上海市不同类型道路灰尘铂族元素（PGEs）空间分布特征

车辆行驶特征对PGEs排放影响很大,而不同类型道路,其车辆行驶特征会有很大差别。基于此,对上海市5条不同类型的道路进行灰尘PGEs空间分布规律的探讨。灰尘样品用王水消解制样,ICP-MS测定。结果表明：道路灰尘Rh、Pd、Pt的平均含量在主干道为24.50、96.40、29.04 ng·g-1,次干道为23.18、76.92、37.21 ng·g-1,快速路为41.73、188.05、57.21 ng·g-1,郊区高速公路为13.35、63.34、18.01 ng·g-1,郊区公路为7.49、22.76、0.97 ng·g-1,除次干道Pt含量高于主干道外,5种类型道路的PGEs含量均表现为：快速路﹥主干道﹥次干道﹥郊区高速公路﹥郊区公路,郊区高速公路及郊区公路虽然车流量大,但PGEs含量并不高,车流中许多车辆因未安装VECs而不排放PGEs是主要原因。如以1.5-1.6 km道路（两端为路口）为长度单位,主干道、次干道及快速路灰尘PGEs的分布呈波浪型;郊区公路灰尘PGEs的分布呈半圆弧型;郊区高速公路（仅有一端为收费口）灰尘PGEs分布呈先高后低再趋于平稳的折线型,车辆行驶特征的差异是造成不同类型道路灰尘PGEs分布模式差异的主要原因。郊区高速公路及郊区公路的路口（或收费口）,PGEs含量往往很高;而主干道、次干道及快速路的路口,PGEs含量不一定很高,频繁的怠速和加减速使得上述三种道路远离路口的地方也常出现怠速是主要原因。     

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS )的八级杆碰撞/反应池(ORS)技术测定地质样品中的铂、铭、钯

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的八级杆碰撞/反应池(ORS)技术测定地质样品中Pt,Pd,Rh的方法.结果显示,王水溶样、微波消解,可以有效地提高Pt、Pd、Rh的溶出率.ORS技术的使用,有效地消除了多原子离子对待测元素的干扰,特别是对Pd的干扰,使Pt、Pd、Rh的测定结果准确.Pt,Pd、Rh的检出限分别为0.47ng·g-1,0.44ng·g-1,0.065n·g-1,精密度为1.11%-2.57%.此方法为复杂基体样品中贵金属元素的快速、准确分析提供了一种新的途径.     

太湖西部入湖口沉积物中有机物分布及其潜在指示意义

太湖作为重要的工农业用水水源以及周边居民饮用水源,其水质安全受到高度关注。在太湖西部入湖口采集7个沉积物样品,研究了合成麝香、多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机磷酸酯阻燃剂/增塑剂(OPs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)含量水平和分布规律。研究结果表明,沉积物中多种污染物分布广泛,含量水平差异较大。其中,Σ15PAHs含量371 ng·g~(-1)~2.53$103ng·g~(-1),主要来源于生物质燃烧和化石燃料高温裂解;沉积物中检出4种多环麝香,主要组分为佳乐麝香(HHCB)(0.0792 ng·g~(-1)~1.17 ng·g~(-1))和吐纳麝香(AHTN)(0.123 ng·g~(-1)~1.29 ng·g~(-1)),它们指示了太湖水体已遭受一定程度生活污水输入影响;沉积物中Σ6OPs含量范围为1.63 ng·g~(-1)~21.9 ng·g~(-1),主要污染组分为磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP)和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP),并呈现明显的点源排放特征;沉积物中六六六系列(HCHs)(0.310 ng·g~(-1)~1.11 ng·g~(-1))和滴滴涕系列(DDTs)(0.551 ng·g~(-1)~6.40 ng·g~(-1))主要来源于历史残留。位于太滆流域的几个入湖口沉积物中多种污染物含量多高于浙江省辖区3个入湖口沉积物。     

西安市不同功能区可悬浮灰尘中重金属含量、形态及污染评价

首先利用原子吸收分光光度计测定西安市住宅区、文教区、交通区和公共服务区可悬浮灰尘样品中重金属Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn和Cr的含量,然后采用修正的BCR连续提取技术分析样品中重金属的赋存形态,最后利用单因子及内梅罗综合污染指数法评估重金属的污染水平.结果表明,西安市可悬浮灰尘中Ni(40.4μg·g~(-1))、Cu(44.0μg·g~(-1))、Pb(55.4μg·g~(-1))和Zn(128.8μg·g~(-1))的平均含量超出了陕西省土壤元素背景值,而Mn(187.4μg·g~(-1))和Cr(22.3μg·g~(-1))的平均含量低于该背景值.重金属在不同功能区呈现不同的变化特征:Ni、Cu和Cr在4个功能区含量差异不明显; Pb在交通区含量最高,在公共服务区含量最低; Zn在住宅区含量最低,在其他3个功能区含量接近; Mn文教区含量略高于其他3个功能区.不同功能区可悬浮灰尘中Cr主要以残余态存在,Cu、Zn和Mn主要以可还原态存在,Ni主要以可氧化态和可还原态存在,Pb主要以乙酸可提取态和可还原态存在.约有70%以上的Zn、Mn、Pb、Cu和Ni可以发生迁移,易被生物利用.单因子污染评价表明,4个功能区可悬浮灰尘样品中Ni、Cu、Pb和Zn呈现不同程度的污染,Mn和Cr处于清洁.内梅罗综合污染评价表明,不同功能区可悬浮灰尘重金属综合污染水平不同,住宅区和公共服务区处于轻污染水平,文教区和交通区处于中污染水平.     

新疆阿勒泰地区土壤中多环芳烃含量水平及来源解析

为了研究新疆阿勒泰地区土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况,于2018年10月对阿勒泰地区表层土壤进行采样,共采集样品14个,采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS 7890A-5975MSD Agilent)测定土壤样品中16种优控PAHs含量,并对其组成、分布及来源情况进行解析。结果表明,阿勒泰地区表层土壤中∑_(16)PAHs含量介于3.48～103.81 ng·g~(-1)之间,平均含量为32.24 ng·g~(-1),PAHs组成以3、4环为主,其中,7种致癌PAHs总含量介于0.32～50.95 ng·g~(-1)之间,平均含量为11.20 ng·g~(-1)。研究区域土壤PAHs污染水平较低,且PAHs污染水平与海拔高度无显著相关性(r=-0.471,P=0.668)。同分异构体比值法分析结果表明阿勒泰地区土壤PAHs主要来源于化石燃料及生物质燃烧,机动车尾气排放对PAHs贡献较大。主成分分析-多元线性回归解析结果表明,阿勒泰地区土壤PAHs主要受交通源(62.8%)、焦炉和燃煤源(28.2%)以及生物质燃烧源(9.0%)3个污染源影响,与新疆2012年排放贡献源相比,交通源以及焦炉和燃煤源排放占比呈上升趋势。     

珠江主干和东江河流表层沉积物中有机磷酸酯阻燃剂/增塑剂分布

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂/增塑剂(organophosphate esters,OPs)用量大、环境分布广泛、毒理效应显著,已成为环境领域关注热点。采用超声辅助提取结合固相萃取技术和气相色谱-质谱分析,研究珠江主干和东江河流表层样品中7种常见OPs含量水平与分布特征。结果表明,研究区域沉积物中OPs分布广泛,珠江主干∑7OPs范围为78.9~577 ng·g~(-1),主要污染物为磷酸三(丁氧基乙基)酯(TBEP),其次为磷酸三丁酯(TBP)和磷酸三(2-氯)乙酯(TCEP),均值分别为84.6 ng·g~(-1)、55.6 ng·g~(-1)和27.8 ng·g~(-1);东江河段沉积物中∑7OPs含量范围为24.0~293 ng·g~(-1),以磷酸三甲苯酯(TTP)、磷酸三苯酯(TPh P)和TBEP为主要污染物,平均浓度分别为55.6 ng·g~(-1)、32.7 ng·g~(-1)和17.5 ng·g~(-1)。以上结果揭示了珠江和东江沉积物中有机磷阻燃剂/增塑剂的浓度和分布是明显不同的,可能与不同来源的点源排放有关。     

对羟基苯甲酸酯在我国典型河口潮间带沉积物中的含量水平与分布特征

为了解对羟基苯甲酸酯(Parabens)在我国典型河口潮间带沉积物中的含量水平与分布特征,应用HPLC-MS/MS对采自国内典型河口潮间带沉积物样品中6种Parabens污染物(MeP、Et P、PrP、Bu P、Bz P和Hep P)的含量进行测定.测定结果显示,沉积物中Parabens总含量(∑parabens; 6种Parabens单体含量总和)介于2.20—24.5 ng·g~(-1)之间,几何平均含量为8.11 ng·g~(-1),略高于美国(4.93 ng·g~(-1))、日本(5.78 ng·g~(-1))和韩国(6.46 ng·g~(-1))等地所报道的结果.在6种Parabens单体中,MeP为主要的单体(检出率:100%,贡献率:79.9%),其次是PrP (91%,17.7%);而Bu P和Hep P在所有测定的沉积物样品中均未检出.九龙江潮间带沉积物中∑parabens的含量水平最高,其几何平均含量为14.6 ng·g~(-1);而北戴河潮间带沉积物中∑parabens的含量水平最低,其几何平均含量为4.34 ng·g~(-1).主成分分析结果表明各潮间带沉积物样品中Parabens的来源非常相似.     

典型城乡交错区土壤中多环芳烃污染及健康风险评价

以典型城镇化进程中武汉郊区-鄂州城市-鄂州郊区为研究对象,探讨城乡交错区多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平和来源,并进行健康风险评价.研究区土壤中PAHs广泛存在,16种PAHs检出率达100%.土壤中∑16PAHs含量为16.60—1854.21 ng·g~(-1),均值为411.67 ng·g~(-1);7种致癌单体多环芳烃Σ7PAHs含量为4.17—1169.98 ng·g~(-1),均值为251.93 ng·g~(-1).不同点位PAHs污染水平差异较大,其中在居民密集区、城市建设及交通繁忙区域尤为显著,说明城乡交错区人为社会和经济活动在一定程度上对土壤中PAHs污染产生较大影响.采用组分特征比值和主成分分析污染来源,结果显示该地区土壤中PAHs主要源于煤燃烧和机动车尾气排放以及秸秆等生物质低温燃烧排放,同时存在石油源污染.在城市化建设发展中,城乡交错区工业、农业、交通及生活等各种区域相互交错重叠,人为活动异常活跃,产生大量PAHs输入源,逐渐成为影响生活和环境的重要影响因素之一.研究区对于成人和儿童通过呼吸暴露于土壤PAHs几乎不存在风险;而通过皮肤接触及经口摄入途径暴露于土壤PAHs存在一定潜在风险.此外,儿童通过3种途径暴露致癌风险低于成人;成人和儿童通过3种途径暴露的致癌风险大小顺序均为经口摄入皮肤接触呼吸.     

基于化学形态分析的城市道路灰尘重金属健康风险评价与人为来源解析

环境中重金属的生物可利用性与其化学形态分布密切相关。借助化学形态分析可以更好地评价道路灰尘中各重金属的人体健康风险,但目前已有的研究主要集中在重金属的总量分析。通过采集临沂市城区主要街道灰尘样品,基于改进的BCR形态分析开展了Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni 6种重金属的健康风险评价与人为来源解析研究,以期为当地有关部门采取更加合理有效的污染防护措施提供理论支持。结果表明,临沂城区道路灰尘中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni 6种重金属呈现出明显的累积特征,其平均含量分别是山东省土壤背景值的6.78倍、55.12倍、7.91倍、6.09倍、1.32倍、2.78倍。与国内其它城市相比,临沂市道路灰尘中重金属含量水平整体偏高。根据BCR形态分析结果,残渣态仍是临沂城区道路灰尘中各重金属的主要赋存形态(64.52%～85.21%),表明它们具有较低的生物可利用性。各重金属的生物可利用性顺序为ZnCuPbCdNiCr。应用人体暴露模型进行分析,发现临沂市道路灰尘中生物可利用态重金属的非致癌与致癌风险水平整体较低,但儿童的非致癌暴露量明显高于成人,手-口摄入是最主要的暴露途径。相关性分析和主成分分析表明,临沂城区道路灰尘中重金属有着不同的人为来源,其中,汽车轮胎磨损与燃油泄漏等交通活动是Cd、Cu、Zn 3种重金属的主要人为来源,而人为Pb、Cr、Ni污染主要来自居民生活燃煤排放。     

室内环境中通过灰尘摄入和手-口接触带来的阻燃剂人体暴露风险

本研究在广州市某高校随机选取17间大学宿舍进行灰尘取样,同时对居住于宿舍的32名在校学生进行手部擦拭取样.分析了室内灰尘和人手表面的阻燃剂(flame retardants, FRs)的含量水平和组成特征,并估算了灰尘摄入和手-口接触两种不同评估途径的日暴露量.多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs)、磷酸酯阻燃剂(phosphorus flame retardants, PFRs)、德克隆(dechlorane plus, DP)、1,2-双(2,4,6-三溴苯氧基)乙烷(1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, BTBPE)和十溴二苯乙烷(decabromodiphenyl ethane, DBDPE)在室内灰尘和手表面中均有检出.两种介质中的FRs组成相似,都主要包括BDE 209、DBDPE、PFRs,其中∑PFRs和DBDPE在两种介质中检出浓度最高,在灰尘中的中值浓度分别为1294 ng·g~(-1)和1751 ng·g~(-1),在手表面的中值浓度分别为277 ng·m~(-2)和41.7 ng·m~(-2).手-口接触摄入的FRs暴露量与灰尘摄入的FRs暴露量相当.在FRs的暴露风险评估中,手-口接触途径带来的FRs的暴露不容忽视.     

土壤-苦丁茶树系统中铅的GF-AAS测定及其分布特性

采集不同苦丁茶树的根、茎、叶及对应的土壤样品,经过清洗、烘干、研磨等预处理后,采用高压密封罐加热消解,加入磷酸氢二铵作为基体改进剂,通过氘灯扣除背景,以石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)测定样品中的铅,铅浓度在0.000—60.000ng.ml-1时与吸光度呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0.9999,检出限为0.200ng.ml-1,方法精密度RSD5%,回收率93%—107%.用上述方法研究土壤-苦丁茶树系统中铅的分布表明,各种苦丁茶树及土壤中铅的分布具有类似规律,即土壤中铅含量远高于茶树中,茶树的地下部分含量分布为:吸收根主根,地上部分为:枯叶茎老叶嫩叶,其中嫩叶中铅含量远低于限量指标(Pb≤5.0μg.g-1),对茶叶服用的安全性有利.     

Platinum pollution in road dusts, roadside soils, and tree barks in Seoul, Korea

This study presents the level of platinum in urban environment in and around Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Road dust, roadside soil, and tree bark samples were collected from the sites of various traffic volumes and from control sites in the suburbs. The above samples were analyzed for Pt by ICP-MS and other heavy metals by ICP-OES. Platinum levels in road dusts and roadside soils from Seoul were in the range of 3.8-444 ng/g (av. 115.0 ng/g) and 0.7-221 ng/g (av. 49.7 ng/g), respectively, whereas those in the suburbs were in the range of 2.3-5.2 ng/g (av. 3.9 ng/g) in road dusts and 0.4-5.1 ng/g (av. 2.4 ng/g) in roadside soils. The highest Pt levels in road dusts were found from major roads with high traffic volume. The remarkable difference in average Pt level between heavy traffic roads (av. 132.2 ng/g) and light traffic roads (av. 22.8 ng/g) reflects that an important source of Pt in roadside environment is automobile catalytic converter. High Pt level in road dust was found from the site of erratic stop-start driving condition, for example, 178 ng/g Pt in road dust around a vehicle crossing gate. Platinum level in tree barks ranged from 0.9 to 4.5 ng/g, which indicates the existence of Pt-containing particulate matter in the atmosphere. Road dusts with high Pt level were enriched in traffic-related heavy metals.     

Platinum pollution in road dusts,roadside soils,and tree barks in Seoul,Korea

This study presents the level of platinum in urban environment in and around Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Road dust, roadside soil, and tree bark samples were collected from the sites of various traffic volumes and from control sites in the suburbs. The above samples were analyzed for Pt by ICP-MS and other heavy metals by ICP-OES. Platinum levels in road dusts and roadside soils from Seoul were in the range of 3.8–444 ng/g (av. 115.0 ng/g) and 0.7–221 ng/g (av. 49.7 ng/g), respectively, whereas those in the suburbs were in the range of 2.3–5.2 ng/g (av. 3.9 ng/g) in road dusts and 0.4–5.1 ng/g (av. 2.4 ng/g) in roadside soils. The highest Pt levels in road dusts were found from major roads with high traffic volume. The remarkable difference in average Pt level between heavy traffic roads (av. 132.2 ng/g) and light traffic roads (av. 22.8 ng/g) reflects that an important source of Pt in roadside environment is automobile catalytic converter. High Pt level in road dust was found from the site of erratic stop–start driving condition, for example, 178 ng/g Pt in road dust around a vehicle crossing gate. Platinum level in tree barks ranged from 0.9 to 4.5 ng/g, which indicates the existence of Pt-containing particulate matter in the atmosphere. Road dusts with high Pt level were enriched in traffic-related heavy metals.     

Platinum pollution in road dusts,roadside soils,and tree barks in Seoul,Korea

This study presents the level of platinum in urban environment in and around Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Road dust, roadside soil, and tree bark samples were collected from the sites of various traffic volumes and from control sites in the suburbs. The above samples were analyzed for Pt by ICP-MS and other heavy metals by ICP-OES. Platinum levels in road dusts and roadside soils from Seoul were in the range of 3.8–444 ng/g (av. 115.0 ng/g) and 0.7–221 ng/g (av. 49.7 ng/g), respectively, whereas those in the suburbs were in the range of 2.3–5.2 ng/g (av. 3.9 ng/g) in road dusts and 0.4–5.1 ng/g (av. 2.4 ng/g) in roadside soils. The highest Pt levels in road dusts were found from major roads with high traffic volume. The remarkable difference in average Pt level between heavy traffic roads (av. 132.2 ng/g) and light traffic roads (av. 22.8 ng/g) reflects that an important source of Pt in roadside environment is automobile catalytic converter. High Pt level in road dust was found from the site of erratic stop–start driving condition, for example, 178 ng/g Pt in road dust around a vehicle crossing gate. Platinum level in tree barks ranged from 0.9 to 4.5 ng/g, which indicates the existence of Pt-containing particulate matter in the atmosphere. Road dusts with high Pt level were enriched in traffic-related heavy metals.

     

The plant availability of auto-cast platinum group elements

The introduction of automobile catalysts has raised environmental concern, as this pollution control technology is also an emission source for platinum group elements (PGE). The main aim of this study was to assess soil and grass PGE concentrations in soils adjacent to five road networks. The soil and grass samples were collected from four distances at each site; they were 0, 1, 2 and 5 m from the road edges. The maximum soil Pt, Rh and Pd concentrations were measured at the road perimeters. Pd concentrations were much higher than Pt or Rh, possibly due to differences in its use, emission and/or soil chemistry. Rh and Pt soil concentrations accounted for 66 and 34% (P < 0.01) of the variability observed, respectively, in their plant concentrations. Grass Pd concentrations had no relationship with its total soil concentrations.     

Untersuchungen zur Bioverfügbarkeit Kfz-emittierter Platingruppenelemente (PGE) für die aquatische Fauna unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Palladium

The uptake and accumulation of the traffic-related platinum group elements (PGE) Pt, Pd and Rh by the aquatic fauna was investigated. Zebra mussels, eels and barbels were maintained in water containing either road dust or ground catalytic converter material. Following the exposure, samples of fish liver and kidney, as well as the soft tissues of the mussels, were analysed. Our results revealed that all three catalytic noble metals were accumulated by aquatic organisms. The highest bioavailability was found for Pd, followed by Pt and Rh. The concentration factor of Pd forDreissena polymorpha was 5 times higher compared with Pd and only 6 times lower than the essential element Cu. With regard to the increasing emission of Pd the level of this metal has to be monitored very carefully in the environment.     

气相色谱-质谱联用测定母乳中合成麝香

建立了凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)柱和硅胶柱净化,气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)测定母乳中合成麝香的分析方法.实验结果表明:GC/MS在0.01μg.ml-1到1μg.ml-1的浓度范围内对4种常见合成麝香(佳乐麝香HHCB、吐纳麝香AHTN、二甲苯麝香MX和酮麝香MK)均有良好的线性响应,4种合成麝香的基质加标回收率为76%—115%,相对标准偏差为2.8%—7.4%.利用信噪比(5/1)确定该方法的定性检测限,HHCB,AHTN,MX为5ng.g-1脂重,MK为4ng.g-1脂重,定量检测限为定性检测限的2倍.采用上述方法分析了上海母乳样品中合成麝香的浓度和分布特征,发现母乳中普遍存在这4种合成麝香,浓度分别为HHCB92±70;AHTN16±12;MX26±22;MK16±14ng.g-1脂重,与欧美国家的污染水平相比,总体含量偏低.     

GC-MS测定土壤中阿特拉津、六氯苯等十种农药残留

建立了气相色谱-质谱-选择离子监测(GC-MS-SIM)同时测定土壤中10种农药(三嗪类除草剂、酰胺类除草剂和有机氯农药)的多残留分析方法.样品采用正己烷/丙酮(1:1,V/V)超声提取、氟罗里硅土柱层析净化、GC-MS-SIM测定.10种农药在0.01(0.02)-1.0(2.0)mg·l~(-1)范围内线性良好,相关系数介于0.9963-0.9998之间;在10,50和250 ng·g~(-1)添加水平下,平均回收率介于81%-117%之间,相对标准偏差均小于14.4%;方法检出限达到ppb至sub-ppb级(0.1-1.3 ng·g~(-1)).将此方法应用于辽宁省不同性质土壤中70个实际土壤样品的分析,阿特拉津、乙草胺、六氯苯、丁草胺、狄氏剂和艾氏剂有检出,该法对不同性质土壤具有广泛适用性.     

上海市宝山区大气降尘污染时空变化特征

为了探讨上海市宝山区大气尘降污染的时空变化特征,对上海市宝山区冬、春、秋季3个时段的大气降尘采样和分析,利用单因子指数法和空气污染指数法对宝山区降尘污染进行评价.结果表明,宝山区降尘通量为3.4-52.5 g·m~(-2)·month~(-1),各个季节的降尘总量上,春季高于冬季,秋季最低;从区域受污染范围大小看,春季>冬季>秋季,其中春季48.7%的区域受到污染;冬季最高降尘污染等级是三个季节中最高的,达到重污染水平;工业区的降尘通量和降尘污染等级都显著高于其他功能区,是宝山最主要的降尘污染源.