(腐殖酸与模型吸附剂的质量比)修饰后,3种吸附剂对三氯乙烯的吸附Kd值均在23L·kg-1左右。虽然Kd随有机质的质量分数增高而上升,但是Kd值与有机质的质量分数不存在线性相关关系,特别是对于具有较高吸附能力的无机吸附剂,说明无机矿物本身结构对于吸附起到同等重要的作用。     

Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合纳米材料对铀(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

采用化学共沉淀法制备Fe_3O_4磁性纳米粒子,利用正硅酸乙酯的水解在其表面包裹SiO_2,以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)对复合粒子进行表面氨基化制备出Fe_3O_4@SiO_2-NH_2;采用红外(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、磁滞回线等手段对复合粒子进行了表征.结果显示,制备的复合粒子呈微球形,粒径相对均匀,大约在200 nm.并采用静态吸附的方法进行批量实验,研究了该复合纳米材料作为吸附剂在不同条件下对U(Ⅵ)的吸附性能.实验结果表明,固液比1∶200、温度35℃、吸附平衡时间30 min、pH 5的条件下,复合粒子对U(Ⅵ)的吸附效果最佳,为95%左右.准二级动力学模型能更好地描述粒子对U(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学过程;吸附可用Freundich等温模型较好地描述,说明为多分子层吸附.实验表明所制备的氨基化磁性复合纳米粒子对溶液中U(Ⅵ)具有优良的吸附性能,有望成为一种能够有效处理含铀废水的吸附材料.     

铁在黄河底泥上吸附-絮凝-沉降的研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了黄河底泥对水体中总铁的吸附,并研究了无机高分子絮凝剂(铁铝共聚物)对吸附产生的影响．结果表明,在黄河底泥对总铁的吸附过程中,pH值和底泥的浓度均会对吸附量产生很大影响．在其特征pH值吸附范围内,随着pH值的升高,吸附量相应增加．同时,在特定的pH值和底泥浓度下,随着总铁初始浓度的增加,吸附量也相应增加;而在总铁初始浓度不变的情况下,随着底泥浓度的增加,水体中平衡吸附量减少．结果还表明,絮凝剂的加入,可使黄河底泥对总铁的吸附量明显增加,从而提高水体中总铁的去除率．     

沉积物对菲和五氯酚的吸附性能

研究了菲和五氯酚（PCP）在五种沉积物的吸附解吸行为，菲和PCP在各沉积物上的吸附和解吸都是较快的过程。均能在8h内达到平衡，吸附和解吸结果表明，高有机质含量的沉积物对菲和PCP的吸附和持留能力都较强，菲和PCP在各沉积物中的吸附系数跟沉积物的有机质含量呈线性正相关。等温吸附结果表明，低有机质含量的三种沉积物比有机质含量较高的两种沉积物呈更好的线性关系。不同沉积物对菲和PCP的吸附性能差异跟沉积物的有机质含量密切相关。     

黄河中下游沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学研究

研究了黄河中下游10个不同表层沉积物在黄河水体中对磷酸盐（P）的吸附动力学及其影响因素和吸附机理。结果表明：（1）不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附能力各不相同,但吸附量随时间的变化具有相同的变化趋势,吸附速率均在前8h内较快,以后逐渐趋缓,在48h时基本达到吸附平衡。不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附量均随P初始质量浓度的增加而增大,随沉积物含量增大而减小;（2）不同沉积物在不同P初始质量浓度下对P的吸附动力学均符合Lagergren二级吸附动力学模型及Weber-Morris扩散方程,求得二级吸附速率常数和扩散速率常数分别在11.9866～157.55g·mg^-1·h^-1和0.0005～0.0119mg·g^-1·h^-1/2之间,吸附过程由P在沉积物内扩散控制。     

香港河流沉积物中有机碳对铜的吸附特性

采用厌氧序列分批滴定装置（ＡＳＢＴ）研究了香港青山湾避风塘和屯门河、城门河、林村河感潮河段沉积物中有机碳对铜的吸附特性。结果表明，在ｐＨ１６和ｐＨ７的条件下，沉积物中有机碳对铜的吸附特性可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温式描述，铜在不同河流沉积物有机碳中的分配系数差别较大，吸附容量差别较小，Ｈ＾＋可以结合沉积物有机碳的重金属结合位点，导致吸附容量和分配系数随ｐＨ增大而增大。     

Adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents

Both bottle-point and column-feeding experiments involving different solutes and sorbents were carried out to investigate the adsorption selectivity and separation performance of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid. Their adsorption isotherms onto such hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents as NDA-100 and NDA-99 could be well described by the Freundlich equations whose characteristics describe extrathermic and favorable adsorption processes. The adsorption towards NDA-100 mainly depended on the π-π interaction, while that towards NDA-99 was extremely influenced by the static-electric interaction. Additionally, the adsorptive capacity of salicylic acid on NDA-99 decreased while it increased on NDA-100 with the presence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment as the competitive component. Comparatively, the adsorption capacity of 5-sulfosalicylic acid decreased on both resins with salicylic acid as the competitive component. In fact, the difference in the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate resulted in the straight antagonism on the effective adsorption sites on the adsorbent. In conclusion, the adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid onto NDA-100 was obviously larger than that onto NDA-99 with the existence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment. A satisfactory separation and recovery of tested solutes in aqueous phase could be foreseeably achieved by the sequencing adsorption technique involving NDA-100 as well as NDA-99.     

Physicochemical aspects of using natural scavengers in removing methylene blue (basic dye) from solution

Effluent from dyeing and finishing processes is an important source of water pollution. The effectiveness of bentonite, kaolinite and sediment from a local deposit in removing methylene blue as a cationic dye from aqueous solutions has been investigated. The adsorption equilibrium (isotherm) has been determined according to Freundlich and Langmuir equations. The optimum amount is 0.5 g for all adsorbents, and the optimum pH ranges are 2-8 for bentonite and 2-6 for kaolinite and sediment. With respect to kinetic modelling, the adsorption of methylene blue on various adsorbents was fitted to a second-order equation. Also, the thermodynamic parameters were determined. The negative free energy values indicate the feasibility of the process and spontaneous nature of adsorption. The positive ΔH° values indicate the endothermic nature of the process. Thus, Egyptian clay minerals and sediments have a great tendency to remove the dye from solutions.     

黄河上游沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学研究

研究了黄河上游10个不同表层沉积物在黄河水体中对磷酸盐（P）的吸附动力学及其影响因素和吸附机理。结果表明：不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附能力各不相同,但吸附量随时间的变化具有相同的趋势,吸附速率均在前8 h内较快,以后逐渐趋缓,在48 h时基本达到吸附平衡。不同黄河沉积物对P的吸附量均随P初始质量浓度的增加而增大,随沉积物质量浓度增大而减小,且也受水体pH值的影响,在pH为6.0~9.0范围内吸附量比较大。不同沉积物在不同P起始质量浓度下对P的吸附动力学均符合Lagergren二级吸附动力学模型及Weber–Morris扩散方程,求得二级吸附速率常数和扩散速率常数分别在10.85~229.29 g.mg-1.h-1和0.7×10-3~5.2×10-3 mg.g-1？h-1/2）之间,吸附过程由P在沉积物内的扩散控制。     

Adsorption of sulfonamides on lake sediments

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one class of the most widely used antibiotics around the world. Their fate and transport in the aquatic environment is of great concern. In this study, adsorption of four SAs—sulfadiazine (SD), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and sulfamethazine (SM2)—in single-solute and multi-solute systems on sediments of Dianchi (DC) Lake and Taihu (TH) Lake, China was investigated with batch experiments. In the single-solute adsorption system, the Langmuir model and the dual-mode model described the adsorption process better than the Freundlich model. Model fitness was better on DC sediment than on TH sediment. The order of adsorption capacity approximately followed a decreasing order of SDM>SD>SM2>SMZ on both sediments, which was likely attributed to the distinctly different water solubility of the four SAs. In the multi-solute system, the order of adsorption capacity was SM2>SDM>SD>SMZ, which was probably related to the compound speciation caused by the pH values of the experimental solution. In the multi-solute system, both competitive and cooperative adsorption played important roles in the adsorption of sulfonamides on sediments.     

Physicochemical aspects of using natural scavengers in removing methylene blue (basic dye) from solution

Effluent from dyeing and finishing processes is an important source of water pollution. The effectiveness of bentonite, kaolinite and sediment from a local deposit in removing methylene blue as a cationic dye from aqueous solutions has been investigated. The adsorption equilibrium (isotherm) has been determined according to Freundlich and Langmuir equations. The optimum amount is 0.5 g for all adsorbents, and the optimum pH ranges are 2–8 for bentonite and 2–6 for kaolinite and sediment. With respect to kinetic modelling, the adsorption of methylene blue on various adsorbents was fitted to a second-order equation. Also, the thermodynamic parameters were determined. The negative free energy values indicate the feasibility of the process and spontaneous nature of adsorption. The positive ΔH° values indicate the endothermic nature of the process. Thus, Egyptian clay minerals and sediments have a great tendency to remove the dye from solutions.     

Modelling of the relationship moisture content to nutrient transformation rate in river sediments

The modelling of the transformation processes in the river sediments is an important and still not investigated problem that is a key for water quality. The relation between nutrients transformation rate and moisture in sediments was investigated by means of analogous modelling. The mathematical dependences of the connection were derived, and only two of them were linear—at the early stage of COD (organic) change and at the late stage of transformation of phosphates that metabolically connected the biodegradation of organics with oxidative phosphorylation. The rest mathematical dependences were the polynomials of third order. This study confirmed that the leading factors which influence the transformation rate of nutrients are the sediment surface, particular organic matter and porosity of the medium, as well as the concentration on the sediment surface of micro-organisms, enzymes, co-metabolites, etc. The presented data from ecological modelling of the transformation processes in the parafluvial sediments showed how can the hydrological models be enlarged and enriched in their application to the key and critical (risk) fluctuations in the river functioning. The mathematical dependences and coefficients were extracted in our complex study to be included in HSPF model as an enlarged module. As far as the investigated transformation processes in the parafluvial have more universal significance, the results can be applied in the other models, bounded river water and sediment quality.