生态恢复过程中华山松林与天然林主要种群的生态位特征比较--以巫溪县红池坝为例

以群落样方为一维综合资源位，研究了炼山后华山松(Pinus armandii)针阔混交群落与天然林中主要乔木种群的生态位特征、并运用空间代替时间的方法，以天然林中种群生态位特征来预示华山松群落中种群生态位发展动态．结果表明：①依照各种群在两种林分中生态位宽度的变化动态，种群可分为生态位扩展型种、生态位衰退型种、生态位稳定型种和生态位敏感型种、②在华山松群落中，大量侵入的乡土树种已具有了较大的生态位宽度，但群落中种间生态位重叠值很高，显现出人工群落中种群生态位分化不良，种间竞争激烈，群落的组成结构不稳定．③天然林中大多数乡土树种的生态位宽度较之在华山松林中大为增加，但由于长期协同进化，种间生态位分化程度高，种间竞争较缓和，群落具有很高的稳定性．④天然群落比人工群落的种群生态位配置更优化，具有更高的稳定性．由此可见，在生态恢复工程中应充分发挥乡土树种的积极作用，尽可能以天然林群落的结构特征作为有益的参照以指导植被恢复与重建工程的实施．图2表3参17     

四川盆地农业生态系统害鼠种群测报数学模型的研究

根据四川盆地农业生态系统害鼠种群数量连续3年的统计结果：方差分析证明种群数量在年周期间变化不显著，（F＜F0．05）而年内存在着显著的统计学差异（F＞F0．05）种群数量季节消长呈明显的双峰型模式，年周期内出现6月和11月两个数量高峰，两峰之间无显著性差异（t＜t0．01）．依据农田灭鼠的实际情况，用3月份的数量来预测6月份的种群数量，是理想的预测方案故本文依据该3年的数据，采用数学拟合方法，组建预测6月份数量高峰的短期预测模型．统计检验表明具有准确、可靠和实用的特点．     

垃圾渗滤液处理工艺及SBR反应器中主要原生动物的种群变化

针对垃圾渗滤液的特点，提出了脱氨氮→SBR生化处理→加氯消毒的处理工艺，并观察研究了SBR反应器中原生动物的种群变化．试验结果表明：经上述处理工艺，各种年限的垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的氨氮、CODCr等指标均能达到排放标准；SBR反应器中原生动物种类丰富，它们与其它微生物相互协同，提高生化处理效率；通过对SBR反应器中原生动物种类和数量变化的显微观察，可及时地了解处理系统的运行状态．图11表2参14     

海洋纤毛虫实验生态学研究Ⅳ:不同人工海水培养液及温度对扇形游仆虫种群增长的影响

为了揭示出海洋纤毛虫在人工海水中及不同温度下的种群动力学，利用实验生态学方法，就4种培养液及2种（17℃和23℃）温度对海洋纤毛虫扇形游仆虫（Euplotes vannus Mailer，1786）种群增长的影响进行了初步探讨．结果显示：①该种纤毛虫原生动物在4种人工海水培养液中的种群增长率大小顺序为：牛肉浸膏培养液〉米粒培养液〉酵母粉培养液〉蛋白胨培养液；②种群密度大小顺序依次为：米粒培养液〉牛肉浸膏培养液〉酵母粉培养液〉蛋白胨培养液；③指数增长期及稳定期在米粒培养液中均长于牛肉浸膏培养液；④随着培养温度的升高，种群增长率增大，指数增长期及稳定期缩短；⑤温度系数（Q10）的大小顺序为：蛋白胨培养液〉牛肉浸膏培养液〉米粒培养液〉酵母粉培养液．结果表明，米粒人工海水培养液不仅适合于保种培养，而且适合于种群的扩大培养，而牛肉浸膏培养液更适合于种群的快速扩大培养，其他两种培养液则只适合于保种培养．图2表4参13     

不同水平的仙湖苏铁种群在土壤资源上的生态位宽度

在基株和无性系两个水平上，分析了珍稀濒危植物仙湖苏铁种群在土壤资源上的生态位宽度，以及该种群对土壤资源的潜在利用能力，探讨该种群对资源的利用状况，从而为种群的保护提供科学依据。结果表明，在有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾等土壤养分资源轴上，无性系种群的生态位宽度大于基株种群；而且无性系种群比基株种群具有更大的潜在利用土壤资源的能力，说明无性繁殖可能是种群在日益恶化的生境中赖以生态的主要方式。当土壤有机质在3．348％～3．832％、全氮在0．164％～0．186％、速效磷在2．092～2．868mg／kg、速效钾含最在108．34～137．28mg／kg范围之间时，种群分布的个体数最多。因此，抑制周边生境恶化，改善土壤养分结构将有助于促进仙湖苏铁种群的恢复和发展。     

岷江上游刺旋花种群格局研究

在随机取样、解剖的基础上，对岷江上游灌丛优势种刺旋花（Convolvulustragacuthoiedes）建立种群静态生命表进行统计分析，以探索其在该地区特殊的生态学意义。结果表明：刺旋花种群的年龄结构为稳定发展型，存活曲线接近于decvyⅢ型；生活史中分别在1a和4～5a有两个死亡高峰；种群数量变化可用年龄结构模型Xx＝3．37·x－3．21（其中x表示年龄，Xx表示种群数量）来预测．X2检验法和区组样方方差法的格局分析结果都表明：刺旋花种群的分布格局随生境破碎程度和水分状况有很大差异，在不同样地分别趋向于随机分布和集群分布.     

基于EEM与PCR-DGGE技术分析温度对蚯蚓堆肥处理城镇污泥的影响

将城镇脱水污泥制成5 mm粒径颗粒分别在15、20、25℃条件下进行蚯蚓堆肥,利用三维荧光(EEM)考察了温度对蚯蚓堆肥处理城镇污泥过程腐熟程度的影响,并采用PCR-DGGE技术探究了不同温度条件下蚯蚓堆肥微生物种群结构的变化,旨在分析蚯蚓堆肥中的微生物种群结构的变化,进而验证污泥中腐殖酸类有机物熟化降解机理,并为蚯蚓堆肥处理城镇污泥实现工业化生产提供理论依据。EEM分析结果表明:在堆肥30 d时,堆肥系统中腐殖酸类物质已基本降解完全,且随着堆肥时间的延长,芳香类蛋白质一直在被蚯蚓和微生物所利用;同一时期随温度升高,蚯蚓吞食和系统内的微生物的协同增效作用能加快系统中DOM的降解效率、提高系统的矿化程度。依据PCR-DGGE技术测序结果可知:蚯蚓堆肥系统中微生物种群对于温度变化存在缓冲区间,当温度在15—20℃范围内变化时,细菌和真核微生物的种群多样性差异均较小;温度为25℃时,系统中细菌种群多样性降低,真核微生物种群多样性升高;堆肥结束时,3个温度组系统中共有细菌种群类别占系统中总细菌种群类别79%以上,共有真核微生物种群类别占系统总真核微生物种群类别75%以上,表明随着温度升高系统中主要微生物种群类别并未发生变化,仅共有微生物种群的相对数量发生了改变,且3个温度组系统中均以拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)为优势种群,温度越高,相对数量越多,系统中易利用有机质所占比重小,系统更加稳定。     

毛竹混交林主要种群多维生态位特征

应用生态位空间分割法，分别考虑资源利用率与否测定毛竹混交林多维资源空间中主要种群多维生态位宽度及多维生态位重叠，结果表明：考虑资源利用率与否对多维生态位宽度的测定有较大的影响，毛竹混交林中主要种群的多维生态位宽度与物种的生物学特性及竞争力密切相关，同一生境中物种的多维生态位重叠可通过生态位分化而减少竞争，研究毛竹混交林主要种群多维生态位特征对毛竹混交林营造具有指导作用．表8参24．     

单甲脒农药对土壤微生物种群和土壤酶活性的影响

研究了单甲脒（Ｎ＇－２，４－二甲苯基－Ｎ－甲基甲脒，简称ＤＭＡ）对土壤微生物种群和土壤酶活性的影响．田间试验表明，喷洒单甲脒盐酸盐（ＤＭＡＨ）于棉花植株对土壤微生物种群和土壤酶活性无明显影响．实验室试验表明，投加ＤＭＡＨ于土壤对土壤微生物种群有不同的抑制作用；当ＤＭＡＨ在土壤中的浓度为２０ｍｇ／ｇ时，好氧异养菌总量开始降低，硝化细菌和放线菌、真菌的土壤ＤＭＡＨ抑制浓度分别为０．５ｍｇ／ｇ和０．１ｍｇ／ｇ．ＤＭＡＨ对土壤酶活性的影响亦不相同，脱氢酶对土壤中ＤＭＡＨ含量为１０ｍｇ／ｇ时其活性即有明显的减弱，而过氧化氨酶对ＤＭＡ的耐受性相当高，其活性的抑制浓度达５００ｍｇ／ｇ．试验还证明了土壤中ＤＭＡ的微生物降解作用．当ＤＭＡ在土壤中的浓度为５０～５００ｇ／ｇ时，其消解速率可从８．７５ｍｍ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１提高到４８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１．     

沙质海岸带木麻黄林与天然林主要种群的生态位特征比较

通过样地调查比较分析了沙质海岸带木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)林与天然林主要种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠这2种重要的生态位特征。结果表明,依照各种群在2种林分中生态位宽度的变化,可将其划分为生态位扩展型、衰退型、敏感型和稳定型4个种群类型;天然林中的演替优势种在木麻黄林的灌木种群中已有较大数量的分布,且具有较大的生态位宽度值,但由于人工林生态位分化不良,种间竞争相对激烈,群落组成不稳定;天然林中大部分乡土树种生态位宽度较之在木麻黄林中大为增加,但除敏感型种群和潺槁木姜子(Litsea glutinosa)、雀梅藤(Sageretia thea)以外,天然林中其他种群的生态位重叠值较之在木麻黄林中有所降低,说明经过长期的协同进化,天然林种间生态位分化程度高,竞争相对缓和。总体来看,以乡土树种为优势种的天然林生态位配置比人工林更优化,对维持群落的稳定更有意义,因此实现乡土树种与木麻黄的合理配置对建设稳定型沿海防护林体系具有重要的参考价值。     

Coupling biochemical and biophysical processes at the leaf level: an equilibrium photosynthesis model for leaves of C3 plants

The paper presents a generic computer model for estimating short-term steady-state fluxes of CO₂, water vapor, and heat from broad leaves and needle-leaved coniferous shoots of C₃ plant species. The model explicitly couples all major processes and feedbacks known to impact leaf biochemistry and biophysics including biochemical reactions, stomatal function, and leaf-boundary layer heat- and mass-transport mechanisms. The ability of the model to successfully predict measured photosynthesis and stomatal-conductance data as well as to simulate a variety of observed leaf responses is demonstrated. A model application investigating physiological and environmental regulation of leaf water-use efficiency (WUE) under steady-state conditions is discussed. Simulation results suggest that leaf physiology has a significant control over the environmental sensitivity of leaf WUE. The implementation of a highly efficient solution technique allows the model to be directly incorporated into plant-canopy and terrestrial ecosystem models.     

Super-individuals a simple solution for modelling large populations on an individual basis

Modelling populations on an individual-by-individual basis has proven to be a fruitful approach. Many complex patterns that are observed on the population level have been shown to arise from simple interactions between individuals. However, a major problem with these models is that the typically large number of individuals needed requires impractically large computation times. The common solution, reduction of the number of individuals in the model, can lead to loss of variation, irregular dynamics, and large sensitivity to the value of random generator seeds. As a solution to these problems, we propose to add an extra variable feature to each model individual, namely the number of real individuals it actually represents. This approach allows zooming from a real individual-by-individual model to a cohort representation or ultimately an all-animals-are-equal view without changing the model formulation. Therefore, the super-individual concept offers easy possibilities to check whether the observed behaviour is an artifact of following a limited number of individuals or of lumping individuals, and also to verify whether individual variability is indeed an essential ingredient for the observed behaviour. In addition the approach offers arbitrarily large computational advantages. As an example the super-individual approach is applied to a generic model of the dynamics of a size-distributed consumer cohort as well as to an elaborate applied simulation model of the recruitment of striped bass.     

Assessing the Leakage Rates from Punctured Submerged Vessels

The leakage of fluid leaving a puncture in a pressurized vessel immersed in a quiescent, miscible medium is studied under steady flow conditions. This problem has engineering applications in submerged pipelines and hazardous gas lines. The leakage rate for the puncture is characterized as functions of various hydrodynamic and geometric conditions. Dimensional analysis shows that the leakage percent, Q*, is a function of the Reynolds number, the pressure ratio between the center of the tube and the external hydrostatic pressure, P^*, and the hole-to-main tube diameter ratio, D^*. The effect of puncture shape is also examined, rectangular and circular. A 3-D finite volume computational model is constructed for laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid under steady conditions and validated with supporting experiments. The results show that the fractional leakage rate Q* increases with P^* and approaches a constant value at high P^* for a fixed Reynolds number. In addition, it is found that the leakage rate increases with decreasing Reynolds number at a fixed pressure ratio. The geometric effect of the diameter ratio is shown to have a more pronounced effect near a pressure ratio of two with more fluid exiting the puncture for larger diameter ratios. The results of the shape analysis show that the circular puncture has the largest fractional leakage when compared to a rectangle with an equivalent cross-sectional area.     

A model of nematode dynamics in the Westerschelde Estuary

We developed a time dynamic model to investigate the temporal dynamics of nematode community in the brackish zone of the Westerschelde Estuary. The biomass of four nematode feeding groups observed from March 1991 to February 1992 is used to calibrate the model. Using environmental data as the input, the model predicts the temporal modification and interrelation of four nematode feeding groups. Nematodes achieve a dominant position in the community because of their lower loss rate (in respiration, excretion and natural death). Predators which are deposit-feeding macrobenthos control the variations of dominant nematodes, such as omnivores and non-selective deposit feeders. Food availability causes modification only for rare nematodes such as epigrowth feeders and selective deposit feeders. Temperature is a factor affecting both predation death and a loss including respiration, excretion and natural death. Overall, the modification of nematode community by food availability is much lower than by predator. The macrobenthos in the Westerschelde Estuary decrease from upstream to the estuarine mouth. The stability and standing stock of nematode population follow the opposite gradient of their predators. They increase from upstream to the estuarine mouth.     

硝基苯水溶液的超声波降解动力学

以硝基苯为唯一底物，选择超声功率200W，400W，600W，800W，研究了超声降解硝基苯水溶液的动力学，实验证明，硝基苯超声降解属假一级动力学反应，同时得到了不同超声功率下的降解速率常数，以及速率常数与超声功率的线性相关关系和含有超声功率的动力学方程，采用色质分析，确定了硝基苯降解产物中含有邻硝基酚和对硝基酚。     

森林枯枝落叶分解及其影响因素

枯枝落叶在森林生态系统中占有极其重要的地位,枯枝落叶的分解是一个以生物为主要参与者的过程,土壤动物使粗枯落叶实现物理性分解,土壤微生物则使枯落物碎片进一步分解为简单无机分子或转化为腐殖物质。土壤微生物的分解受枯落物自身成份的影响,粗脂肪与可溶性糖等在前期分解,木质素与纤维素等在后期分解,低w(C)/w(N)比枯落物易于分解,枯落物内的有机氮最终将降解为NH 4和NO-3,用于描述枯落物分解的最常用模型是指数方程x/x0=e-kt。自然因素与人为因素引起的火烧也是引起地面枯落物消失的重要因素,它有很强的负面效应,造成有机氮的损失。影响枯落物分解的因素很多,它们主要是通过影响分解生物而起作用,这些因素有树种、温度、湿度、酸碱度、污染等。阔叶树枯落物通常比针叶的分解快,温度与有机氮的矿化有线性关系,硝化作用可在大幅度的温度范围内发生,但最适温度通常在25℃。碳矿化的最适含水量约60%,在过于淹水条件下易于出现反硝化作用而造成氮损失。森林枯落物分解以真菌为主,适于在较高pH条件下进行,但与枯落物种类有关,云杉最适分解酸度为pH5～7,多种阔叶树最适分解酸度在pH3.5,土壤变酸时通常造成细菌数量显著下降,而以真菌占主导。枯落物的处理方式影响森林土地的生产力,移除地面枯落物或采伐剩余的枝叶可造成土地肥力的显著下降,相反,则有利于维持土地肥力。     

Data-directed modelling of Daphnia dynamics in a long-term micro-ecosystem experiment

The micro-ecosystem under consideration consists of three compartments forming a closed chain in which water circulates. Three trophic levels are represented in different compartments: autotrophs (algae, mainly Chlorella vulgaris), herbivores (Daphnia magna) and microbial decomposers. From a 20 years experiment with this system, data has been selected for this study. The dynamics of algae and Daphnia magna in only one of the compartments were modeled by different systems of differential and difference equations. We describe the successive steps in the process of model development, and the fitting of parameters using a Nelder-Mead simplex calibration method. Identification problems were overcome by taking values for physiological parameters in agreement with the literature. It turned out that a logistic type of model gives the best result for the structured Daphnia population because of the set up of the experiment: algae grow and reproduce in the upstream compartment. For this reason well-known plant–herbivore models did not comply with the data. The results of the parameter estimation procedure are discussed. The estimated grazing rate by Daphnia was smaller than expected. Possibly the Daphnia fed also on detritus and decomposing algae which were not measured.     

Lyapunov stability for an age-structured population model

This is a short notice on the McKendrick equation that I actually learned from Yu.M. Svirezhev in the 1990s. This McKendrick equation modelling the evolution in time of an age-structured population has received attention recently from mathematicians. The initial and boundary conditions for the McKendrick equation imposed by the population model are not the standard side conditions one sees in PDE theory for an evolution equation. In the simplest case, the problem reduces to a well-known model in demography, the Lotka integral equation.